新編計(jì)算機(jī)英語課后習(xí)題答案(第三版)王春生[1]

1、計(jì)算機(jī)英語（第三版）劉藝 王春生主編 課后習(xí)題答案【一】2010-04-14 13:47Unit One/Section AI. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. Charles Babbage; Augusta Ada Byron2. input; output3. VLSI4. workstations; mainframes5. vacuum; transistors6. instructions; software7. digit; eight; byte8. microminiaturizatio

2、n; chipII. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. artificial intelligence 人工智能2. paper-tape reader 紙帶閱讀器3. optical computer 光計(jì)算機(jī)4. neural network 神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)5. instruction set 指令集6. parallel processing 并行處理7. difference engine 差分機(jī)8. versatile logical element 通用

3、邏輯元件9. silicon substrate 硅襯底10. vacuum tube 真空管11. 數(shù)據(jù)的存儲(chǔ)與處理 the storage and handling of data12. 超大規(guī)模集成電路 very large-scale integrated circuit13. 中央處理器 central processing unit14. 個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī) personal computer15. 模擬計(jì)算機(jī) analogue computer16. 數(shù)字計(jì)算機(jī) digital computer17. 通用計(jì)算機(jī) general-purpose computer18. 處理器芯片 pro

4、cessor chip19. 操作指令 operating instructions20. 輸入設(shè)備 input deviceIII. Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, makingchanges if necessary:We can define a computer as a device that accepts input, processes data, stores data, andproduces output. According to the mode

5、 of processing, computers are either analog or digital.They can also be classified as mainframes, minicomputers, workstations, or microcomputers.All else (for example, the age of the machine) being equal, this categorization provides someindication of the computers speed, size, cost, and abilities.E

6、ver since the advent of computers, there have been constant changes. First-generationcomputers of historic significance, such as UNIVAC (通用自動(dòng)計(jì)算機(jī)), introduced in theearly 1950s, were based on vacuum tubes. Second-generation computers, appearing in theearly 1960s, were those in which transistors repla

7、ced vacuum tubes. In third-generationcomputers, dating from the 1960s, integrated circuits replaced transistors. In fourth-generationcomputers such as microcomputers, which first appeared in the mid-1970s, large-scaleintegration enabled thousands of circuits to be incorporated on one chip. Fifth-gen

8、erationcomputers are expected to combine very-large-scale integration with sophisticated approachesto computing, including artificial intelligence and true distributed processing.IV. Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:計(jì)算機(jī)將變得更加先進(jìn)，也將變得更加容易使用。語音識(shí)別的改進(jìn)將使計(jì)算機(jī)的操作 更加容易。虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)，即使用所有人類官能與計(jì)

9、算機(jī)進(jìn)行交互的技術(shù)，也將有助于創(chuàng)建更好的人機(jī)接口。人們正在開發(fā)其他的奇異計(jì)算模型，包括使 用生物機(jī)體的生物計(jì)算、使用具有特定屬性的分子的分子計(jì)算，以及使用遺傳基本單位DNA（脫氧核糖核酸）存儲(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)和執(zhí)行操作 的計(jì)算。這些都是可能的未來計(jì)算平臺(tái)的例子，而它們迄今還能力有限或完全屬于理論范疇?？茖W(xué)家們研究它們，是因?yàn)榍度牍柚械碾娐返奈⑿⌒突?受到物理限制。還有一些限制與甚至最微小的晶體管也會(huì)產(chǎn)生的熱量有關(guān)。Unit One/Section BI. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. experimentation

10、2. interfacing3. interdisciplinary4. microprocessorII. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. artificial neural network 人工神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)2. computer architecture 計(jì)算機(jī)體系結(jié)構(gòu)3. robust computer program 健壯的計(jì)算機(jī)程序4. human-computer interface 人機(jī)接口5. knowledge representation 知

11、識(shí)表示6. 數(shù)值分析 numerical analysis7. 程序設(shè)計(jì)環(huán)境 programming environment8. 數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu) data structure9. 存儲(chǔ)和檢索信息 store and retrieve information10. 虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí) virtual realityUnit One/Section CI. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. format2. synchronization3. virtual4. multimedia; third-partyII. Trans

12、late the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. data field 數(shù)據(jù)字段，數(shù)據(jù)域2. learning curve 學(xué)習(xí)曲線3. third-party solution 第三方解決方案4. Windows Media Player Windows媒體播放器5. 開始按鈕 Start button6. 指定輸入?yún)^(qū) designated input area7. 手寫體識(shí)別系統(tǒng) handwriting-recognition system8. 字符集 character setU

13、nit Two: Computer ArchitectureUnit Two/Section AI Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. input; output; storage2. Basic Input/Output System3. flatbed scanners; hand-held scanners4. LCD-based5. dot-matrix printers; inkjet printers6. disk drives; memory7. volatile8. serial; paral

14、lelII. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. function key 功能鍵，操作鍵2. voice recognition module 語音識(shí)別模塊3. touch-sensitive region 觸敏區(qū)4. address bus 地址總線5. flatbed scanner 平板掃描儀6. dot-matrix printer 點(diǎn)陣打印機(jī)（針式打印機(jī)）7. parallel connection 并行連接8. cathode ray tube 陰

15、極射線管9. video game 電子游戲10. audio signal 音頻信號(hào)11. 操作系統(tǒng) operating system12. 液晶顯示（器） LCD (liquid crystal display)13. 噴墨打印機(jī) inkjet printer14. 數(shù)據(jù)總線 data bus15. 串行連接 serial connection16. 易失性存儲(chǔ)器 volatile memory17. 激光打印機(jī) laser printer18. 磁盤驅(qū)動(dòng)器 disk drive19. 基本輸入/輸出系統(tǒng) BIOS (Basic Input/Output System)20. 視頻顯示器

16、video displayIII. Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, makingchanges if necessary:CD-ROM stands for compact disc read-only memory. Unlike floppy and hard disks,which use magnetic charges to represent 1s and 0s, optical discs use reflected light. On aCD-ROM di

17、sc, 1s and 0s are represented by flat areas and bumpy (高低不平的) areas (called“pits”) on its bottom surface. The CD-ROM disc is read by a laser that projects a tiny beam oflight on these areas. The amount of reflected light determines whether the area represents a 1or a 0.Like a commercial CD found in

18、music stores, a CD-ROM is a “read-only” disc.Read-only means it cannot be written on or erased by the user. Thus, you as a user haveaccess only to the data imprinted (壓印) by the publisher.A single CD-ROM disc can store 650 megabytes (兆字節(jié)) of data. That is equivalent to451 floppy disks. With that muc

19、h information on a single disc, the time to retrieve or accessthe information is very important. An important characteristic of CD-ROM drives is theiraccess rate.IV. Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:調(diào)制解調(diào)器是在 模擬和數(shù)字信號(hào)之間進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換的設(shè)備。計(jì)算機(jī)使用的是數(shù)字信號(hào)，這種信號(hào)由離散單元組成，通常用一系列1和0表示。模擬信號(hào)是連續(xù)變化的；聲 波就

20、是模擬信號(hào)的一個(gè)例子。調(diào)制解調(diào)器經(jīng)常用于實(shí)現(xiàn)計(jì)算機(jī)之間通過 線的互相通信。調(diào)制解調(diào)器將發(fā)送端計(jì)算機(jī)的數(shù)字信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn) 換成可通過 線傳輸?shù)哪M信號(hào)。信號(hào)到達(dá)目的地后，另外一個(gè)調(diào)制解調(diào)器重構(gòu)原來的數(shù)字信號(hào)，供接收端計(jì)算機(jī)處理。如果兩個(gè)調(diào)制 解調(diào)器可同時(shí)互相發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)，那么它們采用的就是全雙工工作方式；如果一次只有一個(gè)調(diào)制解調(diào)器可以發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)，那么它們采用的則是半雙工工作方 式。Unit Two/Section BI. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. graphical2. file; scheduler3. virt

21、ual4. sliceII. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. interrupt handler 中斷處理程序2. virtual memory 虛擬存儲(chǔ)（器），虛存，虛擬內(nèi)存3. context switch 上下文轉(zhuǎn)換，語境轉(zhuǎn)換4. main memory 主存（儲(chǔ)器）5. bit pattern 位模式6. 外圍設(shè)備 peripheral device7. 進(jìn)程表 process table8. 時(shí)間片 time slice9. 圖形用戶界面 grap

22、hical user interface10. 海量存儲(chǔ)器 mass storageUnit Two/Section CI. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. repository2. central; sub-systems3. network4. layered或abstract machineII. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. code generator 代碼

23、生成程序，代碼發(fā)生器2. abstract machine 抽象機(jī)3. program editor 程序編輯程序，程序編輯器4. configuration item 配置項(xiàng)5. 計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì) CAD (computer-aided design)6. 數(shù)據(jù)冗余 data redundancy7. 指揮與控制系統(tǒng) command and control system8. 視頻壓縮與解壓縮 video compression and decompressionUnit Three: Computer Language and ProgrammingUnit Three/Section AI.

24、 Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. artificial; instructions2. low-level; high-level3. machine4. machine5. functional; logic6. statement7. module8. digitalII. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. storage register 存儲(chǔ)寄存器2. funct

25、ion statement 函數(shù)語句3. program statement 程序語句4. object-oriented language 面向?qū)ο笳Z言5. assembly language 匯編語言6. intermediate language 中間語言，中級(jí)語言7. relational language 關(guān)系（型）語言8. artificial language 人工語言9. data declaration 數(shù)據(jù)聲明10. SQL 結(jié)構(gòu)化查詢語言11. 可執(zhí)行程序 executable program12. 程序模塊 program module13. 條件語句 conditio

26、nal statement14. 賦值語句 assignment statement15. 邏輯語言 logic language16. 機(jī)器語言 machine language17. 函數(shù)式語言 functional language18. 程序設(shè)計(jì)語言 programming language19. 運(yùn)行計(jì)算機(jī)程序 run a computer program20. 計(jì)算機(jī)程序員 computer programmerIII. Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, mak

27、ingchanges if necessary:A programming language is a language used to write instructions for the computer. It letsthe programmer express data processing in a symbolic manner without regard tomachine-specific details.The difficulty of writing programs in the machine language of 0s and 1s led first to

28、thedevelopment of assembly language, which allows programmers to use mnemonics (助記符)for instructions and symbols for variables. Such programs are then translated by a programknown as an assembler into the binary encoding used by the computer. Other pieces of systemsoftware known as linking loaders (

29、連接裝入程序) combine pieces of assembled code andload them into the machines main memory unit, where they are then ready for execution. Theconcept of linking separate pieces of code was important, since it allowed “l(fā)ibraries” ofprograms to be built up to carry out common tasksa first step toward the incr

30、easinglyemphasized notion of software reuse. Assembly language was found to be sufficientlyinconvenient that higher-level languages (closer to natural languages) were invented in the1950s for easier, faster programming; along with them came the need for compilers, programsthat translate high-level l

31、anguage programs into machine code. As programming languagesbecame more powerful and abstract, building efficient compilers that create high-quality codein terms of execution speed and storage consumption became an interesting computer scienceproblem in itself.IV. Translate the following passage fro

32、m English into Chinese:面向?qū)ο蟪绦蛟O(shè)計(jì)語言，如C+和Java，基于傳統(tǒng)的高級(jí)語言， 但它們使程序設(shè)計(jì)員能夠從合作對(duì)象集而非命令列表的角度進(jìn)行思考。諸如圓之類的對(duì)象具有像圓的半徑一類的屬性，以及在計(jì)算機(jī) 屏幕上繪制該對(duì)象的命令。一個(gè)對(duì)象類可以從其他的對(duì)象類繼承特征。例如，定義正方形的類可以從定義長(zhǎng)方形的類那里繼承直角等特征。這一套程 序設(shè)計(jì)類簡(jiǎn)化了程序設(shè)計(jì)員的工作，帶來了更多“可復(fù)用的”計(jì)算機(jī)代碼?？蓮?fù)用代碼使程序設(shè)計(jì)員可以使用已經(jīng)設(shè)計(jì)、編寫和測(cè)試的代碼。這使得 程序設(shè)計(jì)員的工作變得比較容易，并帶來更加可靠和高效的程序。Unit Three/Section BI. Fil

33、l in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. objects2. platform-independent3. multithreading4. runtimeII. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. native code 本機(jī)（代）碼2. header file 頭標(biāo)文件；頁眉文件3. multithreaded program 多線程程序4. Java-enabled browser

34、支持Java的瀏覽器5. malicious code 惡意代碼6. 機(jī)器碼 machine code7. 匯編碼 assembly code8. 特洛伊木馬程序 Trojan horse9. 軟件包 software package10. 類層次 class hierarchyUnit Three/Section CI. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. subscript; index2. fixed3. histogram4. two-dimensionalII. Translate the foll

35、owing terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. bar chart 條形圖2. frequency array 頻率數(shù)組3. graphical representation 圖形表示4. multidimensional array 多維數(shù)組5. 用戶視圖 user(s) view6. 下標(biāo)形式 subscript form7. 一維數(shù)組 one-dimensional array8. 編程結(jié)構(gòu) programming constructUnit Four: Software DevelopmentUnit

36、 Four/Section AI. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. application; operating2. assemblers3. compiler4. interpreter5. debugger6. loop7. device driver8. John von NeumannII. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. inference engine 推理

37、機(jī)2. system call 系統(tǒng)調(diào)用3. compiled language 編譯執(zhí)行的語言4. parallel computing 并行計(jì)算5. pattern matching 模式匹配6. memory location 存儲(chǔ)單元7. interpreter program 解釋程序8. library routine 庫程序，程序庫例行程序9. intermediate program 中間程序，過渡程序10. source file 源文件11. 解釋執(zhí)行的語言 interpreted language12. 設(shè)備驅(qū)動(dòng)程序 device driver13. 源程序 source

38、 program14. 調(diào)試程序 debugging program15. 目標(biāo)代碼 object code16. 應(yīng)用程序 application program17. 實(shí)用程序 utility program18. 邏輯程序 logic program19. 墨盒 ink cartridge20. 程序的存儲(chǔ)與執(zhí)行 program storage and executionIII. Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, makingchanges if necessary:

39、A compiler, in computer science, is a computer program that translates source code intoobject code. Software engineers write source code using high-level programming languagesthat people can understand. Computers cannot directly execute source code, but need acompiler to translate these instructions

40、 into a low-level language called machine code.Compilers collect and reorganize (compile) all the instructions in a given set of sourcecode to produce object code. Object code is often the same as or similar to a computersmachine code. If the object code is the same as the machine language, the comp

41、uter can runthe program immediately after the compiler produces its translation. If the object code is notin machine language, other programssuch as assemblers, binders (聯(lián)編程序), linkers, andloaders (加載程序)finish the translation.Most computer languages use different versions of compilers for different

42、types ofcomputers or operating systems, so one language may have different compilers for personalcomputers (PC) and Apple Macintosh computers. Many different manufacturers often produceversions of the same programming language, so compilers for a language may vary betweenmanufacturers.IV. Translate

43、the following passage from English into Chinese:在軟件中，錯(cuò) 誤是指導(dǎo)致程序發(fā)生故障或產(chǎn)生不正確結(jié)果的編碼或邏輯錯(cuò)誤。較輕微的錯(cuò)誤，如光標(biāo)表現(xiàn)異常，會(huì)造成不便或帶來挫折，但不會(huì)對(duì)信息產(chǎn)生破壞性 影響。較嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤會(huì)導(dǎo)致程序“中止”（對(duì)命令停止反應(yīng)），可能使用戶別無選擇，只能重新啟動(dòng)程序，結(jié)果致使任何前面已經(jīng)做 好但尚未保存的工作丟失。兩種情況無論是哪一種，程序員都必須憑借稱為調(diào)試的過程，發(fā)現(xiàn)并改正錯(cuò)誤。由于錯(cuò)誤對(duì)重要數(shù)據(jù)的潛在危險(xiǎn)，商 用應(yīng)用程序在發(fā)行前要經(jīng)過盡可能全面的測(cè)試與調(diào)試。程序發(fā)行后發(fā)現(xiàn)的較輕微錯(cuò)誤在下一次更新時(shí)改正；較嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤有時(shí)可

44、用稱為補(bǔ)丁的特殊軟 件加以修補(bǔ)，以規(guī)避問題或減輕其影響。Unit Four/Section BI. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. Machine2. developers; components3. CORBA4. runtimeII. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. messaging model 消息接發(fā)模型2. common language runtime 通

45、用語言運(yùn)行時(shí)刻（環(huán)境）3. hierarchical namespace 分層名稱空間4. development community 開發(fā)界5. CORBA 公用對(duì)象請(qǐng)求代理（程序）體系結(jié)構(gòu)6. 基本組件 base component7. 元數(shù)據(jù)標(biāo)記 metadata tag8. 虛擬機(jī) virtual machine9. 集成開發(fā)環(huán)境 IDE（integrated development environment）10. 簡(jiǎn)單對(duì)象訪問協(xié)議 SOAP（Simple Object Access Protocol）Unit Four/Section CI. Fill in the blanks w

46、ith the information given in the text:1. heterogeneous2. asynchronous3. bridges4. opennessII. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. procedure call 過程調(diào)用2. fault tolerance 容錯(cuò)3. homogeneous system 同構(gòu)系統(tǒng)4. autonomous agent 自主主體5. 路由算法 routing algorithm6. 異構(gòu)型

47、環(huán)境 heterogeneous environment7. 多址通信協(xié)議 multicast protocol8. 通信鏈路 communication(s) linkUnit Five: Software ProcessUnit Five/Section AI. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. off-the-shelf2. exclusive3. cascade4. requirements; integration5. throwaway6. immediate; stable7. reuse-o

48、riented; framework8. software; compromisesII. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. system specification 系統(tǒng)規(guī)格說明2. unit testing 單位（或單元、部件）測(cè)試3. software life cycle 軟件生命周期（或生存周期）4. system validation testing 系統(tǒng)驗(yàn)證測(cè)試5. evolutionary development process 演化開發(fā)過程6

49、. simple linear model 簡(jiǎn)單線性模型7. program unit 程序單元8. throwaway prototype 拋棄式原型9. text formatting 正文格式編排，文本格式化10. system evolution 系統(tǒng)演變11. 系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)范例 system design paradigm12. 需求分析與定義 requirements analysis and definition13. 探索式編程方法 exploratory programming approach14. 系統(tǒng)文件編制 system documentation15. 瀑布模型 wat

50、erfall model16. 系統(tǒng)集成 system integration17. 商用現(xiàn)成軟件 commercial off-the-shelf (或COTS) software18. 基于組件的軟件工程 component-based software engineering (CBSE)19. 軟件維護(hù)工具 software maintenance tool20. 軟件復(fù)用 software reuseIII. Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, makingchan

51、ges if necessary:There are three different types of software maintenance. Firstly, there is maintenance torepair software faults. Coding errors are usually relatively cheap to correct; design errors aremore expensive as they may involve rewriting several program components. Requirementserrors are th

52、e most expensive to repair because of the extensive system redesign that may benecessary. Secondly, there is maintenance to adapt the software to a different operatingenvironment. This type of maintenance is required when some aspect of the systemsenvironment such as the hardware, the platform opera

53、ting system or other support softwarechanges. The application system must be modified to adapt it to cope with these environmentalchanges. And thirdly, there is maintenance to add to or modify the systems functionality.This type of maintenance is necessary when the system requirements change in resp

54、onse toorganizational or business change. The scale of the changes required to the software is oftenmuch greater than for the other types of maintenance. In practice, there isnt a clear-cutdistinction between these types of maintenance. When you adapt the system to a newenvironment, you may add func

55、tionality to take advantage of new environmental features.Software faults are often exposed because users use the system in unanticipated ways.Changing the system to accommodate their way of working is the best way to fix these faults.IV. Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:軟件過

56、程比較復(fù) 雜，而且像所有其他的智能和創(chuàng)造性過程一樣，依靠人們作出決定和判斷。由于需要判斷和創(chuàng)造性，使軟件過程自動(dòng)化的嘗試只取得了有限的成功。 計(jì)算機(jī)輔助軟件工程工具可支持軟件過程的某些活動(dòng)。然而，至少是在未來幾年內(nèi)，不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)更廣泛的軟件過程自動(dòng)化，使軟件能 夠接替參與軟件過程的工程師來從事創(chuàng)造性設(shè)計(jì)。計(jì)算機(jī)輔助軟件工程工具的有效性有限，原因之一是軟件過程多種多樣。不存在理想 的過程，而且許多組織機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)展了自己的軟件開發(fā)方法。這些軟件過程不斷演變，以利用組織機(jī)構(gòu)中的人員的能力和開發(fā)中的系統(tǒng)的具體特點(diǎn)。對(duì)于 一些系統(tǒng)來說，需要的是一個(gè)高度結(jié)構(gòu)化的開發(fā)過程，而對(duì)于另外一些系統(tǒng)來說，一個(gè)靈活敏捷的過

57、程很可能更為有效。Unit Five/Section BI. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. entity2. duration3. data; process或process; data4. implementedII. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. check box 復(fù)選框，選擇框，校驗(yàn)框2. structured design 結(jié)構(gòu)化設(shè)計(jì)3. building block 積木