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1、英語(yǔ)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句講解(一) when, while 和 as 引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的用法一、when 的用法如果只從現(xiàn)象來(lái)看, when 從句用的最多的是一般過去時(shí),而主句的時(shí)態(tài)沒有限制 , 根據(jù)具體情況而定。1. When he was a child he was always trying out new ideas.3. Were you writi ng whe n the teacher came in?老師進(jìn)來(lái)的時(shí)候,你在寫信嗎?4. Sorry, I was out when you called me. 對(duì)不起,你打電話來(lái)的時(shí)候我出去了。when 從句的重點(diǎn)不在動(dòng)作本身發(fā)生的狀態(tài)
2、,而只是把它作為一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn),所以 when 多數(shù)情況下用的是一般過去時(shí),則不用正在進(jìn)行時(shí)。因?yàn)槿绻谜谶M(jìn)行時(shí),它 表示的就是一段時(shí)間而不是一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)了。根據(jù)這一點(diǎn),有的文章補(bǔ)充說(shuō): when 從句 的動(dòng)詞大多是瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞。這種說(shuō)法也可以參照。實(shí)際上, when 從句也可以有其它的時(shí)態(tài),但幾乎也不用進(jìn)行時(shí),因?yàn)樗仓皇亲?為一個(gè)時(shí)間參照點(diǎn)。例如:2. When he had finished his homework, he took a short rest.3. Why do you want a new job when you have got such a good one alrea
3、dy?二、while的用法相比于 when 來(lái)說(shuō), while 從句的側(cè)重點(diǎn)就不一樣了。 while 從句的側(cè)重點(diǎn)在于描 述動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生的狀態(tài),它的意思是:當(dāng) while 事件正在發(fā)生的時(shí)候,另一件事如何如 何。所以, while 從句一般用的是正在進(jìn)行時(shí)。而另一件事的狀態(tài)沒有硬性的要求,根 據(jù)具體情況而定。例如:1. While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV.2. While Jim was mending his bike, Lin Tao came to see him.3. While they were ta
4、lking, the bell rang. 正在他們談話的時(shí)候,上課鈴響了。從時(shí)間的角度來(lái)看, while 表示的是一段時(shí)間, 是一個(gè)過程。這是 while 的側(cè)重點(diǎn)。 因此,如果含有 “一段時(shí)間 ”的含義的時(shí)候,就可以用 while。6. Strike while the iron is hot. 趁熱打鐵。這句話中,是說(shuō)趁著鐵是熱的這段時(shí)間,趕緊打鐵。如果換成 when 意思就變了, 相當(dāng)于說(shuō)鐵只熱了一下,打一下,然后鐵就冷了。這顯然不符合文意。再例:Im going to the post office.While youre there, can you get me some sta
5、mps?三、as 的用法as 從句表示的也是一件事情正在發(fā)生,另一件事也正在進(jìn)行當(dāng)中。但與 while 從 句不同的是, as 從句用的一般不用正在進(jìn)行時(shí),而只是一般過去時(shí)。 as 從句一般可以 翻譯成邊邊”。例如:1. As my mother sang those old songs, tears ran down her cheeks.2. The stude nts took n otes as they liste nec學(xué)生們邊聽課邊做筆記。3. As we talked on, he got more and more excited.as 表達(dá)的事件, 往往只是主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生的背
6、景或條件時(shí), as 只是一個(gè)次要的時(shí)間說(shuō) 明,不像 while 從句有強(qiáng)調(diào) while 動(dòng)作本身的意思。因此, as 常常翻譯成 “隨著” 之意。例如:1. As the time went on, the weather got worse. 隨著時(shí)間的推移,氣候更加糟糕。2. The atmosphere gets thinner and thinner as the height increases.3. As years go by,China is getting stronger and richer. 少數(shù)情況下,如果強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生, as 從句也可以用正在進(jìn)行時(shí)。這只能算是
7、特例了。1. The sad mother sat on the roadside, shouting as she was crying.2. As we were going out, it began to snow. 正當(dāng)我們出門時(shí),雪開始下起來(lái)。3. He came in as I was going to bed.我正要上床睡覺,他進(jìn)來(lái)了。四、when, while, as 的互換 如果從句動(dòng)作和主句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,并且從句動(dòng)作為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞時(shí), when, while,as 可以互換使用。1. When /While /As we were dancing, a stranger c
8、ame in. dance 為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞 2. Whe n /While /As she was making a phone call, I was writ ing a letter. make為延續(xù)五、比較 while, when, as1)as, when 引導(dǎo)短暫性動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞。例如: Just as / Just when / When I stopped my car, a man came up to me.2)當(dāng)從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生于主句動(dòng)作之前,只能用when 引導(dǎo)這個(gè)從句,不可用 as 或while。例如: When you have finished your work, yo
9、u may have a rest.3)從句表示 隨時(shí)間推移”連詞能用as,不用when或while。例如: As the day went on, the weather got worse.(二)before 和 after 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句1. Before是主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生在從句的前面。注意before引導(dǎo)的從句不再用否定式的謂語(yǔ), 并且當(dāng) before 引導(dǎo)的從句位于主句之后,有時(shí)譯成“就,才” 。還要注意主句和從句 之間的時(shí)間關(guān)系。當(dāng)主句用將來(lái)時(shí),從句總是用現(xiàn)在時(shí);如果before引導(dǎo)的從句謂 語(yǔ)用的是過去時(shí),則主句動(dòng)詞多用過去完成時(shí),這樣以便體現(xiàn)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后。2. After 表
10、示主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生在從句動(dòng)作之后。主句和從句的動(dòng)作的時(shí)間關(guān)系正好與 before引導(dǎo)的從句相反。例如:It will be four days before they come back. 他們要過四天才能回來(lái)。After we had finished the work, we went home.(從句用過去完成時(shí),主句用一般過去時(shí))(三)比較 until 和 till 的用法此兩個(gè)連詞意義相同??隙ㄐ问奖硎镜囊馑际?“做某事直至某時(shí) ”,動(dòng)詞必須是延續(xù) 性的。否定形式表達(dá)的意思是 “直至某時(shí)才做某事 ”。動(dòng)詞為延續(xù)性或非延續(xù)性都可以。 正確使用這兩個(gè)連詞的關(guān)鍵之一就在于判斷句中的動(dòng)詞該用肯定
11、式還是否定式??隙ň洌?I slept until midnight. 我一直睡到半夜時(shí)醒了。Wait till I call you. 等著我叫你。(在肯定句中可用 before 代替。例如:Lets get in the wheat before the sun sets. 否定句: She didnt arrive until 6 oclock. 她直到 6 點(diǎn)才到。Dont get off the bus until it has stopped. 公共汽車停穩(wěn)后再下車。(四)區(qū)別: 1) until 可用于句首,而 till 通常不用于句首。例如: Until you told me
12、, I had heard nothing of what happened.3)until when 疑問句中, until 要放在句首。例如:-Until when are you staying? 你呆到什么時(shí)候?- Until next Monday. 呆到下周一。注意:否定句可用另外兩種句式表示。4)Not until 在句首,主句用倒裝。例如: Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is. Not until I began to work did I realize how muc
13、h time I had wasted.5) It is not untilthat .例如:It was not until I began to work that I realized how much time I had wasted.(四) 巧辨 before 和 until在日常英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中,我們遇到學(xué)生問這樣的一些問題:1. He will spend six hours at his deskhe finishes his composition.A.beforeB.untilC.afterD.when2. The bike hit the treeI could get of
14、f.A.whenB.beforeC.whileD.until3.I knocked at the door for more than five minutesMrs white answered it.A.untilB.whenC.afterD.before4.It wasyesterdaybethe secret.A.not until;that;knewB.until;when;knewC.not before;that;foundD.before;that;didnt find怎樣才能清楚地解釋其選擇的原因,這就涉及到until與before的區(qū)別問題。實(shí)際上,只要我們把握住兩者使用時(shí)
15、本身的含義及主句動(dòng)詞是終止性的,還是延續(xù) 性的,肯定式,還是否定式兩大點(diǎn),就能容易地解決這類問題?,F(xiàn)詳細(xì)闡明如下:一、 在下列情況下,兩者可互換用,但含義略有不同。before表示 在 之前”的 意思,強(qiáng) 調(diào)時(shí)間先后關(guān)系; 而 until 表示“直到 才”的意思, 主句是肯定句則表示 主句動(dòng)作的終止時(shí)間;主句是否定句則強(qiáng)調(diào)主句動(dòng)作的起始時(shí)間。1. 主句為否定式終止性謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。常見的動(dòng)詞是open,start,leave,arrive,finish,stop等。例如:(1) The noise of the street didnt stop until/before it was midnig
16、ht.(2) The children wont come back until/before it is dark.(3) I didnt leave the lovely boy until/before his mother came home.2. 主句為肯定式、延續(xù)性謂語(yǔ)詞,這類動(dòng)詞用sta nd,stay,talk,be,wait等。例如:(1) He lived with his parents until/before he graduated from school.(2) I will wait until/before he comes to my help.(3) I
17、shall stay heer until/before you come back.二、在下列情況下,用 before 不用 until。1. 主句這肯定式、終止性謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,只用before。例:(1) He fell asleep before I could take off his clothes.(2) We arrived there before it atarted to rain.2. 主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)詞的遲緩性,只用before,常伴有時(shí)間段狀語(yǔ)或時(shí)間段暗 示。例:(1) It was quite some time before he found the elephan
18、t at all.(2) We had walked a long way before we found some water.3. 如果強(qiáng)調(diào)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作未發(fā)生,就發(fā)生主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作,只用beforeo常譯為朱 及”不”或不等就”例:(1) We can leave early in the morning before it gets too hot.(2) I must write it down before I forget it.(3) We do want to buy something now before prices go up.4. 表 與其說(shuō)倒不如” 與其毋寧”只用be
19、fore。例:(1)I would give up my job before Id agree to be dismissed.(2)He will die of hunger before he will steal.5. 在某些特定句型中用before。例如:(1) It was not long before the whole country rose up.(2) It will probably not be long before they understand each other.三、下列情況一般區(qū)別用 until 。1. 主句是持續(xù)性謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí),肯定、否定都可以,但意義完
20、全不同??隙ū韯?dòng)作 終止,而否定表動(dòng)作開始。例如:(1) We discussed the problem until/before he came back.(2) We didnt discuss the problem until he came back.2. notuntil句型盡管在某些情況下可與before互換用,但在強(qiáng)調(diào)句中一般仍用until 。(1) It was not until he told me that I knew it.(2) It was not until he finished his homework that he went home. 綜上所述,前
21、面的 4 條選擇題中,第 1、3 題強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的遲緩性應(yīng)選 before。第2題表動(dòng)作未及發(fā)生就發(fā)生主句動(dòng)作也應(yīng)選before。第4題為強(qiáng)調(diào)句應(yīng)選A項(xiàng)。(五) 其他時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的用法1. 由si nee引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。since 引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以是延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞,又可以是瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞。一般情況下, 從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí), 而主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 但在 It is 時(shí)間 sinee 從句的句型中,主句多用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例如:I have been in Beijing sinee you left. 自從你離開以來(lái),我一直在北京了。It is five mon ths since our boss was in Beiji ng 我們老板離開北京有五個(gè)月了。知識(shí)擴(kuò)展1. It is si nee從。以來(lái)多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了(因?yàn)閟ince +從句或名詞,表示一段時(shí)間)It is five years since we met last time從 我們上次見面已經(jīng)五年了。2. It is +before(。才)It was a long time before I went to sleep again.It was an hour bef
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