人體穩(wěn)態(tài)與疾病基礎(chǔ)教學(xué)大綱(2013秋季)

1、四川大學(xué)華西臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院人體穩(wěn)態(tài)與疾病基礎(chǔ)教學(xué)大綱（臨床醫(yī)學(xué)八年制適用）“人體穩(wěn)態(tài)與疾病基礎(chǔ)”教研室修訂日期：2013年8月“人體穩(wěn)態(tài)與疾病基礎(chǔ)”課程介紹一、課程基本信息課程名稱：人體穩(wěn)態(tài)與疾病基礎(chǔ)英 文 名：Human homeostasis and the basis for disease課程號(hào)（代碼）：可不填課程類別：專業(yè)與服務(wù)課程群必修課學(xué) 時(shí)：128學(xué)時(shí)（講101學(xué)時(shí)，習(xí)18學(xué)時(shí)，小班討論9學(xué)時(shí)） 學(xué) 分：8分二、教學(xué)團(tuán)隊(duì)基礎(chǔ)課程負(fù)責(zé)人：黃 寧（病理生理學(xué)教研室）huangpanxiao臨床課程負(fù)責(zé)人：魏 兵（華西醫(yī)院病理學(xué)教研室）

2、bingwei74基礎(chǔ)指導(dǎo)教授： 岳利民（生理學(xué)教研室） 黃 寧（病理生理學(xué)教研室）臨床指導(dǎo)教授： 李甘地（病理學(xué)教研室） 羅朝志（華西醫(yī)院麻醉科）基礎(chǔ)骨干教師： 楊志梅（病理生理學(xué)教研室） 王玉芳（病理生理學(xué)教研室）臨床骨干教師： 劉鍵平（病理學(xué)教研室） 魏 兵（病理學(xué)教研室）課程秘書(shū)： 王曉櫻（病理生理學(xué)教研室）wangxy1004鍵平（病理學(xué)教研室） simonliu1979、教學(xué)目的及要求認(rèn)知教學(xué)目標(biāo)：掌握人體功能基本生命現(xiàn)象、活動(dòng)規(guī)律及其調(diào)控機(jī)制；人體穩(wěn)態(tài)的維持在生命活動(dòng)中的重要生物學(xué)意義。掌握穩(wěn)態(tài)紊亂將導(dǎo)致疾病的發(fā)生、發(fā)展并影響其

3、轉(zhuǎn)歸，表現(xiàn)為形態(tài)、結(jié)構(gòu)、功能、代謝的異常變化，為學(xué)習(xí)臨床課程奠定必備的理論基礎(chǔ)。理論授課注意生理與病理、基礎(chǔ)與臨床相結(jié)合，熟悉醫(yī)學(xué)科研的基本思路及原則，體現(xiàn)醫(yī)學(xué)的嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)性。技能教學(xué)目標(biāo)：掌握相關(guān)的實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物手術(shù)、儀器使用及操作技能，正確觀察和準(zhǔn)確描述實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物或?qū)嶒?yàn)標(biāo)本，生理和病理狀態(tài)及其差異性，并能對(duì)其差異性予以合理解釋，形成規(guī)范的實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告。為臨床診斷和/或科學(xué)研究等打下技能基礎(chǔ)，從而強(qiáng)調(diào)醫(yī)學(xué)的實(shí)踐性。同時(shí)要求學(xué)生嚴(yán)格遵守醫(yī)學(xué)動(dòng)物倫理原則。通過(guò)病理學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)掌握臨床診斷相關(guān)方法技能。 職業(yè)素養(yǎng)教學(xué)目標(biāo)：在課堂教學(xué)中，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生以證據(jù)為基準(zhǔn)的實(shí)事求是的精神。四、教學(xué)進(jìn)度表：教學(xué)內(nèi)容教學(xué)形式學(xué)時(shí)數(shù)教學(xué)單位生

4、理學(xué)緒論大課講授4生理學(xué)教研室細(xì)胞的基本功能大課講授15生理學(xué)教研室血液的主要功能及生理止血大課講授3生理學(xué)教研室能量代謝與體溫大課講授4生理學(xué)教研室人體主要器官系統(tǒng)的基本功能及其在穩(wěn)態(tài)維持中的作用大課講授3生理學(xué)教研室體液、電解質(zhì)、酸堿平衡的調(diào)節(jié)大課講授3生理學(xué)教研室肥胖發(fā)生機(jī)制及如何防止肥胖討論1生理學(xué)教研室高血鉀致肌無(wú)力病例病案分析1生理學(xué)教研室重癥肌無(wú)力病例病案分析1生理學(xué)教研室疾病概論大課講授3病理生理學(xué)教研室正常水電代謝，脫水大課講授3病理生理學(xué)教研室水中毒，鉀代謝異常大課講授3病理生理學(xué)教研室水腫大課講授3病理生理學(xué)教研室正常酸堿平衡，酸堿指標(biāo)，酸堿失衡大課講授3病理生理學(xué)教研室

5、教學(xué)內(nèi)容教學(xué)形式學(xué)時(shí)數(shù)教學(xué)單位單純酸堿失衡，混合酸堿失衡大課講授3病理生理學(xué)教研室缺氧大課講授3病理生理學(xué)教研室發(fā)熱大課講授3病理生理學(xué)教研室應(yīng)激大課講授4病理生理學(xué)教研室休克大課講授3病理生理學(xué)教研室DIC大課講授3病理生理學(xué)教研室缺血再灌注損傷大課講授3病理生理學(xué)教研室黃疸大課講授3病理生理學(xué)教研室病理學(xué) 緒論大課講授0.5病理學(xué)教研室細(xì)胞、組織的適應(yīng)和損傷大課講授5.5病理學(xué)教研室細(xì)胞、組織的適應(yīng)和損傷實(shí)習(xí)4病理學(xué)教研室損傷的修復(fù)大課講授2病理學(xué)教研室損傷的修復(fù)實(shí)習(xí)2病理學(xué)教研室炎癥大課講授6病理學(xué)教研室炎癥實(shí)習(xí)4病理學(xué)教研室局部血液循環(huán)障礙大課講授6病理學(xué)教研室局部血液循環(huán)障礙實(shí)習(xí)4病

6、理學(xué)教研室腫瘤大課講授6病理學(xué)教研室腫瘤實(shí)習(xí)4病理學(xué)教研室病理生理學(xué)小班化課堂討論討論9病理生理學(xué)教研室五、教材1. 姚泰主編.生理學(xué) (八年制教材). 人民衛(wèi)生出版社.2006.北京2. 李桂源主編.病理生理學(xué)，第2版.人民衛(wèi)生出版社.2010.北京3. 陳杰，李甘地主編病理學(xué)，第2版.人民衛(wèi)生出版社.2010.北京4. 譚永淑等主編.病理學(xué)實(shí)習(xí)指導(dǎo)，第1版.科學(xué)出版社.2001.北京六、主要參考資料1. Ganong WF：Review of Medical Physiology.北京醫(yī)科大學(xué)出版社.2001.北京2. Guyton AC：Textbook of Medical Physi

7、ology.北京醫(yī)科大學(xué)出版社.2002.北京3. 秦曉群等譯：醫(yī)學(xué)生理學(xué)(從臨床到基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)生理學(xué)的途徑).科學(xué)出版社.2005.北京4. James P.Ryan，Michael B.Wan. 美國(guó)醫(yī)生執(zhí)照考試（一）.生理學(xué)，第10版.人民衛(wèi)生出版社(影印)，2002.北京5. Kaufman.C E，Mckee.PA. Essentials of Pathophysiology.中國(guó)協(xié)和醫(yī)科大學(xué)出版社(英文影印版).2002.北京6. Barbara E.Gould，Ruthanna M. Dyer. Pathophysiology for the health professions，4

8、th edition，Elsevier，20107. 楊寶峰主編.藥理學(xué)，第7版.人民衛(wèi)生出版社.2008.北京8. Kumar V，Abbas A.K.，F(xiàn)austo N et al. Basic Pathology（8th edition）.Robbins：Elsevier，20079. J.C.U.UNDERWOOD. General and Systematic Pathology，2th edition，科學(xué)出版社，2005 .北京10. Bethan Goodman Jones. Pathology (mosbys crash course).科學(xué)出版社 Harcourt Asia

9、 Mosby.2002.北京11. 步宏，郭喬楠，龍漢安編. 病理學(xué)綱要. 科學(xué)出版社.2003.北京12. 張尚福，馮振卿主編. 病理學(xué)習(xí)題集. 高等教育出版社.2004.北京七、成績(jī)?cè)u(píng)定辦法成績(jī)構(gòu)成 成績(jī)比例考核方法基礎(chǔ)理論知識(shí) 70%筆試問(wèn)題解決/團(tuán)隊(duì)協(xié)作20%實(shí)習(xí)、實(shí)驗(yàn)操作、小測(cè)驗(yàn)、病案討論等學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度、紀(jì)律 10%授課教師八、知識(shí)點(diǎn)與教學(xué)要求生理學(xué)緒論課程教學(xué)大綱掌握：內(nèi)環(huán)境和穩(wěn)態(tài)的概念；神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)，體液調(diào)節(jié)；自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)；負(fù)反饋及其生理意義。Master：Internal environment and homeostasis. Nervous regulation and humor

10、al regulation，Autonomic control system. Negative feedback and its significance.熟悉：正反饋及其意義。Be familiar with：Positive feedback and its significance.了解：人體生理學(xué)以及與醫(yī)學(xué)的關(guān)系；生理學(xué)的研究方法；自身調(diào)節(jié)；正反饋和前饋。Understand：Human physiology and its relationship with medicine. Three levels and methods of physiological research.

11、Autoregulation. Positive feedback and feed-forward.細(xì)胞跨膜物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)教學(xué)大綱掌握：細(xì)胞膜的物質(zhì)跨轉(zhuǎn)功能。Master：Substance transport through cell membrane.細(xì)胞跨膜信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)教學(xué)大綱掌握：跨膜信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的特點(diǎn)；G蛋白耦聯(lián)型受體介導(dǎo)的跨膜信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)。Master：The characteristics of transmembrane signal transduction of cell. Signal transduction mediated by G protein-linked receptor.

12、熟悉：酶耦聯(lián)型受體介導(dǎo)的跨膜信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)；離子通道型受體介導(dǎo)的跨膜信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)。Be familiar with：Signal transduction mediated by enzyme-linked receptor. Signal transduction mediated by ion channel.細(xì)胞生物電現(xiàn)象教學(xué)大綱掌握：靜息電位和動(dòng)作電位及其產(chǎn)生的機(jī)制；動(dòng)作電位的引起；閾電位概念；動(dòng)作電位在同一細(xì)胞上的傳播；興奮性和興奮。Master：Resting potential and action potenmtial and their generation. Inducing of

13、action potential. Threshold potential. Conduction (propagation) of AP in one cell. Excitation and excitability.熟悉：局部電位Be familiar with：Local potential.了解：生物電現(xiàn)象的觀察和研究方法；細(xì)胞興奮過(guò)程中興奮性的變化。Understand：The studing methods of bioelectrical activities of cell. The changes of excitability in cell after initiati

14、on of AP.骨骼肌細(xì)胞收縮功能教學(xué)大綱掌握：神經(jīng)-骨骼肌接頭處的興奮傳遞；興奮-收縮耦聯(lián)。Master：Transmission of excitation at neuromuscular junction. Excitation-contraction coupling.熟悉：影響骨骼肌收縮效能的因素（前負(fù)荷、后負(fù)荷和收縮能力）。Be familiar with：The factors affecting contraction performance of skeletal muscle including preload，afterload and contractility.了

15、解：骨骼肌細(xì)胞收縮的分子機(jī)制；骨骼肌收縮的形式。Understand：The molecular mechanism of skeletal muscle contraction. The types of muscle contraction.血液的主要功能及生理止血教學(xué)大綱掌握：血液的基本功能及其在維持內(nèi)環(huán)境相對(duì)穩(wěn)定中的作用，生理止血的概念、基本過(guò)程和意義；血液凝固的概念和基本過(guò)程；內(nèi)源性凝血途徑和外源性凝血途徑的特點(diǎn)。Master：Basic function of blood and its role in maintaining homeostasis. The concept ph

16、ysiological hemostasis and its basic steps. The concept of blood coagulation and its basic steps. The characteristic of two pathway of blood coagulation.熟悉：血小板在生理止血中的作用；凝血因子；影響血液凝固的因素；抗凝系統(tǒng)的作用；纖維蛋白溶解。Be familiar with：The role of platelets in hemostasis，clotting factor，factors affecting blood coagulat

17、ion，anticoagulative system，fibrinolysis.了解：體液的組成，血液的成分及其理化特性。Understand：Body fluid and its compartments (extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid ). The compositions，properties and functions of blood.能量代謝和體溫教學(xué)大綱掌握：能量代謝的概念；影響能量代謝的因素；基礎(chǔ)代謝和基礎(chǔ)代謝率；體溫的概念，產(chǎn)熱及散熱過(guò)程。Master：Concept of energy metabolism. Mai

18、n factors affecting energy metabolism，Concept of basal metabolism and basal metabolism rate. Concept of body temperature. The way of heat production and heat lossing. 熟悉：體溫的正常值及生理變動(dòng)；體溫調(diào)節(jié)體溫調(diào)節(jié)(溫度感受器，體溫調(diào)節(jié)中樞，調(diào)定點(diǎn)學(xué)說(shuō))。Be familiar with：The normal value of BT and its physiological change. Thermoregulation (t

19、emperature receptor，thermotaxic center and “set point “theory ).了解：機(jī)體代謝過(guò)程中能量的釋放、貯存、轉(zhuǎn)化和利用；能量代謝測(cè)定的原理；深部體溫和表層體溫；臨床常用的測(cè)定體溫的方法和部位。Understand：The sources of energy utilized by organisms，the process of energy liberation; the storage，transformation and expenditure of enenrgy. Principles of measuring energy

20、metabolism.Core temperature and shell temperature. The methods of Measuring temperature in clinic.人體主要器官系統(tǒng)在穩(wěn)態(tài)維持中的作用及體液、電解質(zhì)、酸堿平衡的調(diào)節(jié)教學(xué)大綱掌握：人體主要器官系統(tǒng)的基本功能及其在穩(wěn)態(tài)維持中的作用Master：Basic functions of mian organs and systems and their significance for maintaining homeostasis in human body.熟悉：體液、電解質(zhì)、酸堿平衡的調(diào)節(jié)。Be fam

21、iliar with：The reguation of body fluid，electrolyte，acid base balance and blood pressure in human body. 重點(diǎn)英文詞匯：physiology，internal environment，homeostasis，nervous regulation，humoral regulation，autoregulation，feedback control，feedback signal，negative feedback，positive feedback，feed-forward control. fa

22、cilitated diffusion，voltage-gated ion channel，chemically- (ligand-)gated ion channel，mechanically gated ion channel，primary active transport，secondary active transport，exocytosis，endocytosis，transmembrane signal transduction，G proteins (GTP-binding proteins)，second messenger，tyrosine kinase receptor

23、，resting potential，action potential，excitation，excitability，polarization，hyperpolarization，depolarization，repolarization，permeability，electrochemical driving force，threshold intensity，threshold stimulus，threshold potential，local excitation，conduction (propagation) of AP，end plate potential，excitatio

24、n-contraction coupling，myosin，actin，tropomysin，troponin，cross-bridge，isometric contraction，isotonic contraction，preload，initial length，afterload，contractility，twitch，incomplete tetanus，complete tetanus. Hematocrit，crystal osmotic pressure，colloid osmotic pressure，iso-osmotic solution，physiological h

25、emostasis，blood coagulation，clotting factors，intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation，extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation，physiological anticoagulant，heparin，fibrinolysis，blood groups，agglutinogen，agglutinin，agglutination，blood transfusion，cross-matching. Energy metabolism，energy intake，thermal equ

26、ivalent of food，thermal equivalent of oxygen，respiratory quotient，basal metabolism. Body temperature，core temperature，heat production，heat loss，shivering thermogenesis，non-shivering thermogenesis，radiation，conduction，convection，evaporation，warm-sensitive neuron，cold-sensitive neuron，set-poinrenin，an

27、giotensin，aldosterone system， antidiuretic hormone疾病概論教學(xué)大綱掌握：健康、疾病、病理過(guò)程、病因的概念;疾病的轉(zhuǎn)規(guī);死亡的現(xiàn)行概念，腦死亡的概念。Master：Concept of health，disease ， pathological process，and etiological factors; Outcome of disease; Concept of death and Brain death .熟悉：疾病發(fā)生的條件和誘因的概念；疾病發(fā)展的一般規(guī)律。Be familiar with：Concept of predisposin

28、g factors，and precipitating factor; General rules of development of disease.水電解質(zhì)紊亂教學(xué)大綱掌握：低滲性脫水概念和對(duì)機(jī)體的影響，水中毒概念和對(duì)機(jī)體的影響，等容量性低鈉血癥概念和對(duì)機(jī)體的影響；高滲性脫水概念和對(duì)機(jī)體的影響，高容量性高鈉血癥概念和對(duì)機(jī)體的影響，等容量性高鈉血癥概念和對(duì)機(jī)體的影響；等滲性脫水概念和對(duì)機(jī)體的影響。鉀代謝的調(diào)節(jié)，低鉀、高鉀血癥的概念、作用機(jī)制和對(duì)機(jī)體的影響。 水腫、積水的概念和發(fā)生的基本機(jī)制；滲出液、漏出液、顯性水腫（凹陷性水腫）隱性水腫的概念及其發(fā)生機(jī)制。Master：Concept and

29、 effects of hypotonic dehydration (hyponatremia with volume loss)，hypertonic dehydration (hypernatremia with volume loss)，isotonic dehydration and water intoxication.Regulation of K+ metabolism; concept，pathogenesis and effects of hypokalemia and hyperkalemia.Concept and pathogenesis of edema，hydrop

30、s，exudates，transudate，frank edema (pitting edema) and recessive edema. 熟悉：人體水、電解質(zhì)攝入與排出途徑；水、電解質(zhì)的生理功能；水、電解質(zhì)平衡的調(diào)節(jié)，渴感，抗利尿激素，醛固酮，心房利鈉激素的作用及調(diào)節(jié)；低滲性脫水原因和機(jī)理，水中毒原因和機(jī)理，ADH分泌異常綜合征原因和機(jī)理，高滲性脫水原因和機(jī)理，高容量性高鈉血癥原因和機(jī)理，等容量性高鈉血癥原因和機(jī)理；等滲性脫水原因和機(jī)理。鉀代謝的生理學(xué)，低鉀和高鉀血癥的病因；超級(jí)化阻滯、去極化阻滯、反常性酸性尿和反常性堿性尿的概念。水腫的原因和分類。Be familiar with：Int

31、ake and excretion of water and electrolytes. Physiology function of water and electrolytes . The normal regulation of body water and electrolytes balance. Function and regulation of thirsty sense，Antidiuretic hormone(ADH)，Aldosterone (ALD)，Natriuretic hormones(ANP). Causes and Pathogenesis of hypoto

32、nic dehydration，hypertonic dehydration and Isotonic dehydration water intoxication and syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion. Physiology of K+ metabolism，Causes of hypokalemia and hyperkalemia; Concept of hyperpolarized blocking，depolarized blocking，paradoxical alkaline urine，paradoxical academia.

33、Causes and classification of edema.了解：水腫對(duì)機(jī)體的影響。各種脫水的防治原則。 Understand：The effects of edema. The principles of treatment and and prevention on different kinds of dehydrations.酸堿代謝紊亂教學(xué)大綱掌握：酸堿平衡的調(diào)節(jié)；反映血液酸堿平衡的常用指標(biāo)及其意義；代謝性酸中毒、呼吸性酸中毒、代謝性堿中毒和呼吸性堿中毒的概念、原因和機(jī)理、機(jī)體的代償調(diào)節(jié)和對(duì)機(jī)體的影響；混合性酸堿平衡紊亂概念及基本類型，代償預(yù)計(jì)值公式的使用及酸堿平衡紊亂類型

34、的判別。Master：Regulation of acid-base balance; Laboratory parameters of acid-base balance; Concept，causes，pathogenesis，compensation and effects of four kinds of simple acid-base disorders (metabolic acidosis，respiratory acidosis，metabolic alkalosisand respiratory alkalosis) on body. Concept and pattern

35、s of mixed acid-base disorders. The use of the value compensation is expected to formula and the judgement of mixed acid-base balance disorder.熟悉：體內(nèi)酸、堿的來(lái)源；揮發(fā)酸，固定酸的概念。Be familiar with：Sources of acids and bases. ，Concept of volatile acid and fixed acid.了解：酸堿平衡紊亂的防治原則。 Understand：The principles of tre

36、atment and and prevention on acid-base balance disorder. 缺氧教學(xué)大綱掌握：缺氧的概念和血氧參數(shù)、四種類型缺氧的原因和特點(diǎn)、發(fā)病機(jī)制; 缺氧的功能性和代謝性改變。Master：Concept of hypoxia and parameters for blood oxygen; causes，characteristics and pathogenesis of four kinds of hypoxia; Functional and metabolic changes in hypoxia.熟悉：缺氧的耐受、治療和氧毒性。Be fam

37、iliar with：Tolerance to hypoxia，principles of hypoxia treatment，and oxygen toxicity.了解：缺氧的防治原則。 Understand：The principles of treatment and and prevention on hypoxia.發(fā)熱教學(xué)大綱掌握：發(fā)熱、高溫和生理性體溫升高的概念。發(fā)熱的病因?qū)W和發(fā)病機(jī)理。內(nèi)生致熱原和發(fā)熱激活物的概念;發(fā)熱的各階段及其特征。Master：Concept of fever，hyperthermia and physiological body temperature

38、 elevation; Etiology and pathogenesis of fever; Concept of endogenous pyrogen and pyrogenic activator; The stages and characteristic of fever.熟悉：發(fā)熱中代謝和功能性的變化。發(fā)燒的生物學(xué)的意義，發(fā)熱治療的病理生理學(xué)基礎(chǔ)。Be familiar with：Metabolic and functional alterations during fever; Biological significance of fever and pathophysiolog

39、ic basis of the principles of fever treatment.了解：發(fā)熱的防治原則。 Understand：The principles of treatment and and prevention on fever.應(yīng)激教學(xué)大綱掌握：應(yīng)激的概念、應(yīng)激物、應(yīng)激應(yīng)答、藍(lán)斑-交感-腎上腺髓質(zhì)系統(tǒng)、下丘腦-垂體-腎上腺皮質(zhì)軸、急性期和急性期反應(yīng)蛋白、熱休克蛋白、GAS(全身適應(yīng)綜合癥)、應(yīng)激性潰瘍。Master：Concept of stress，stressor，stress response，locus ceruleus norepinephrine neuron

40、s-sympathetic/adrenal medulla axis， hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal cortex (HPA)，acute phase response acute phase protein，heat shock protein (HSP)，general adaptation syndrome (GAS) and stress ulcer.熟悉：功能和代謝反應(yīng)，原發(fā)性高血壓、心肌缺血和心律失常，應(yīng)激相關(guān)性精神-心理紊亂。Be familiar with：Function and metabolic responses of streese;

41、Concept of essential hypertension，myocardial ischemia，arrhythmias and stress related mental-psychogenic disorders.了解：應(yīng)激的防治原則。 Understand：The principles of treatment and and prevention on stress.休克教學(xué)大綱掌握：休克的原因、各階段特點(diǎn)、發(fā)病機(jī)制及代償。休克中肺功能不全，肝功能不全，腎功能不全，心功能不全，MODS（多器官功能障礙綜合征），SIRS（全身炎癥反應(yīng)綜合征）的概念和發(fā)病機(jī)制。Master：Co

42、ncept of shock. Characteristic，pathogenesis and compensation of stages of of shock; Concept and pathogenesis of pulmonary dysfunction，hepatic dysfunction，renal dysfunction，cardiac dysfunction，MODS (multiple organs dysfunction syndrome) and SIRS (systemic inflammatory response syndrome). 熟悉：休克的原因及分類，

43、休克中細(xì)胞功能及代謝紊亂，胃腸功能的紊亂。Be familiar with：Etiology and classification of shock; Metabolism and function disturbances of celland gastrointestinal dysfunction during shock.了解：休克的防治原則。 Understand：The principles of treatment and and prevention on shock.DIC教學(xué)大綱掌握：彌散性血管內(nèi)凝血的概念，原因，發(fā)病機(jī)制，誘因及后果。Master：Concept，caus

44、es，pathogenesis，predisposing factors，precipitating factors and consequences of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC).熟悉：DIC的分期及類型，DIC診斷治療的病理生理學(xué)基礎(chǔ)。Be familiar with：Types and stages of DIC; pathophysiologic basis of DIC diagnosis and treatment.了解：DIC的防治原則。 Understand：The principles of treatment

45、 and and prevention on DIC.缺血再灌注損傷教學(xué)大綱掌握：缺血-再灌注損傷概念，自由基的概念，缺血-再灌注損傷時(shí)氧自由基增多的機(jī)制；鈣超載的概念。Master：Concept ischemia - reperfusion injury，free radicals and calcium overload; The mechanism of increased generation of xygen free radicals during ischemia-reperfusion injury ; 熟悉：缺血-再灌注損傷時(shí)氧自由基增多損傷作用；鈣超載損傷作用。Be fa

46、miliar with：The damage effect of ischemia-reperfusion injury induced by oxygen free radicals and calcium overload injury.了解：缺血-再灌注損傷發(fā)生的原因和條件、缺血-再灌注損傷的表現(xiàn)及防治原則。Understand：The causes，conditions，performance and the principles of treatment of ischemia-reperfusion injury.黃疸教學(xué)大綱掌握：黃疸的概念，黃疸的發(fā)生機(jī)制。Master：The

47、concept and mechanism of jaundice.熟悉：膽紅素的代謝，黃疸的分類，黃疸對(duì)機(jī)體的影響。Be familiar with：The metabolism of bilirubin; The classification of jaundice; The impact on the body of jaundice.了解：黃疸的常見(jiàn)原因。Understand：Common cause of jaundice.病理學(xué)緒論、適應(yīng)、細(xì)胞組織損傷教學(xué)大綱掌握：病理學(xué)的概念，病理學(xué)的內(nèi)容和任務(wù)。適應(yīng)、萎縮、肥大、增生、化生的概念；細(xì)胞、組織損傷的形態(tài)學(xué)變化：細(xì)胞可逆性損傷（變性

48、）和細(xì)胞內(nèi)外物質(zhì)蓄積的概念、類型及其形態(tài)學(xué)特征；壞死的概念、類型、形態(tài)學(xué)變化和結(jié)局，細(xì)胞凋亡的概念和形態(tài)學(xué)特點(diǎn)。Master：The concept of pathology. Content and task of pathology.The concept of adaptation，atrophy，hypertrophy，hyperplasia and metaplasia. The morphological changes of reversible injury. The concept of degeneration (reversible injury) and intra/e

49、xtracellular accumulations. The morphological characteristics of various type of degeneration. The concept of necrosis and their types，morphological changes and ending. The concept of apoptosis and morphological changs熟悉：病理學(xué)在醫(yī)學(xué)教育、臨床醫(yī)療和科研中的地位萎縮、肥大、增生、化生的類型；細(xì)胞、組織損傷的原因、發(fā)生機(jī)制及幾種重要的損傷；常見(jiàn)細(xì)胞變性和細(xì)胞內(nèi)外物質(zhì)蓄積的原因。細(xì)

50、胞凋亡的機(jī)制。Be familiar with：The status of pathology in medical education，clinical medicine and scientific researchTypes of atrophy，hypertrophy，hyperplasia and metaplasia. The reason and mechanism of cell/tissue injury and several important damage. Common reasons of degeneration and intra/extracellular a

51、ccumulation. The mechanism of apoptosis了解：病理學(xué)的研究方法（常用的病理學(xué)研究方法和新技術(shù)）萎縮、肥大、增生、化生對(duì)機(jī)體的影響和結(jié)局；常見(jiàn)細(xì)胞可逆性損傷和細(xì)胞內(nèi)外物質(zhì)蓄積的各自發(fā)生機(jī)制；細(xì)胞、組織損傷對(duì)機(jī)體影響；凋亡的生理與病理意義；細(xì)胞老化的概念和可能的機(jī)制。Understand：Pathology research methods (commonly used study methods and new technology)The influence and ending of atrophy，hypertrophy，hyperplasia and

52、 metaplasia. The mechanism of cell/tissue reversible injury and intra/extracellular accumulations. The influence of cell/tissue reversible injury. The physiological and pathological significance of apoptosis. The concept of cell aging and possible mechanism損傷的修復(fù)教學(xué)大綱掌握：再生與修復(fù)的概念；細(xì)胞周期、生長(zhǎng)因子和干細(xì)胞的概念；肉芽組織和

53、瘢痕組織的概念、形態(tài)特點(diǎn)、功能和結(jié)局；皮膚創(chuàng)傷愈合的基本過(guò)程。熟悉：再生的方式；干細(xì)胞在組織修復(fù)與細(xì)胞再生中的作用；各種組織的再生能力和過(guò)程（上皮組織、纖維組織、軟骨和骨組織、血管、肌組織和神經(jīng)組織的再生）；骨折愈合過(guò)程。了解：細(xì)胞再生的影響因素（各種細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)、生長(zhǎng)因子、抑素和接觸抑制）。肉芽組織和瘢痕組織的形成過(guò)程及機(jī)制。創(chuàng)傷愈合的類型。影響創(chuàng)傷愈合的因素。細(xì)胞的再生與分化調(diào)控的分子機(jī)制。Master：The concept of regeneration and repair. The concept of cell cycle，growth factors and stem cells

54、. The concept of granulation tissue and the scar tissue，and their morphological characteristics，fuctions and ending. The basic process of skin wound healing. Be familiar with：Way of regeneration; the role of stem cells in the process of tissue repair and the regeneration; Regenerative capacity and t

55、he process of all kinds of tissue (epithelial tissue，fiber，cartilage and bone tissue，blood vessels，the muscle tissue and neural tissue regeneration); The course of fracture healing. Understand：The influence factors of the regeneration of cells (all kinds of extracellular matrix，growth factors，chalon

56、e and contact inhibition). The forming process and mechanism of granulation tissue and of scar tissue. The type of wound healing. Influence factors of wound healing. The molecular mechanism of cells regeneration and diversification regulation.炎癥教學(xué)大綱掌握：炎癥的概念、基本病理變化、急性炎癥過(guò)程中的血管反應(yīng)、白細(xì)胞反應(yīng)；炎癥的常見(jiàn)類型的病變特點(diǎn)：急性炎癥漿液性、纖維素性、化膿性、出血性炎；慢性炎癥非特異性慢性炎、肉芽腫性炎。有關(guān)術(shù)語(yǔ)：膿腫、積膿、蜂窩織炎、竇道、瘺管、潰瘍、糜爛、菌血癥、毒血癥、敗血癥、膿毒敗血癥、肉芽腫等。Master：The concept of inflammation and basic pathological change. The reaction of vessels and leukocytes in acute inflammatory process. Characteristic of the co