機械工程專業(yè)英語翻譯整理

1、53 Industrial RobotsThere are a variety of definitions of the term industrial robot. Depending on the definition used, the number of robot installations worldwide varies widely. Numerous single-purpose machines are used in manufacturing plants that might appear to be robots. These machines can only

2、perform a single function and can not be reprogrammed to perform a different function. Such single-purpose machine is do not fit the definition for industrial robots that is becoming widely accepted.關(guān)于工業(yè)機器人的定義有很多。采用不同的定義，全世界各地機器人的數(shù)量就會發(fā)生很大的變化。在制造工廠中使用的許多單用途機器可能會看起來像機器人。這些機器人只有單一的功能，不能通過重新編程的方式去完成不同的工

3、作。這種單一用途的機器人不能滿足被人們?nèi)找鎻V泛接受的關(guān)于工業(yè)機器人的定義。An industrial robot is defined by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) as an automatically controlled, reprogrammable, multipurpose manipulator, which may be either fixed in place or mobile for use in industrial automation applications. 國際標準化組

4、織(ISO)對工業(yè)機器人的定義為：一種能夠自動控制的、可重復(fù)編程的多功能操作機，它可以是固定式的，也可以是移動式的，應(yīng)用于工業(yè)自動化領(lǐng)域。 there exist several other definitions too, given by other societies, e.g, by the Robot Institute of America (RIA), the Japan Industrial Robot Association (JIRA), British Robot Association (BRA) , and others. The definition develop

5、ed by RIA is: A robot is a reprogrammable multifunctional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks. 其他的一些協(xié)會，例如美國機器人協(xié)會( RIA)，日本工業(yè)機器人協(xié)會(JIRA)、英國機器人協(xié)會(BRA)等，都對工業(yè)機器人提出了各自的定義。由美國機器人協(xié)會提出的定義為： 機

6、器人是一種用于移動材料、零件、工具或者專用裝置的，通過可編程序動作來執(zhí)行多種任務(wù)并具有可重復(fù)編程能力的多功能操作機。All definitions have two points in common. They all contain the words reprogrammable and multifunctional. It is these two characteristics that separate the true industrial robot from the various single-purpose machines used in modern manufact

7、uring firms. 在所有的這些定義中有兩個共同點，即“可重復(fù)編程”和“多功能”這兩個詞，正是這兩個特征將真正的機器人與現(xiàn)代制造工廠中使用的各種單一用途的饑器區(qū)分開來。 The term reprogrammable implies two things: The robot operates according to a written program, and this program can be rewritten to accommodate a variety of manufacturing tasks. “可重復(fù)編程”這個詞意味著兩件事：機器人根據(jù)編寫的程序工作并可以通過

8、重新編寫程序來使其適應(yīng)不同種類的制造工作的需要。The term multifunctional means that the robot can, through reprogramming and the use of different end-effectors, perform a number of different manufacturing tasks. Definitions written around these two critical characteristics have become the accepted definitions among manufac

9、turing professionals. “多功能”這個詞意味著機器人能通過重復(fù)編程和使用不同的末端執(zhí)行器，來完成不同的制造工作。圍繞著這兩個關(guān)鍵特征所撰寫的定義已經(jīng)變成了被制造業(yè)的專業(yè)人員所接受的定義。 The first articulated arm came about in 1951 and was used by the U, S. Atomic Energy Commission. In 1954, the first industrial robot was designed by George C. Devol. It was an unsophisticated prog

10、rammable materials handling machine.第一個關(guān)節(jié)式手臂于1951年被研制出來供美國原子能委員會使用。在1954年，第一個可以編程的機器人由喬治C.沃德爾設(shè)計出來。它是個不復(fù)雜的，可以編程的物料搬運機器人。 The first commercially produced robot was developed in 1959. In 1962, the first industrial robot to be used on a production line was installed in the General Motors Corporation. It

11、 was used to lift red-hot door handles and other such car parts from die casting machinesl in an automobile factory in New Jersey, USA. Its most distinctive feature was a gripper that eliminated the need for man to touch car parts just made from molten metal. It had five degrees of freedom(DOF). Thi

12、s robot was produced by Unimation 第一個商業(yè)化生產(chǎn)的機器人在1959年研制成功。通用汽車公司在1962年安裝了第一個用于生產(chǎn)線上的工業(yè)機器人。它在位于美國新澤西州的一家汽車廠中用來從壓鑄機中取出紅熱的車門拉手以及諸如此類的汽車零件。它最顯著的特點是通過采用手爪，避免由人去接觸那些剛剛由熔化的金屬形成的汽車零件。它有五個自由度。它是由萬能自動化公司( Unimation)生產(chǎn)的。A major step forward in robot control occurred in 1973 with the development of the T3 industr

13、ial robot by Cincinnati Milacron.2 The T3 robot was the first commercially produced industrial robot controlled by a minicomputer. Figure 71.1 shows a T3 robot with all the motions indicated, it is also called jointed-spherical robot. 在1973年，辛辛那提米拉克龍( Milacron)公司研制出T3工業(yè)機器人，在機器人的控制方面取得了重大的進展。T3機器人是第一

14、個商業(yè)化生產(chǎn)的采用小型計算機控制的機器人。T3機器人和它的所有運動如圖71.1所示，它也可以稱為關(guān)節(jié)式球面機器人。 Since then robotics has evolved in a multitude of directions, starting from using them in welding, painting, in assembly, machine tool loading and unloading, to inspection.從那時起，機器人技術(shù)在很多方面都得到了發(fā)展，這包括焊接、噴漆、裝配、機床上下料和檢測。 Over the last three decade

15、s automobile factories have become dominated by robots. A typical factory contains hundreds of industrial robots working on fully automated production lines. For example, on an automated production line, a vehicle chassis on a conveyor is welded, painted and finally assembled at a sequence of robot

16、stations. 在過去的30年中，機器人在許多汽車制造廠中占據(jù)了主要地位。在一個工廠中，通常有數(shù)以百計的工業(yè)機器人工作在全自動生產(chǎn)線上。例如，在一條自動生產(chǎn)線上，車輛底盤裝在輸送機上，在通過一連串的機器人工作站時進行諸如焊接、噴漆和最后的裝配等項工作。 Mass-produced printed circuit boards (PCBs) are almost exclusively assembled by pick-and-place robots, typically with SCARA manipulators,3 which pick tiny electronic compo

17、nents, and place them on to PCBs with great accuracy. Such robots can place tens of thousands of components per hour, far surpassing a human in speed, accuracy, and reliability在印刷電路板的大批量生產(chǎn)過程中，裝配工作幾乎完全是通過抓一放型機器人進行的。通常采用平面關(guān)節(jié)型裝配機器人( SCARA)，它可以抓取微小的電子元器件并以非常高的精度將其放到印刷電路板上。這類機器人每小時可以放置成千上萬個元器件，其速度、精度和可靠性

18、都遠遠超過了人類。 A major reason for the growth in the use of industrial robots is their declining cost. Since 1970s, the rapid inflation of wages has tremendously increased the personnel costs of manufacturing firms. In order to survive, manufacturers were forced to consider any technological developments

19、that could help improve productivity. It became imperative to produce better products at lower costs in order to be competitive in the global market economy. Other factors such as the need to find better ways of performing dangerous manufacturing tasks contributed to the development of industrial ro

20、bots. However, the fundamental reason has always been, and is still, improved productivity. 工業(yè)機器人成本的降低是促進它們的使用量增長的一個主要原因。從20世紀70年代開始，工資的快速增長大大增加了制造業(yè)中的人工費用。為了生存，制造廠商被迫考慮采用一切能夠提高生產(chǎn)率的技術(shù)。為了在全球性市場經(jīng)濟的環(huán)境中具有競爭能力，制造廠商必須以比較低的成本，生產(chǎn)出質(zhì)量更好的產(chǎn)品。其他的因素，諸如尋找更好的方式來完成帶有危險性的制造工作，也促進了工業(yè)機器人的發(fā)展。但是，其根本原因一直是，而且現(xiàn)在仍然是提高生產(chǎn)率。One

21、of the principal advantages of robots is that they can be used in settings that are dangerous to humans. Welding and parting are examples of applications where robots can be used more safely than humans. Most industrial robots of today are designed to work in environments which are not safe and very

22、 difficult for human workers. For example, a robot can be designed to handle a very hot or very cold object that the human hand cannot handle safely. 機器人的主要優(yōu)點之一是可以在對于人類來說危險的環(huán)境中工作。采用機器人進行焊接和切斷工作是比由人工來完成這些工作更為安全的例子。大部分現(xiàn)代機器人被沒計用在對人類來說不安全和非常困難的環(huán)境中工作。例如，可以設(shè)計一個機器人來搬運非常熱或非常冷的物體，這些物體如果用人工搬運，則存在不安全因素。 Even t

23、hough robots are closely associated with safety in the workplace, they can, in themselves, be dangerous. Robots and robot cells must be carefully designed and configured so that they do not endanger human workers and other machines. Robot workspaces should be accurately calculated and a danger zone

24、surrounding the workspace clearly marked off. Barriers can be used to keep human workers out of a robots workspace. Even with such precaution it is still a good idea to have an automatic shutdown system in situations where robots are used. Such a system should have the capacity to sense the need for

25、 an automatic shutdown of operations.盡管機器人與工作地點的安全密切相關(guān)，它們本身也可能是危險的。應(yīng)該仔細地設(shè)計和配置機器人和機器人單元，使它們不會傷害人類和其他機器。應(yīng)該精確地計算出機器人的工作空間，并且在這個工作空間的四周清楚地標出危險區(qū)域?？梢酝ㄟ^設(shè)置障礙物來阻止工人進入機器人的工作空間。即使有了這些預(yù)防措施，在使用機器人的場地中設(shè)置一個自動停止工作的系統(tǒng)仍然不失為一個好主意。這個系統(tǒng)應(yīng)當具有能夠檢測出是否有需要自動停止工作要求的能力。50 Computer Numerical ControlToday, computer numerical cont

26、rol machine tools are widely used in manufacturing enterprises. Computer numerical control is the automated control of machine tools by a computer and computer program.今天,計算機數(shù)控機床廣泛應(yīng)用于制造企業(yè)。計算機數(shù)控機床的自動控制是計算機和計算機程序。 The CNC machines still perform essentially the same functions as manually operated machi

27、ne tools，but movements of the machine tool are controlled electronically rather than by hand. CNC machine tools can produce the same parts over and over again with very little variation. They can run day and night，week after week，without getting tired. These are obvious advantages over manually oper

28、ated machine tools，which need a great deal of human interaction in order to do anything. 數(shù)控機器仍執(zhí)行相同的函數(shù)作為手動機床,但機床控制電子的運動,而不是用手。數(shù)控機床可以產(chǎn)生相同的部分,一次又一次變化很少。他們可以日夜不停地運轉(zhuǎn),一周又一周,沒有累了。這些明顯的優(yōu)勢在手動機床,需要大量的人工交互為了做任何事。 A CNC machine tool differs from a manually operated machine tool only in respect to the specialize

29、d components that make up the CNC system. The CNC system can be further divided into three subsystems：control，drive，and feedback. All of these subsystems must work together to form a complete CNC system. 數(shù)控機床不同于一個手動機床只有在尊重專業(yè)的組件構(gòu)成的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)。數(shù)控系統(tǒng)可以進一步分為三個子系統(tǒng):控制、驅(qū)動,和反饋。所有這些子系統(tǒng)必須共同努力,形成一個完整的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)。 1. control

30、system 控制系統(tǒng) The centerpiece of the CNC system is the control. Technically the control is called the machine control unit（MCU），but the most common names used in recent years are controller，control unit，or just plain control. This is the computer that stores and reads the program and tells the other c

31、omponents what to do. 數(shù)控系統(tǒng)控制的核心。技術(shù)控制稱為機控制單元(MCU),但近年來最常用的名字是控制器,控制單元,或者就是簡單的控制。這是計算機存儲和讀取程序,告訴其他組件該做什么。 2. Drive system. 驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)。 The drive system is comprised of screws and motors that will finally turn the part program into motion. The first component of typical drive system is a high-precision lead

32、screw called a ball screw（Fig.50.1）. Eliminating backlash in a ball screw is very important for two reasons. First，high-precision positioning can not be achieved if the table is free to move slightly when it is supposed to be stationary. Second，materials can be climb-cut safely if the backlash has b

33、een eliminated. Climb cutting is usually the most desirable method for machining on a CNC machine. 螺絲和汽車的傳動系統(tǒng)是由部分程序,最終將變成運動。第一個組件的典型的驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)是一種高精度絲杠稱為滾珠絲桿。消除反應(yīng)在滾珠螺桿是非常重要的兩個原因。首先,不能實現(xiàn)高精度定位如果表是免費的移動略當它應(yīng)該是固定的。第二,材料可以安全地同向如果反彈已經(jīng)消除。爬上切割通常是最可取的方法在數(shù)控加工機器。 Drive motors are the second specialized component in t

34、he drive system. The turning of the motor will turn the ball screw to directly cause the machining table to move. Several types of electric motors are used on CNC control systems，and hydraulic motors are also occasionally used.驅(qū)動電機驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)中的第二專業(yè)組件。電動機的轉(zhuǎn)動將滾珠螺桿直接導致加工表。幾種類型的電機是用在數(shù)控控制系統(tǒng)和液壓馬達也偶爾使用。 The simpl

35、est type of electric motor used in CNC positioning systems is the stepper motor（sometimes called a stepping motor）. A stepper motors rotates a fixed number of degrees when it receives an electrical pulse and then stops until another pulse is received. The stepping characteristic makes stepper motors

36、 easy to control. 最簡單的類型的電動機用于數(shù)控定位系統(tǒng)是步進電機(有時稱為步進電機)。步進電機旋轉(zhuǎn)固定數(shù)量的度當它收到一個電脈沖,然后停止,直到接收到一個脈沖。步進特性使步進電機容易控制。 It is more common to use servomotors in CNC systems today. Servomotors operated in a smooth ，continuous motionnot like the discrete movements of the stepper motors. This smooth motion leads to hig

37、hly desirable machining characteristics，but they are also difficult to control. Specialized hardware controls and feedback systems are needed to control and drive these motors. Alternating current（AC）servomotors are currently the standard choice for industrial CNC machine tools. 這是今天使用伺服電機在數(shù)控系統(tǒng)中更為普遍

38、。伺服電機運行在一個光滑、連續(xù)的活動,如離散運動的步進電機。這光滑的運動導致高度理想的加工特點,但他們也難以控制。需要專門的硬件控制和反饋系統(tǒng)控制和驅(qū)動這些汽車。交流電伺服電機目前工業(yè)數(shù)控機床的標準選擇。 3. Feedback System 反饋系統(tǒng) The function of a feedback system is to provide the control with information about the status of the motion control system，which is described in Figure 50.2. 反饋系統(tǒng)的功能是為控制提供運動

39、控制系統(tǒng)的狀態(tài)信息,如圖50.2所示。 The control can compare the desired condition to the actual condition and make corrections. The most obvious information to be fed back to the control on a CNC machine tool is the position of the table and the velocity of the motors. Other information may also be fed back that is

40、 not directly related to motion control，such as the temperature of the motor and the load on the spindlethis information protects the machine from damage. 控制可以比較所需的條件的實際條件和改正。最明顯的信息反饋給控制數(shù)控機器上工具的位置表和汽車的速度。其他信息也可以反饋,不是直接關(guān)系到運動控制,如電動機的溫度和負載信息保護機器免受損壞。 There are two main types of control systems：open-loo

41、p and closed-loop. An open-loop system does not have any device to determine if the instructions were carried out. For example，in an open-loop system，the control could give instructions to turn the motor 10 revolutions. However，no information can come back to the control to tell it if it actually tu

42、rned。All the control knows is that it delivered the instructions. Open-loop control is not used for critical systems，but it is a good choice for inexpensive motion control systems in which accuracy and reliability are not critical. 主要有兩種類型的控制系統(tǒng):開環(huán)和閉環(huán)。一個開環(huán)系統(tǒng)沒有任何設(shè)備來確定指令進行。例如,在一個開環(huán)系統(tǒng),控制可以給指令將電動機10革命。然而

43、,任何信息可以回到控制告訴它,如果它實際上控制知道是它的指示交付。開環(huán)控制不用于關(guān)鍵系統(tǒng),但這是一個不錯的選擇廉價的運動控制系統(tǒng)的精度和可靠性并不是最關(guān)鍵的Closed-loop feedback uses external sensors to verify that certain conditions have been met. Of course，position and velocity feedback is of primary importance to an accurate CNC system. Feedback is the only way to ensure th

44、at the machine is behaving the way the control intended it to behave. 閉環(huán)反饋使用外部傳感器驗證某些條件已經(jīng)滿足。當然,位置和速度反饋是最重要的一個精確的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)。反饋是唯一的辦法,以確保機器的行為控制計劃的行為方式。32、機械加工精度基礎(chǔ)加工是通過最簡單和最廉價的方式將原材料轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橛杏玫漠a(chǎn)品。因此，只為了加工某些原材料和獲得預(yù)期的產(chǎn)品，這樣還不夠。事實上，通過采用最簡單、最快以及最高效的方法來實現(xiàn)預(yù)期的目標是非常重要的。如果采用的技術(shù)不夠高效，所得零件的成本將會很高，并且這樣的零件會在和其他制造商生產(chǎn)的類似零件的競爭中失去

45、優(yōu)勢。同時，產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)時間應(yīng)盡量短以使廠家占據(jù)更大的市場份額?？梢酝ㄟ^不同的方式對現(xiàn)代工業(yè)進行分類。其分類方式可以是按加工過程，按產(chǎn)品類型也可以按產(chǎn)量和差異程度分類。按加工過程分類可以用鑄造行業(yè)和沖壓行業(yè)以及類似的行業(yè)來印證。當按產(chǎn)品分類時，產(chǎn)業(yè)可以分為汽車行業(yè)，航空航天產(chǎn)業(yè)以及電子產(chǎn)業(yè)。第三種方式，即按產(chǎn)量分類，可以分為三種類型，大批量生產(chǎn)，單件小批量生產(chǎn)和中批量生產(chǎn)。以下讓我們簡要介紹每一類的特點。 大批量生產(chǎn)的主要特點是相同或相似零件產(chǎn)量高，時間周期較長。年產(chǎn)量不高于5萬件就不能認為是大批量生產(chǎn)。正如你所期望的那樣，產(chǎn)量是基于一個預(yù)設(shè)的銷量并且其不直接受每日或每月訂單量的影響。典型的大批

46、量生產(chǎn)行業(yè)就是汽車行業(yè)。單件小批量生產(chǎn)是基于小批量的銷售訂單。每一小批可以同20到200或更多類似零件組成，取決于消費者的需求。很明顯，這類產(chǎn)業(yè)主要適用于二級承包商，他們主要生產(chǎn)類型多變的零件以供應(yīng)不同類型的行業(yè)。其使用的機器必須可調(diào)節(jié)以使其配置滿足訂單零件的需要，因為訂單零件種類通常是變化的。同時，為了完成各種不同的任務(wù)，工人應(yīng)該經(jīng)驗豐富，因為制造不同的零件，其任務(wù)通常是有差異的。中批量生產(chǎn)介于單件小批量生產(chǎn)與大批量生產(chǎn)之間。其產(chǎn)量范圍是1萬件到2萬件之間，其采用的機床主要是可調(diào)機床和多功能機床。由于用戶定制生產(chǎn)量的增加，此類產(chǎn)業(yè)也正在逐漸流行。制造中一個非常重要的事實就是在加工零件時幾乎不

47、可能使零件獲得理想的公稱尺寸。這通常是由于一些不可預(yù)期的，盡管非常小的機床固有偏差和各種復(fù)雜的因素，如工件的彈性變形和回復(fù)，或者是由于加工過程中的安裝、溫度，甚至有時還包括工人的技術(shù)等因素。由于分析和完全消除此類因素的影響非常困難，建立一個偏差容許度對于基本尺寸會更可行，只要這樣的偏差不會以有害的方式影響到零件的正常工作。從基本尺寸到每一側(cè)的尺寸偏差（即正負偏差）決定了分別決定了尺寸的上下極限，并且此上下極限的差值即為公差。公差是一個正值。你可能會想到，公差大小取決于基本尺寸，公差大小是一個有數(shù)字字母的符號，稱為公差等級。在ISO標準體系中，公差有18個標準等級，公差可以通過公式計算得到或者從

48、ISO公布的手冊中查到。很明顯，在制造零件過程中，越小的公差就越需要高精度的機床，因此也增加了成本。在零件裝配前，配合面的尺寸關(guān)系必須明確。換句話說，必須建立兩配合面好偏差所參考的零位線的位置。這實際上決定了配合面相對運動的松緊度和自由度。在配合的分類主要有三種，即間隙配合、過渡配合、和過盈配合。在所有的間隙配合中，軸的上極限總是小于配合孔的下極限。這在過盈配合中是不成立的，過盈配合中，軸的下極限必須大于配合孔的上極限。正如其名字所表示的那樣，在過渡配合中，其屬于中間配合。根據(jù)ISO標準，軸的制造總是參照內(nèi)部零件，即軸的配合面是以孔為參照的。相應(yīng)地，從配合位置看，鍵是以軸為參照的，鍵槽是以孔為

49、參照的。說明配合的類型的方式有兩種，基軸制和基孔制。參照零位線的公差帶是通過一個字母說明的，通常對軸用小寫字母，對孔用大寫字母，而公差等級是用一數(shù)字說明的，如先前提到的。因此一個配合方式可以表示為H7/h6，F(xiàn)6/g5，或者其他類似的方式。當一個燈泡壞了的時候，你僅僅會買一個燈泡并且換掉原來的燈泡就行了。這個簡單的操作并不需要一個裝配工和一個機械師，但是如果沒有兩個重要的概念，互換性和標準化，這樣的操作是不可能實現(xiàn)的。互換性即同一個零件必須可以互換，即是說這個零件可以替換其他的每一個零件，不管是在裝配還是在維修過程中，都不需要任何配合操作。你很容易明白，互換性是通過建立一個可接受的公差來實現(xiàn)的

50、，任何超出基本尺寸的偏差都是不允許的。48 Process PlanningProcess planning is the determination of how a particular part will be manufactured in the shop. It consists of breaking manufacturing process for the part into small steps，and then determining the optimum method of achieving that manufacturing step. This includ

51、es determining the type of Manufacturing process to use，as well as the machining parameters for that particular process. It also includes determining a sequence of operations for the individual manufacturing actions that attempts to optimize a combination measure of manufacturing time and cost. 工藝設(shè)計

52、是確定如何制造一個特定部分的商店。它包括生產(chǎn)過程的部分分解成小步驟,然后確定最優(yōu)方法制造的實現(xiàn)步驟。這包括確定生產(chǎn)過程使用的類型,以及加工參數(shù)對這個特定的過程。它還包括確定個人的操作序列生產(chǎn)行動,試圖優(yōu)化相結(jié)合的制造時間和成本。 The essence of the process planning task can be reduced to five basic steps. First，the required operations must be determined by examining the design data and employing basic machining

53、data （such as that square parts cannot be made on lathes ）. 流程規(guī)劃任務(wù)的本質(zhì)可以概括為五個基本步驟。首先,所需的操作必須由檢查設(shè)計數(shù)據(jù)和使用基本的加工數(shù)據(jù)(如廣場部分不能在車床)。Second，the machines required for each operations must be determined. This selection depends on knowledge of machine factors，such as availability，machining rate ，size，power，and tor

54、que. 第二,必須確定每個所需的機器操作。這個選擇取決于機器的知識因素,如可用性、加工速度、大小、功率和扭矩。 Third，the required tools for each identified machine must be determined. 第三,必須確定每個確定機所需的工具。 Fourth，the optimum cutting parameters for each selected tool must be determined. These parameters include feed rate ，cutting rate ，depth of cut，and so

55、forth. This determination depends on design data, such as material and surface roughness specifications，and on tool-cutting behavior. 第四,最優(yōu)切削參數(shù)為每個選定的工具必須確定。這些參數(shù)包括加料速度、切削速度、深度減少,等等。這決心取決于設(shè)計數(shù)據(jù),材料和表面粗糙度等規(guī)范行為。 Finally，an optimal combination of these manufacturing process must be determined. The optimum

56、is the process plan that minimizes some measure of manufacturing time and cost. This provide a detailed plan for the economical manufacture of the part. 最后,必須確定這些生產(chǎn)過程的最優(yōu)組合。最優(yōu)過程計劃,最大限度地減少一定的制造時間和成本。這提供了一個詳細的計劃經(jīng)濟生產(chǎn)的部分。 Traditionally process planning is performed manually by highly experienced process

57、planners who possess an in-depth knowledge of the manufacturing process involved and the capabilities of the shop floor facilities. Because of the experience factor involved in process planning and in the absence of standardization of the process, conventional process planning has largely been subje

58、ctive. Moreover，this activity is highly labor intensive. Rather than carrying out an exhaustive analysis and arriving at optimum values which could be time consuming，process planners often tend to play safe by using conservative values and this situation would invariably lead to no-optimal utilizati

59、on of the manufacturing facilities and longer lead times. 傳統(tǒng)工藝設(shè)計是由經(jīng)驗豐富的手動執(zhí)行過程計劃擁有深入的知識生產(chǎn)過程和車間設(shè)備的功能。因為經(jīng)驗因素參與過程的計劃和在缺乏標準化的過程中,傳統(tǒng)的工藝設(shè)計在很大程度上是主觀的。此外,這個活動是高度勞動密集型的。而不是進行詳盡的分析和到達最優(yōu)值可以耗費時間,過程規(guī)劃者往往玩安全使用保守的價值觀,這種情況總是會導致生產(chǎn)設(shè)施的利用率和較長的交貨期。The need for shorter lead times，satisfying varied customer demands on the product variety and the optimum use of manufacturing facilities prompted research organizations and industries