新概念第一冊主要語法知識(shí)

1、精品文檔新概念一主要語法知識(shí)點(diǎn)（一）時(shí)態(tài)主要涉及的時(shí)態(tài)有：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，一般過去時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，一般將來時(shí)，過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，過去完成時(shí)，過去將來時(shí)1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示一般性，經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作或一般性事實(shí)。含有 be 動(dòng)詞的句子例： He is a teacher.The girl is very beautiful.Tim and Jack are students.變 疑問句 將 be 動(dòng)詞移到 句首 例： Is he a teacher?Is the girl very beautiful?Are Tim and Jack students?變 否定句 在 be 動(dòng)詞后面 加 not例：

2、 He is not a teacher.The girl is not very beautiful.Tim and Jack are not students.肯定回答及否定回答例： Yes, he is. No, he is not.Yes, she is. No, she is not.Yes, they are. No, they are not.不含有動(dòng)詞的句子，即含有一般動(dòng)詞的句子第三人稱單數(shù)及單數(shù)名詞例： He likes books.She likes him.The dog likes bones.變 疑問句 在句首 加 does, 動(dòng)詞變?yōu)樵屠?Does he lik

3、e books?Does she like him?Does the dog like bones?變 否定句 在主語及動(dòng)詞之間 加 doesn t , 動(dòng)詞變?yōu)樵屠?He doesn t like books.She doesn t like him.The dog doesnt like bones.肯定回答及否定回答：例： Yes, he does. No, he doesn t.Yes, she does. No, she doesntYes, it does. No, it doesn t.注意：第三人稱單數(shù)形式一般在動(dòng)詞后面加S，不要和名詞復(fù)數(shù)混淆，變否定句或疑問句時(shí)名詞復(fù)數(shù)沒

4、有任何變化。1 歡迎下載精品文檔其他人稱及復(fù)數(shù)名詞例： I want to have a bath.We have some meat.The students like smart teachers.變 疑問句 在句首 加 do例： Do you want to have a bath?Do we have any meat?Do the students like smart teachers?變 否定句 在主語和動(dòng)詞之間加 don t .例： You don t want to have a bath.We don t have any meat.The students don t l

5、ike smart teachers.肯定回答及否定回答例： Yes, I do. No, I dont.Yes, we do. No, we don tYes, they do. No, they don t.2. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。構(gòu)成：主語 be 動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞其它成分例： We are having lunch.He is reading a book.The dog is running after a cat.The boys are swimming across the river.變 疑問句 將 be 動(dòng)詞移到句首例： Are we having lunc

6、h?Is he reading a book?Is the dog running after a cat?Are the boys swimming across the river?變 否定句 在 be 動(dòng)詞后面 加not例： We are not having lunch.He is not reading a book.The dog is not running after a cat.The boys are swimming across the river.特殊疑問句 ： what,which, how, where, who, etc.疑問詞動(dòng)詞主語現(xiàn)在分詞例： What a

7、re you doing?What is she doing?What is the dog doing?注： ( 必背！ ) 沒有進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞：表示狀態(tài)，思想，感情和感覺的動(dòng)詞不能表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作表示感覺，感官的詞see, hear, like, love, want, have, has當(dāng) ”擁有 ” 講時(shí)沒有進(jìn)行時(shí)3. 一般過去時(shí)。2 歡迎下載精品文檔表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或事件， 常和表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用， 如 yesterday, last night, the day before yesterday, 3 days ago,含有 be 動(dòng)詞的句子， 將動(dòng)詞變?yōu)檫^去式， am, i

8、s 的過去式為 was， are 的過去式為 were例： I was at the butchers.You were a student a year ago.The teacher was very beautiful ten yearsago.變 疑問句 將 be 動(dòng)詞移動(dòng)到句首例： Were you at the butcher s?Were you a student a year ago?Was the teacher very beautiful ten yearsago?變 否定句 在 be 動(dòng)詞后面 加 not例： I was not at the butcher s.Yo

9、u were not a student a year ago.The teacher was not very beautiful tenyears ago.肯定回答否定回答例： Yes, I was. No, I was not.Yes, you were. No, you were not.Yes, he/she was. No, he/she was not.特殊疑問句：例： What did you do?不含有 be 動(dòng)詞的句子，將動(dòng)詞變?yōu)檫^去式例： I finished my homework yesterday.The boy went to a restaurant.The

10、Sawyers lived at King Street a year ago.變 疑問句 在句首 加 did ，動(dòng)詞變?yōu)樵屠?Did you finish your homework yesterday?Did the boy go to a restaurant?Did the Sawyers live at King Street a year ago?變 否定句 在主語和動(dòng)詞之間加 didnot例： I did not finish my homework yesterday.The boy did not go to a restaurant.The Sawyers did no

11、t live at King Street a yearago.肯定回答及否定回答例： Yes, I did. No, I didn t.Yes, he did. No, he didn t.Yes, they did. No, they did not.4.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)構(gòu)成：主語 +助動(dòng)詞 have, has+ 過去分詞用法：1) 表示過去發(fā)生的和現(xiàn)在有某種聯(lián)系的動(dòng)作，常和just, usually, already, since等時(shí)間副詞連用例： I have just had lunch. (飽了，不用再吃了)He has had a cup of tea.（不渴了，不用再喝）。3 歡迎下

12、載精品文檔They have already had their holiday.（不能再度假了）The boy has alreadyread the book.（已經(jīng)知道書的內(nèi)容了，不用再看了）2) 詢問別人是否做過某事一般用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：例： Have you finished your homework?Have you been to Beijing?Have he seen the film?3) 表示開始于過去并持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作例： I have lived in Beijing for twenty years.I have worked for this school for

13、1 year.4) 表示一種經(jīng)歷，經(jīng)驗(yàn)：去過 地方，做過 事情，經(jīng)歷過 事情例： I have never had a bath.I have never seen a film.I have never been to cinema.I have ever been to Paris.注意： Have been to表示去過， have gone to表示去了試比較： I have been to London.(人已經(jīng)回來 )He has gone to London.（人還在那里）5) 表示一種結(jié)果，一般不和時(shí)間副詞聯(lián)用例： I have lost my pen.I have hurt

14、myself.He has become a teacher.She has broken my heart.變疑問句 將助動(dòng)詞 移到句首 ，例： Have you lost your pen?變 否定句 在助動(dòng)詞后面 加 not.例： I have notlost my pen.肯定回答及否定回答例： Yes, I have. No, I have not.特殊疑問句：例： What have you done?What has he done?注意：一般過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別：凡是有明確的表示過去的時(shí)間狀語的句子為過去時(shí)注意：有些動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作有一個(gè)終點(diǎn)，不能再延續(xù)，因此不能和表示一段時(shí)

15、間狀語連用錯(cuò)： I ve left Beijing for 3 days.對： I left Beijing 3 days ago. Ihave been away from being for 3 days.5. 一般將來時(shí)表示將來將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，經(jīng)常和 tomorrow, next year, the dayafter tomorrow, theyear after the next, in five hourstime, etc.表示將來的詞聯(lián)用結(jié)構(gòu)：主語 +助動(dòng)詞 will+動(dòng)詞原形例： I will go to America tomorrow.The pilot will fly

16、to Japan the monthafter the next.Jack will move into his new house tomorrowmorning.變疑問句 將助動(dòng)詞 移到句首。4 歡迎下載精品文檔例： Will you go to America tomorrow?Will the pilot fly to Japan the month afterthe next?Will Jack move into his new house tomorrowmorning?變 否定句 在助動(dòng)詞后面 加 not例： I will not go to America tomorrow.

17、The pilot will not fly to Japan the monthafter the next.Jack will not move into his new housetomorrow morning肯定回答及否定回答例： Yes, I will. No, I will not.Yes, he/she will. No, he/she will not.Yes, he will. No, he will not.特殊疑問句：例： What will you do?6. 過去完成時(shí)：用法：在過去的時(shí)間里，兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中，發(fā)生在前的哪個(gè)動(dòng)作要用過去完成時(shí)。結(jié)構(gòu)： had+過去分詞例：

18、 After she had finished her homework, shewent shopping. They had sold the car before I asked theprice. The train had left before I arrived at thestation.注意： After/before 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句放在句首要在句子后面加逗號，如果放在主句后則不用加。變疑問句 將助動(dòng)詞 移到句首例： Had she finished her homework?變 否定句 在助動(dòng)詞后面 加 not例： She hadn t finished her hom

19、ework.肯定回答及否定回答例： Yes, she had. No, she hadn t.特殊疑問句：例： What had she done?7.過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作, 經(jīng)常用在 when, while, as引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中。結(jié)構(gòu)： was/were+doing例： Whenmy husband was going intothe diningroomthismorning,he dropped some coinson the floor.While we were having dinner, my father waswatching TV.8過去將來時(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)： wou

20、ld do例： She said she would go here the nextmorning.（二）特殊句型：therebe句型， be going to結(jié)構(gòu)1. Be going to結(jié)構(gòu)表示打算，準(zhǔn)備，計(jì)劃做某事結(jié)構(gòu)：主語 +be 動(dòng)詞 +going to +動(dòng)詞原型例： I am going to make a bookcase.。5 歡迎下載精品文檔They are going to paint it.The father is going to give the bookcase tohis daughter.變疑問句將be 動(dòng)詞移到句首例： Are you going to

21、 make a bookcase?Are they going to paint it?Is the father going to give the bookcase tohis daughter?變否定句在be 動(dòng)詞后面加not例： I am not going to make a bookcase.They are going to paint it.The father is not going to give thebookcase to his daughter.肯定回答及否定回答例： Yes, I am. No, I am not.Yes, they are. No, they

22、are not.Yes, he is. No, he is not.特殊疑問句例： What are you going to do?What are they going to do?What is the father going to do?2. There be句型表示哪里有什么東西( 某處有某物 )There is單數(shù)名詞表示場所的詞（一般為介詞詞組）例： There is a book in this room.There is a pen on the tableThere are 復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示場所的詞（一般為介詞詞組）例： There are two pens on the t

23、able.There are three schools there.變疑問句將be 動(dòng)詞移到句首例： Is there a book in this room?Are there two pens on the table?變否定句在動(dòng)詞后面加not例： There is not a book in this room.There are not two pens on the table.肯定回答及否定回答例： Yes, there is. No, there is not.Yes, there are. No, there are not.（三）問句主要類型有：一般疑問句，特殊疑問句，選

24、擇疑問句，反意疑問句，選擇疑問句，否定疑問句1. 一般疑問句 :助動(dòng)詞 /be 動(dòng)詞 +主語，通?？梢杂肶es 或者 No來回答。例： Are you a teacher?Do you want to have a cup of tea?回答： Yes, I am./No, I am not.2. 特殊疑問句 :。6 歡迎下載精品文檔特殊疑問詞 +一般疑問句What:表示什么例： What is your name?Where: 表示在哪里，對地點(diǎn)進(jìn)行提問例： Where is my book?Which: 表示哪一個(gè)（在一定范圍內(nèi)特指一樣?xùn)|西或一個(gè)人）當(dāng)作為疑問代詞時(shí)，which 通常單獨(dú)使

25、用例： Which is your favorite cup?Which are your favorite cups?當(dāng)作為疑問形容詞時(shí)， which 后面通常加上一個(gè)名詞，構(gòu)成特殊疑問名詞短語例： Which cup is your favorite?Which cups are your favorite?對國籍的提問你是哪國人？問： What nationality are you?回答： I m Chinese.注意：回答用 “ 國籍 ”你來自哪里？問： Where are you from?=Whre do you come from?回答： I m from China.=I c

26、ome from China.注意：回答用 “ 國家 ”對職業(yè)的提問What isyour job?=What are you?對近況的提問問： How are you today?回答： Im very well, thank you.3. 選擇疑問句關(guān)鍵詞： or例“ Do you want beef or lamb?4. 反意疑問句肯定陳述句 +否定疑問部分，否定陳述部分 +肯定疑問部分例： The dog is lovely, isnt it?You don t need that pen, do you?5. 否定疑問句一般疑問句 +否定詞例： Aren t you lucky?Do

27、n t you want to have a rest?。7 歡迎下載精品文檔（四） some和 any 、 many和 much的用法some, any共同點(diǎn)： 1.都可修飾可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞2.都可以解釋為“ 一些 ”區(qū)別：通常情況下， some用于肯定句， any 用于否定句和疑問句( 此時(shí)，兩個(gè)詞都解釋為“一些 ”)例： I want some milk.I dont want any milk.Do you want any milk?特殊用法： 1. 當(dāng)表示建議、 邀請，并期待得到對方的肯定回答時(shí)some也可以用在疑問句中，以下為三種句型：1） Would you like.?例

28、: Would you like some coffee?2) Do you want. ？（一般情況而言用 any 比較多，但是如果想要得到別人的肯定回答，可以用 some來提問）例： Do you want some juice? (回答為 Yes)3) What about.？例： What about some bread?2.當(dāng) any 表示 “ 任何 ”的時(shí)候， 也可以用在肯定句，且后面如果加可數(shù)名詞，需要用單數(shù)例： Any one with a ticket can get into the park.many, much共同點(diǎn)：都可以解釋為“很多 ”不同點(diǎn)： many修飾可數(shù)名

29、詞，much 修飾不可數(shù)名詞例： I have many toy cars.She has much money.注：在口語中表示“很多 ” 一般不用 many, much,而多用 a lotof,而在否定句中表示“ 很多” 用 many, much.例： I have a lot of money.I dont have muchmoney.I dont have many apples.（五）名詞分類：名詞分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞1.不可數(shù)名詞含義：不可以分成個(gè)體的東西： water,tea, bread, milk, rice 抽象的東西： love, beauty, coldness

30、特點(diǎn)：不能用 a, an修飾不能加 s和單數(shù) be 動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞搭配。8 歡迎下載精品文檔注：不可數(shù)名詞表達(dá)復(fù)數(shù)概念時(shí)，用量詞修飾。例： a bottle of milktwo bottles of milka bar of chocolatetwo bars of chocolatea loaf of breadtwo loaves of breada pound of sugartwo pounds of sugar2.可數(shù)名詞：特點(diǎn)：單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞要用冠詞修飾，有復(fù)數(shù)形式。名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式 變化規(guī)則：一般情況 +s例：shop shopsbook books以 s, x, ch, sh, o結(jié)尾

31、 +es口訣：蛇 (sh) 吃 (ch) 象 (x) 是(sh) 會(huì)死 (s) 的哦 (0)例： fox foxeschurch churchesbus busesdish dishespotato potatoes以 o 結(jié)尾，除了Negro/hero /potato/tomato，通常加s口訣：黑人英雄愛吃土豆和西紅柿，剩下一般加s, radio radios以 f, fe結(jié)尾的，變f, fe為 ves例： lifeliveshalf halvesshelf shelvescity citieswife wives以輔音字母 +y 結(jié)尾 ,變 y 為 i+es例： sky skiesfly

32、 flies注：以元音字母+y 結(jié)尾的則直接加ed例： toy toysboy boysday days不規(guī)則變化 的名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式例： man menwoman womenfoot feetgoose geesetooth teethsheep sheepchild childrendeer deermouse mice國人復(fù)數(shù)變化：（部分）。9 歡迎下載精品文檔口訣：中日不變英法變，其余s 加后邊Chinese ChineseJapanese JapaneseEnglishman EnglishmenFrenchman FrenchmenGerman GermansItalian Itali

33、ans（六）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的使用1情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can （能夠） , must （必須） , may （可以）結(jié)構(gòu)：主語 +can/must/may+ 動(dòng)詞原型例： He can make the tea.Sally may air the room.We must speak English.變疑問句將情態(tài)動(dòng)詞移到句首例： Can he make the tea?May I open the door?Must we speak English?變否定句在情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面加not例： He cannot make the tea.Sally maynot air the room.You mustntspe

34、ak loudlyhere.= Dontspeak loudlyhere. （這里 mustnt解釋為不許、禁止的意思）特殊疑問句：What can you do?注意：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的句子沒有第三人稱單數(shù)的變化，不要在情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞后面加S。2 Must/have to的區(qū)別must表示必須，是主觀上覺得應(yīng)該做，have to是不得不，是由于客觀條件逼迫才做must只能用在表示現(xiàn)在和將來的句子里，而have to do可以用在任何時(shí)態(tài)3 must, may, might表示猜測：must do表示對現(xiàn)在事實(shí)的猜測 must have done 表示對過去事實(shí)的猜測 must have been d

35、oing表示對過去正在進(jìn)行的事實(shí)的猜測may/mightdo, may/might have done 表示沒有任何事實(shí)依據(jù)的猜測，might 的可能性更小。can t/couldn t表示不可能4 need用法：表示 “ 需要 ” 時(shí)為實(shí)意動(dòng)詞，后面可以加名詞，也可以加不定式：例： I need a pen.Do you need any beer? No, Idon t.I need to have a rest.注： Need doing=need to be done，表示被動(dòng)例： The flowers need watering. = The flowers need to be

36、watered.Need 在否定時(shí)做情態(tài)動(dòng)詞使用例： You needn t go so early. =You don t need togo so early.。10 歡迎下載精品文檔Must I clean the desk right now? No, youneednt. (我一定要現(xiàn)在把桌子擦干凈么？不，你不需要)語法（七）感嘆句、祈使句一. 感嘆句1. 由 what 引導(dǎo)的感嘆句。結(jié)構(gòu)： What+a(an)+ （形容詞） +單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+主語 +謂語！例： What a beautiful girl she is! What+(形容詞） +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞 +主語 +謂

37、語！例： What kind women they are! What nice music it is!2. 由 how引導(dǎo)的感嘆句。結(jié)構(gòu)： How +形容詞 ( 副詞 )+ 主語 +謂語例： How beautiful the girl is!How quickly the boy is writing!3.what 與 how引導(dǎo)的感嘆句，一般情況下可以相互轉(zhuǎn)換，轉(zhuǎn)換后意義不變。例： What an interesting story it is!=How interesting the story is!what a beautiful building it is!=How beau

38、tiful the building is!注：在口語中，感嘆句的主語和謂語常常省略。例： What a nice present!（省略 it is）How disappointed!（省略 she is）二. 祈使句1. 含義：表達(dá)說話人對對方的叮囑、勸告、請求或命令等，往往有表示請求、命令、希望、禁止、勸告等意思。2. 特點(diǎn)： 一般沒有主語，實(shí)際上是省略了主語“You” 句末用感嘆號或句號，用降調(diào)朗讀。 肯定結(jié)構(gòu)都以動(dòng)詞原形開頭。3. 句型： 肯定句 Do型（以行為動(dòng)詞原形開頭）例： Sit down坐下！Stand up起立！ Be 型（以 be 開頭）例： Be quiet安靜！ Let 型 （以 let 開頭）例： Let me help you.讓我