框架結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)外文翻譯中英文對照（可編輯）

1、 框架結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)摘要: 在不同類型的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)中有些內(nèi)容是一樣的,如樓板、樓梯等,寫此文的用意是幫助設(shè)計(jì)者在做框架結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)參見本文可減少漏項(xiàng)、減少差錯(cuò)等,與上篇內(nèi)容相同的讀者可略過。關(guān)鍵詞: 框架 設(shè)計(jì) 混凝土一. 結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)說明 主要是設(shè)計(jì)依據(jù),抗震等級,人防等級,地基情況及承載力,防潮抗?jié)B做法,活荷載值,材料等級,施工中的注意事項(xiàng),選用詳圖,通用詳圖或節(jié)點(diǎn),以及在施工圖中未畫出而通過說明來表達(dá)的信息。如混凝土的含堿量不得超過3kg/m3等等。 二. 各層的結(jié)構(gòu)布置圖,包括: 1.預(yù)制板的布置板的選用、板縫尺寸及配筋。 標(biāo)注預(yù)制板的塊數(shù)和類型時(shí), 不要采用對角線的形式。因?yàn)榇朔N方法易造成線的

2、交叉, 宜采用水平線或垂直線的方法, 相同類型的房間直接標(biāo)房間類型號。應(yīng)全樓統(tǒng)一編號,可減少設(shè)計(jì)工作量,也方便施工人員看圖。板縫盡量為40, 此種板縫可不配筋或加一根筋。布板時(shí)從房間里面往外布板, 盡量采用寬板, 現(xiàn)澆板帶留在靠窗處, 現(xiàn)澆板帶寬最好200考慮水暖的立管穿板。 如果構(gòu)造上要求有整澆層時(shí), 板縫應(yīng)大于60。整澆層厚50, 配雙向6250, 混凝土c20。純框架結(jié)構(gòu)一般不需要加整澆層。構(gòu)造柱處不得布預(yù)制板。地下車庫由于防火要求不可用預(yù)制板?？蚣芙Y(jié)構(gòu)不宜使用長向板,否則長向板與框架梁平行相接處易出現(xiàn)裂縫。建議使用pmcad的人工布板功能布預(yù)制板,自動(dòng)布板可能不能滿足用戶的施工圖要求,

3、僅能滿足定義荷載傳遞路線的要求。對樓層凈高很敏感、跨度超過6.9米或不符合模數(shù)時(shí)可采用sp板,sp板120厚可做到7.2米跨。 2.現(xiàn)澆板的配筋板上、下鋼筋,板厚尺寸。板厚一般取120、140、160、180四種尺寸或120、150、180三種尺寸。盡量用二級鋼包括直徑10(目前供貨較少)的二級鋼,直徑12的受力鋼筋,除吊鉤外,不得采用一級鋼。鋼筋宜大直徑大間距,但間距不大于200,間距盡量用200。一般跨度小于6.6米的板的裂縫均可滿足要求?？缍刃∮?米的板上部鋼筋不必?cái)嚅_,鋼筋也可不畫,僅說明鋼筋為雙向雙排8200。板上下鋼筋間距宜相等,直徑可不同,但鋼筋直徑類型也不宜過多。頂層及考慮抗裂

4、時(shí)板上筋可不斷,或50%連通,較大處附加鋼筋,拉通筋均應(yīng)按受拉搭接鋼筋。板配筋相同時(shí),僅標(biāo)出板號即可。 一般可將板的下部筋相同和部分上部筋相同的板編為一個(gè)板號,將不相同的上部筋畫在圖上。當(dāng)板的形狀不同但配筋相同時(shí)也可編為一個(gè)板號。應(yīng)全樓統(tǒng)一編號。當(dāng)考慮穿電線管時(shí),板厚120,不采用薄板加墊層的做法。電的管井電線引出處的板,因電線管過多有可能要加大板厚至180(考慮四層32的鋼管疊加)。宜盡量用大跨度板,不在房間內(nèi)尤其是住宅加次梁。說明分布筋為6250,溫度影響較大處可為8200。板頂標(biāo)高不同時(shí),板的上筋應(yīng)分開或傾斜通過。現(xiàn)澆挑板陽角加輻射狀附加筋包括內(nèi)墻上的陽角?，F(xiàn)澆挑板陰角的板下宜加斜筋。頂

5、層應(yīng)建議甲方采用現(xiàn)澆樓板,以利防水,并加強(qiáng)結(jié)構(gòu)的整體性及方便裝飾性挑沿的穩(wěn)定。外露的挑沿、雨罩、挑廊應(yīng)每隔1015米設(shè)一10mm的縫,鋼筋不斷。盡量采用現(xiàn)澆板,不采用予制板加整澆層方案。衛(wèi)生間做法可為70厚+10高差取消墊層。8米以下的板均可以采用非預(yù)應(yīng)力板。 l、t或十字形建筑平面的陰角處附近的板應(yīng)現(xiàn)澆并加厚,雙向雙排配筋,并附加45度的4根16的抗拉筋?，F(xiàn)澆板的配筋建議采用pmcad軟件自動(dòng)生成,一可加快速度,二來盡量減小筆誤。自動(dòng)生成樓板配筋時(shí)建議不對鋼筋編號,因工程較大時(shí)可能編出上百個(gè)鋼筋號,查找困難,如果要編號,編號不應(yīng)出房間。配筋計(jì)算時(shí),可考慮塑性內(nèi)力重分布,將板上筋乘以0.80.

6、9的折減系數(shù),將板下筋乘以1.11.2的放大系數(shù)。值得注意的是,按彈性計(jì)算的雙向板鋼筋是板某幾處的最大值,按此配筋是偏于保守的,不必再人為放大。支承在外圈框架梁上的板負(fù)筋不宜過大,否則將對梁產(chǎn)生過大的附加扭距。一般:板厚150時(shí)采用10200;否則用8200。 pmcad生成的板配筋圖應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn):1.單向板是按塑性計(jì)算的,而雙向板按彈性計(jì)算,宜改成一種計(jì)算方法。2.當(dāng)厚板與薄板相接時(shí),薄板支座按固定端考慮是適當(dāng)?shù)?但厚板就不合適,宜減小厚板支座配筋,增大跨中配筋。3.非矩形板宜減小支座配筋,增大跨中配筋。4.房間邊數(shù)過多或凹形板應(yīng)采用有限元程序驗(yàn)算其配筋。pmcad生成的板配筋圖為pm?.

7、t。 板一般可按塑性計(jì)算,尤其是基礎(chǔ)底板和人防結(jié)構(gòu)。但結(jié)構(gòu)自防水、不允許出現(xiàn)裂縫和對防水要求嚴(yán)格的建筑, 如坡、平屋頂、櫥廁、配電間等應(yīng)采用彈性計(jì)算。室內(nèi)輕隔墻下一般不應(yīng)加粗鋼筋,一是輕隔墻有可能移位,二是板整體受力,應(yīng)整體提高板的配筋。只有垂直單向板長邊的不可能移位的隔墻,如廁所與其他房間的隔墻下才可以加粗鋼筋。坡屋頂板為偏拉構(gòu)件,應(yīng)雙向雙排配筋。 3.關(guān)于過梁布置及輕隔墻。 現(xiàn)在框架填充墻一般為輕墻,過梁一般不采用預(yù)制混凝土過梁,而是現(xiàn)澆梁帶。應(yīng)注明采用的輕墻的做法及圖集,如北京地區(qū)的京94sj19,并注明過梁的補(bǔ)充筋。當(dāng)過梁與柱或構(gòu)造柱相接時(shí),柱應(yīng)甩筋,過梁現(xiàn)澆。不建議采用加氣混凝土做圍

8、護(hù)墻,裝修難做并不能用在廁所處。 4.雨蓬、陽臺、挑檐布置和其剖面詳圖。 注意:雨棚和陽臺的豎板現(xiàn)澆時(shí),最小厚度應(yīng)為80,否則難以施工。豎筋應(yīng)放在板中部。當(dāng)做雙排筋時(shí),高度900,最小板厚100;高度900時(shí),最小板厚120。陽臺的豎板應(yīng)盡量現(xiàn)澆,預(yù)制擋板的相交處極易裂縫。雨棚和陽臺上有斜的裝飾板時(shí),板的鋼筋放斜板的上面,并通過水平挑板的下部錨入墻體圈梁即挑板雙層布筋。兩側(cè)的封板可采用泰柏板封堵,鋼筋與泰柏板的鋼絲焊接,不必采用混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)。挑板挑出長度大于2米時(shí)宜配置板下構(gòu)造筋,較長外露挑板(包括豎板)宜配溫度筋。挑板內(nèi)跨板上筋長度應(yīng)大于等于挑板出挑長度,尤其是挑板端部有集中荷載時(shí)。 內(nèi)挑板端

9、部宜加小豎沿,防止清掃時(shí)灰塵落下。當(dāng)頂層陽臺的雨搭為無組織排水時(shí),雨搭出挑長度應(yīng)大于其下陽臺出挑長度100,頂層陽臺必須設(shè)雨搭。挑板配筋應(yīng)有余地,并應(yīng)采用大直徑大間距鋼筋,給工人以下腳的地方,防止踩彎。挑板內(nèi)跨板跨度較小,跨中可能出現(xiàn)負(fù)彎距,應(yīng)將挑板支座的負(fù)筋伸過全跨。挑板端部板上筋通常兜一圈向上,但當(dāng)鋼筋直徑大于等于12時(shí)是難以施工的,應(yīng)另加筋。 5.樓梯布置。采用x型斜線表示樓梯間,并注明樓梯間另詳。盡量用板式樓梯,方便設(shè)計(jì)及施工,也較美觀。 6.板頂標(biāo)高?？稍趫D名下說明大多數(shù)的板厚及板頂標(biāo)高,廚廁及其它特殊處在其房間上另外標(biāo)明。 7.梁布置及其編號,應(yīng)按層編號,如l-1-xx,1指1層,

10、xx為梁的編號。柱布置及編號。 8.板上開洞廚、廁、電氣及設(shè)備洞口尺寸及其附加筋,附加筋不必一定錨入板支座,從洞邊錨入la即 可。板上開洞的附加筋,如果洞口處板僅有正彎距,可只在板下加筋;否則應(yīng)在板上下均加附加筋。留筋后澆的板宜用虛線表示其范圍,并注明用提高一級的膨脹混 凝土澆筑。未澆筑前應(yīng)采取有效支承措施。住宅躍層樓梯在樓板上所開大洞,周邊不宜加梁,應(yīng)采用有限元程序計(jì)算板的內(nèi)力和配筋。板適當(dāng)加厚, 洞邊加暗梁。 9.屋面上人孔、通氣孔位置及詳圖。 10.在平面圖上不能表達(dá)清楚的細(xì)節(jié)要加剖面,可在建筑墻體剖面做法的基礎(chǔ)上,對應(yīng)畫結(jié)構(gòu)詳圖。 三. 基礎(chǔ)平面圖及詳圖:1.在柱下擴(kuò)展基礎(chǔ)寬度較寬大于

11、4米或地基不均勻及地基較軟時(shí)宜采用柱下條基。并應(yīng)考慮節(jié)點(diǎn)處基礎(chǔ)底面積雙向重復(fù)使用的不利因素,適當(dāng)加寬基礎(chǔ)。 2.當(dāng)基礎(chǔ)下有防空洞或枯井等時(shí),可做一大厚板將其跨過。 3.混凝土基礎(chǔ)下應(yīng)做墊層。當(dāng)有防水層時(shí),應(yīng)考慮防水層厚度。 4.建筑地段較好,基礎(chǔ)埋深大于3米時(shí),應(yīng)建議甲方做地下室。地下室底板,當(dāng)?shù)鼗休d力滿足設(shè)計(jì)要求時(shí),可不再外伸以利于防水。每隔3040米設(shè)一后澆帶,并注明兩個(gè)月后用微膨脹混凝土澆注。設(shè)置地下室可降低地基的附加應(yīng)力,提高地基的承載力尤其是在周圍有建筑時(shí)有用,減少地震作用對上部結(jié)構(gòu)的影響。不應(yīng)設(shè)局部地下室,且地下室應(yīng)有相同的埋深?？稍诜ぐ鍏^(qū)格中間挖空墊聚苯來調(diào)整高低層的不均勻沉降

12、。 5.地下室外墻為混凝土?xí)r,相應(yīng)的樓層處梁和基礎(chǔ)梁可取消。 6.抗震縫、伸縮縫在地面以下可不設(shè)縫,連接處應(yīng)加強(qiáng)。但沉降縫兩側(cè)墻體基礎(chǔ)一定要分開。 7.新建建筑物基礎(chǔ)不宜深于周圍已有基礎(chǔ)。如深于原有基礎(chǔ),其基礎(chǔ)間的凈距應(yīng)不少于基礎(chǔ)之間的高差的1.5至2倍,否則應(yīng)打抗滑移樁,防止原有建筑的破壞。建筑層數(shù)相差較大時(shí),應(yīng)在層數(shù)較低的基礎(chǔ)方格中心的區(qū)域內(nèi)墊焦碴來調(diào)整基底附加應(yīng)力。 8.獨(dú)立基礎(chǔ)偏心不能過大,必要時(shí)可與相近的柱做成柱下條基。柱下條形基礎(chǔ)的底板偏心不能過大,必要時(shí)可作成三面支承一面自由板類似筏基中間開洞。兩根柱的柱下條基的荷載重心和基礎(chǔ)底版的形心宜重合,基礎(chǔ)底板可做成梯形或臺階形,或調(diào)整挑

13、梁兩端的出挑長度。 9.采用獨(dú)立柱基時(shí),獨(dú)立基礎(chǔ)受彎配筋不必滿足最小配筋率要求,除非此基礎(chǔ)非常重要,但配筋也不得過小。獨(dú)立基礎(chǔ)是介于鋼筋混凝土和素混凝土之間的結(jié)構(gòu)。面積不大的獨(dú)立基礎(chǔ)宜采用錐型基礎(chǔ),方便施工。 10.獨(dú)立基礎(chǔ)的拉梁宜通長配筋,其下應(yīng)墊焦碴。拉梁頂標(biāo)高宜較高,否則底層墻體過高。 11.底層內(nèi)隔墻一般不用做基礎(chǔ),可將地面的混凝土墊層局部加厚。 12.考慮到一般建筑沉降為鍋底形、結(jié)構(gòu)的整體彎曲和上部結(jié)構(gòu)和基礎(chǔ)的協(xié)同作用,頂、底板鋼筋應(yīng)拉通多層的負(fù)筋可截?cái)?/2或1/3,且縱向基礎(chǔ)梁的底筋也應(yīng)拉通。 13.基礎(chǔ)平面圖上應(yīng)加指北針。 14.基礎(chǔ)底板混凝土不宜大于c30,一是沒用,二是容易

14、出現(xiàn)裂縫。 15.可用jccad軟件自動(dòng)生成基礎(chǔ)布置和基礎(chǔ)詳圖。生成的基礎(chǔ)平面圖名為jcpm.t,生成的基礎(chǔ)詳圖名為jcxt?.t。 16.基礎(chǔ)底面積不應(yīng)因地震附加力而過分加大,否則地震下安全了而常規(guī)情況下反而沉降差異較大,本末倒置。 請參照建筑地基基礎(chǔ)設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范gbj7-89和各地方的地基基礎(chǔ)規(guī)程。 四. 暖溝圖及基礎(chǔ)留洞圖: 1.溝蓋板在遇到電線管時(shí)下降500,室外暖溝上一般有400厚的覆土。 2.注明暖溝兩側(cè)墻體的厚度及材料作法。暖溝較深時(shí)應(yīng)驗(yàn)算強(qiáng)度。 3.洞口大于400時(shí)應(yīng)加過梁,暖溝應(yīng)加通氣孔。 4.基礎(chǔ)埋深較淺時(shí)暖溝入口底及基礎(chǔ)留洞有可能比基礎(chǔ)還低,此時(shí)基礎(chǔ)應(yīng)局部降低。 5.濕陷性黃

15、土地區(qū)或膨脹土地區(qū)暖溝做法不同于一般地區(qū)。應(yīng)按濕陷性黃土地區(qū)或膨脹土地區(qū)的特殊要求設(shè)計(jì)。 6.暖溝一般做成1200寬,1000的在維修時(shí)偏小。 五. 樓梯詳圖: 1.應(yīng)注意:梯梁至下面的梯板高度是否夠,以免碰頭,尤其是建筑入口處。 2.梯段高度高差不宜大于20,以免易摔跤 3.兩倍的梯段高度加梯段長度約等于600。幼兒園樓梯踏步宜120高。 4.樓梯折板、折梁陰角在下時(shí)縱筋應(yīng)斷開,并錨入受壓區(qū)內(nèi)la,折梁還應(yīng)加附加箍筋 5.樓梯的建筑做法一般與樓面做法不同,注意樓梯板標(biāo)高與樓面板的銜接。 6.樓梯梯段板計(jì)算方法:當(dāng)休息平臺板厚為80100,梯段板厚100130,梯段板跨度小于4米時(shí),應(yīng)采用1/

16、10的計(jì)算系數(shù),并上下配筋相同;當(dāng)休息平臺板厚為80100,梯段板厚160200,梯段板跨度約6米左右時(shí),應(yīng)采用1/8的計(jì)算系數(shù),板上配筋可取跨中的1/31/4,并且不得過大。此兩種計(jì)算方法是偏于保守的。任何時(shí)候休息平臺與梯段板平行方向的上筋均應(yīng)拉通,并應(yīng)與梯段板的配筋相應(yīng)。梯段板板厚一般取1/251/30跨度。 7.注意當(dāng)板式樓梯跨度大于5米時(shí),撓度不容易滿足。應(yīng)注明加大反拱或增大配筋。 8.當(dāng)休息平臺板為懸挑板時(shí),其內(nèi)部的樓梯梯段板負(fù)筋應(yīng)大于休息平臺板的板上筋,長度也應(yīng)大于平臺板筋。 9.樓層處的休息平臺板的配筋應(yīng)與樓層板統(tǒng)一考慮配筋,主要是板的負(fù)筋。 六. 梁詳圖: 1.梁上有次梁處包括

17、挑梁端部應(yīng)附加箍筋和吊筋,宜優(yōu)先采用附加箍筋。梁上小柱和水箱下, 架在板上的梁, 不必加附加筋?？稍诮Y(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)總說明處畫一節(jié)點(diǎn),有次梁處兩側(cè)各加三根主梁箍筋,荷載較大處詳施工圖。 2.當(dāng)外部梁跨度相差不大時(shí),梁高宜等高,尤其是外部的框架梁。當(dāng)梁底距外窗頂尺寸較小時(shí),宜加大梁高做至窗頂。外部框架梁盡量做成外皮與柱外皮齊平。梁也可偏出柱邊一較小尺寸。梁與柱的偏心可大于1/4柱寬,并宜小于1/3柱寬。 3.折梁陰角在下時(shí)縱筋應(yīng)斷開,并錨入受壓區(qū)內(nèi)la,還應(yīng)加附加箍筋 4.梁上有次梁時(shí),應(yīng)避免次梁搭接在主梁的支座附近,否則應(yīng)考慮由次梁引起的主梁抗扭,或增加構(gòu)造抗扭縱筋和箍筋。(此條是從彈性計(jì)算角度出發(fā))

18、。當(dāng)采用現(xiàn)澆板時(shí),抗扭問題并不嚴(yán)重。 5.原則上梁縱筋宜小直徑小間距,有利于抗裂,但應(yīng)注意鋼筋間距要滿足要求,并與梁的斷面相應(yīng)。箍筋按規(guī)定在梁端頭加密。布筋時(shí)應(yīng)將縱筋等距,箍筋肢距可不等。小斷面的連續(xù)梁或框架梁,上、下部縱筋均應(yīng)采用同直徑的,盡量不在支座搭接。 6.端部與框架梁相交或彈性支承在墻體上的次梁,梁端支座可按簡支考慮,但梁端箍筋應(yīng)加密。 7.考慮抗扭的梁,縱筋間距不應(yīng)大于300和梁寬,即要求加腰筋,并且縱筋和腰筋錨入支座內(nèi)la。箍筋要求同抗震設(shè)防時(shí)的要求。 8.反梁的板吊在梁底下,板荷載宜由箍筋承受,或適當(dāng)增大箍筋。梁支承偏心布置的墻時(shí)宜做下挑沿。 9.挑梁宜作成等截面大挑梁外露者除

19、外。 與挑板不同,挑梁的自重占總荷載的比例很小,作成變截面不能有效減輕自重。變截面挑梁的箍筋,每個(gè)都不一樣,難以施工。變截面梁的撓度也大于等截面梁。一般挑梁根部不必附加斜筋,除非受剪承載力不足。對于大挑梁,梁的下部宜配置受壓鋼筋以減小撓度。挑梁配筋應(yīng)留有 余地。 10.梁上開洞時(shí),不但要計(jì)算洞口加筋,更應(yīng)驗(yàn)算梁洞口下偏拉部分的裂縫寬度。梁從構(gòu)造上能保證不發(fā)生沖切破壞和斜截面受彎破壞。 11.梁凈高大于500時(shí),宜加腰筋,間距200,否則易出現(xiàn)垂直裂縫。 12.挑梁出挑長度小于梁高時(shí),應(yīng)按牛腿計(jì)算或按深梁構(gòu)造配筋。 13.盡量避免長高比小于4的短梁,采用時(shí)箍筋應(yīng)全梁加密,梁上筋通長,梁縱筋不宜過

20、大。 14.扁梁寬度不必過大,只要鋼筋能正常擺下及受剪滿足即可。因?yàn)樵趽隙扔?jì)算時(shí),梁寬對剛度影響不大,加寬一倍,撓度減小20%左右。相對來講,增大鋼筋更經(jīng)濟(jì),鋼筋加大一倍,撓度減小60%左右,同時(shí)梁的上筋應(yīng)大部分通長布置,以減小混凝土徐變對撓度的增大,如果上筋不小于下筋,撓度減小20%。 15.框架梁高取1/101/15跨度,扁梁寬可取到柱寬的兩倍。扁梁的箍筋應(yīng)延伸至另一方向的梁邊。 當(dāng)一寬框架梁托兩排間距較小的柱時(shí),可加一剛性挑梁,兩個(gè)柱支承在剛性挑梁的端頭。附錄2structural design of the frameabstract : some contents are the s

21、ame in the different kinds of structural design, for instance floor , stair ,etc., it is to help the designer to see this text to leak one , reduce mistake ,etc. reducibly while doing the frame structural design to write thisgentle purpose, can skip with readers with thesame content of articlekeywor

22、d: frame design concrete first,structure specification is mainly design considerations, the grade of antidetonation , the grade of peoples air defense , situation of the ground and bearing the weight of strength , dampproof impervious method , live load value, the grade of material , precautions whi

23、le constructing, select the detail drawing for use, the detail drawing or node in common use , and the information not drawn and expressing through stating in the construction drawingfor instance the alkali content of the concrete cant exceed 3kg/m3 ,etc two. every layers of layout of the structure

24、is pursued , include: 1. to assign prefabricated board whether exertion , board of board sew size and mix muscle. while marking counting and type of the prefabricated board , dont adopt the form of the diagonalbecause this kind of method is apt to cause the crossing of the line, should adopt the met

25、hod of the horizontal line or the perpendicular line , the room of the same type marks the brass-wind instrument of room types directly. should the whole floor unify serial number is reducible to design work load , help constructors think pursue too. the board is sewn and tried ones best to be 40, t

26、his kind of board is sewn and unworthy of the muscle or add a muscle. cloth other cloth board from room at the board, try ones best to adopt the wide board, the cast-in-place board is taken and stayed in the place by the window, cast-in-place board bandwidth had better 200 consider hot-water heating

27、 set up and is in charge of wearing the board if demand to have it while exactly drenching layer on constructing, the board should be greater than 60 while sewing. exactly drench layer thick 50, mix two-way concrete c20. the pure frame structure seldom needs adding and exactly drenching layer. the p

28、lace does not have the prefabricated board of the cloth to construct the post. the underground garage can not require availably the prefabricated board because of firing prevention. frame structure unsuitable to use long to board, otherwise long to liangping competent to meet office to be easy to ap

29、pear the crack frame to board have. proposing using the artificial cloth board function cloth prefabricated board of pmcad, the automatic cloth board cant meet users construction drawing demand , can only respond to the request that the definition loads route of transmittingthe sensitivity , span ex

30、ceed 6 very to the clear height of the floor. whether 9 meters or can adopt sp board when not according with the modulus , sp board 120 thick can be accomplished 7. 2 meters are stepped. 2. it mix muscle of board not cast-in-place in board, last reinforcing bar,board size not thick. the board genera

31、lly fetches 120 , 140 , 160 , 180 four kinds of size or 120 , 150 , 180 three kinds of size thick. try ones best to use second steel including diameter |? 10 supply less at present of second steel, receiving the strength reinforcing bar of diameter ?y 12, besides cliver, cant adopt the first class s

32、teelreinforcing bar should be large diameter heavy interval, but the interval is not greater than 200, the interval tries ones best to spend 200. the general span is below 6. the crack of 6 meters of boards meets the demands. the span neednt break while below 2 meters of top reinforcing bars of boar

33、ding, the reinforcing bar can not be drawn , only prove the reinforcing bar is two-way double 8200. the interval of upper and lower reinforcing bars of the board should be equal, the diameter is very different, but the type of diameter of reinforcing bar should not be too many either. top floor and

34、is it resist very constant muscle at the board when splitting to consider, or 50% feed through, heavy office add the reinforcing bar, it should be according to drawing and joining the reinforcing bar to draw the open muscle. the board matches the muscle to but merely stamp the number of the board wh

35、en being the same can generally weave the stiff underpart muscle the samly as a board number , draw in pursueing with top muscle not the same. can weave it as a board number when forms of the board are different but match the muscle the samly. should unify the serial number in the whole floorwhen co

36、nsidering wearing the electric wire and is in charge of, thick ?y 120 of board, does not adopt the sheet metal to add the method of layer of the cushionthe tube well electric wire of the electricity draws the board in the place , because the electric wire is in charge of strengthening the board thic

37、k to 180 possibly too many consider the steel tube of four point 32 storeys will be superposed. should is it use large span board to try ones best , add roof beam once in room especially house . it is 8200 as 6250, temperature place of great impact to state and distribute the muscle. when it is diff

38、erent that the board carries elevation , the upper muscle of the board should be separated or sloped and passed. is it choose board open horn to add radiation form surtax muscle to water now open horn of wall in including. should add the oblique muscle under watering and choosing the board of an ove

39、rcast horn of board now. it should advise top floor by party a last floor,it more strengthen with profit being the waterproof globality and the decorating not convenient of structure more choose along stability. it choose expose along, rain put on, not chosen not answering because there arent every

40、10-15 meter, having the constant reinforcing bar in corridor. try ones best to adopt the cast-in-place board, does not adopt for plate making to add and exactly water one layer of schemesbathroom method can for 70 thick +10 discrepancy in elevationcancel the cushion layer. the board under 8 meters c

41、an be adopted not to be a prestressing force board. l , t , cross overcast horn near place board , building of level should water and thicken now, match the muscle two-wayly and doubly, add resisting the lace of 45 degrees of 16 for 4s. to mix muscle propose adopt pmcad software turn into automatica

42、lly , one can accelerate the speed cast-in-place board, second try ones best to reduce the clerical mistake. produce floor propose to reinforcing bar serial number , because project might arrange out more than one hundred reinforcing bar symbols when being relatively heavy at mixing muscling automat

43、ically, find out that difficult, if serial number, the serial number should not publish the roommix muscle when calculating , can consider plasticity internal force distribute again , muscle multiply by 0 at being stiff. 80. reducing coefficient bendly of 9, will put the muscle stiffly and is multip

44、lied by 1. 11. coefficient of enlarging of 2. what merits attention is, the imums of some several places that the two-way board reinforcing bar calculated by elasticity is the board, match the muscle according to this and is partial to conservativly, neednt enlarge artificiallysupport frame set a ro

45、of beam in place board on shoulder muscle should not too big , produce to roof beam a too big one additional to sprain the distance in outer lane. generally: the board is thick adopt |10200 at 150 oclock; otherwise use 8200. whether board that pmcad turn into mix muscle picture should pay attention

46、to the following several points. 1. the one-way board is calculated according to plasticity, and the two-way board is calculated according to the elasticity , should make into a kind of computing technology2. when thick board and sheet metal meet, it is proper that the seat is considered according t

47、o the regular end that the sheet metal supports, but thick board improper, should reduce thick board prop up flat mix muscle , increase of stepping buying the muscle. 3. only if rectangle board should is it prop up seat mix muscle , increase of stepping buying the muscle to reduce. 4. count too much

48、 by the room or concave shape board should adopt finite element procedure checking computations their mix the muscle. is it pm that the board that pmcad produces match the muscle picture t the board can generally be calculated according to plasticity, the especially basic baseplate and peoples air d

49、efense structure. but structure since waterproof is it appear crack and to waterproof to require strict building to allowing, for instance should adopt the elasticity to calculate among the slope , flat roof , cupboard lavatory , distribution ,etcshould seldom add the thick reinforcing bar under the

50、 light partition wall in the room, first, the light partition wall may shift , second, the board receives strength wholly, should improve matching the muscle of the board whollyonly it is the vertical it is one-way board to be the long partition wall that shift not impossible,can have added such as

51、lavatory and partition wall of room not other by reinforcing bared not thick. the slope roof board should match the muscle two-wayly and doubly in order to lean towards and draw the component. 3. decorate about the lintel and the light partition wall. it is generally the light wall that the frame pa

52、cks the wall now, the lintel seldom adopts and prefabricates the concrete lintel, but the cast-in-place roof beam is taken. should indicate the method of the light wall adopted and picture collection , such as beijing 94sj19 of beijing area, have indicated the supplementary muscle of the roof beam.

53、when or construct the post and meet in roof beam and post, the post should get rid of the muscle , the lintel is watered now. not proposing adopting aerocretes to be made and enclosed and protected the wall , it is too difficult to use and locate in lavatory to fit up. 4. the rain fluffies, the balcony , choosing eaves fixing up and their sectional detail