工程造價畢業(yè)論文外文文獻

1、山東建筑大學畢業(yè)設計外文文獻及譯文外文文獻：Construction Standards and Costs UC Irvine new construction pursues performance goals and applies quality standards that affect the costs of capital projects. Periodic re-examination of these goals and standards is warranted.Construction costs are not “high” or “l(fā)ow” in the abs

2、tract, but rather in relation to specific quality standards and the design solutions, means, and methods used to attain these standards. Thus, evaluating whether construction costs are appropriate involves: first, determining whether quality standards are excessive, insufficient, orappropriate; seco

3、nd, determining whether resultant project costs are reasonable compared to projects with essentially the same quality parameters.“Quality” encompasses the durability of building systems and finishes; the robustness and life-cycle performance of building systems; the aesthetics of materials, their co

4、mposition, and their detailing; and the resource-sustainability and efficiency of the building as an overall system.Overall Goals and Quality StandardsUC Irvine, in order to support distinguished research and academic programs, builds facilities of high quality. As such, UC Irvines facilities aim to

5、 convey the “l(fā)ook and feel,” as well as embody the inherent construction quality, of the best facilities of other UC campuses, leading public universities, and other research institutions with whom we compete for faculty, students, sponsored research, and general reputation.Since 1992, new buildings

6、 have been designed to achieve these five broad goals:1. New buildings must “create a place,” rather than constitute stand-alone structures, forming social, aesthetic, contextually-sensitive relationships with neighboring buildings and the larger campus.2. New buildings reinforce a consistent design

7、 framework of classical contextual architecture, applied in ways that convey a feeling of permanence and quality and interpreted in ways that meet the contemporary and changing needs of a modern research university.3. New buildings employ materials, systems, and design features that will avoid the e

8、xpense of major maintenance (defined as 1 percent of value)for twenty years.4. New buildings apply “sustainability” principles - notably, outperforming Title 24 (Californias energy code) by at least 20 percent.5. Capital construction projects are designed and delivered within theapproved project bud

9、get, scope, and schedule.UC Irvines goals for sustainable materials and energy performance were adopted partly for environmental reasons, and partly to reverse substantial operating budget deficits.The latter problems included a multi-million dollar utilities deficit that was growing rapidly in the

10、early 90s, and millions of dollars of unfunded major maintenance that was emerging prematurely in buildings only 10-20 years old. Without the quality and performance standards adopted in 1992, utilities deficits and unfunded major maintenance costs would have exceeded $20 million during the past dec

11、ade, and these costs would still be rising out-of-control.UC Irvines materials standards, building systems standards, sustainability and energy efficiency criteria, and site improvements all add cost increments that can only be afforded through aggressive cost management. Institutions that cannot ma

12、nage capital costs tend to build projects that consume excessive energy, that cost a lot to maintain, that suffer premature major maintenance costs, and that require high costs to modify. Such problems tend to compound and spiral downward into increasingly costly consequences.Every administrator wit

13、h facilities experience understands this dynamic. Without effective construction cost management, quality would suffer and UC Irvine would experience all of these problems.The balance of this document outlines in greater detail the building performance criteria and quality standards generally stated

14、 above, organized according to building systems component classes. Each section discusses key cost-drivers, cost-control strategies, and important cost trade-offs. Design practices cited are consistently applied (although some fall short of hard and fast “rules”).Building Organization and MassingCon

15、struction cost management starts with the fundamentals of building organization and massing. UC Irvines new structures floor plates tend to have length-to-width ratios1.5, to avoid triggering disproportionate costs of external cladding, circulation, and horizontal mechanical distribution. Our new bu

16、ildings tend to be at least three floorshigh - taller if floor plate areas do not dip below a cost-effective threshold, and generally taller in the case of non-laboratory buildings (but not so tall that a high-rise cost penalty is incurred). Other design ratios are observed, such as exterior claddin

17、g area/floor area 0.5, and roof+foundation area/floor area 1%的值)二十年了。4、新建筑適用“可持續(xù)性”原則特別是,表現(xiàn)優(yōu)于標題24(加州的能源代碼)至少20%。5、基本建設項目的設計和交付在批準的項目預算、范圍和進度。 加州大學歐文分校的目標可持續(xù)原材料和能源性能采用部分是因為環(huán)境原因,部分逆轉實質性操作預算赤字。后者的問題包括一個數(shù)百萬美元的公用事業(yè),是迅速增長的赤字在90年代早期,和數(shù)百萬美元的資金沒有著落的主要維修這是新興建筑只有10 - 20年過早地老。沒有質量和性能標準采用1992年,公用事業(yè)赤字和未備基金的主要維護成本將

18、超過2000萬美元在過去的十年里,這些成本仍然會上漲失控。加州大學歐文分校的材料標準,構建系統(tǒng)的標準,可持續(xù)性和能源效率標準,和網(wǎng)站的改進所有添加成本增量,只能通過積極的成本管理提供。機構,不能管理資本成本往往構建項目,消耗過多的能量,成本很大,遭受過早主要維護維護成本,這需要高成本來修改。這樣的問題往往化合物和螺旋向下進入日益昂貴的后果。每一個管理員與設施體驗理解這種動態(tài)。沒有有效的施工成本管理,質量會和加州大學歐文分校將經歷所有這些問題。本文檔的平衡更詳細地概述了建筑性能標準和質量標準一般以上所陳述的,組織根據(jù)建筑系統(tǒng)組件類。每一節(jié)討論了關鍵的成本動因,成本控制策略和重要成本的權衡。設計實

19、踐不斷地引用應用(盡管一些缺乏硬性的“規(guī)則”)。建筑組織和集結施工成本管理始于基礎的建設組織和集結。加州大學歐文分校的新結構的波紋板往往有長度,寬度比 1.5,以避免引發(fā)不成比例的成本的外部包覆,循環(huán),和水平機械分布。我們的新建筑往往是至少三層高如果地板板地區(qū)高不低于一個劃算的閾值,一般高對于非實驗室建筑(但沒有這么高,一個高層成本懲罰發(fā)生)。其他設計比率是觀察,如表面熔覆區(qū)/面積 0.5,和屋頂+基礎面積/面積 0.4。建筑清晰度一般是通過變形或富集材料,整體材料詳細說明(如混凝土揭示模式),并應用詳細說明(如。、2窗框和基材),特別在建筑基地。大規(guī)模的清晰度是集中在車頂(如。,形屋頂形式)

20、和行人級別(例如,拱廊),在那里它將“創(chuàng)造最大的貨真價實”,而不是通過調制建筑形式,本身。這不僅僅是一個微妙的設計哲學,隨著成本的影響是很大的。實驗室建筑在過去十年里完成實驗室和非實驗室分離成不同的功能,附加結構(盡管這樣的建筑看起來像一個結構)。合并非實驗室功能包括教職員工、部門、人員、博士后和研究生辦公室,休息室;循環(huán)(電梯,大堂,主樓梯);教室,研討室,會議室,和社會區(qū)域設計促進互動并提供一個安全的地方吃吃喝喝;做實驗室和干實驗室支持函數(shù);和一般行政支持。整合這些功能到一個單獨的結構提供了可觀的成本節(jié)約:低成本HVAC(加熱/通風/空調)系統(tǒng),廣泛的列間距,低樓層剛度(不那么嚴厲的振動準

21、則),低地板加載,更少的火控特征和其他代碼的要求,普通的或鋼/混凝土混合結構體系與混凝土平板地板系統(tǒng),較小的立足點和(通常)幕墻開窗術。這種方法通常使辦公室有可操作的窗戶。這兩個建筑方法可以清楚的看到在吉萊斯皮神經科學大樓,大樓的斯普拉格,休伊特大廳,和UCI的醫(yī)療中心健康科學實驗室,鞏固和分離非實驗室功能保存7 -在整體施工成本和15% /年的能源費用。(非實驗室建筑產生能量的一小部分費用的實驗樓。)一組設計策略,聯(lián)合應用,已經被證明有效的控制成本的實驗室:利用一致的實驗模塊利用合理的振動準則和定位敏感的條件在年級或采用臺式振動隔離使用22英尺。X 22英尺列間距集中通風柜和實用冒口進中央“

22、濕區(qū)”,因此限制水平機械分布集中實驗室支持地區(qū)進入中央核心的一個實驗室結構,實用工具可用但不需要陽光,從而使實驗室結構為110 - 132英尺寬利用雙重使用循環(huán)/設備十字走廊通過這個中心實驗室支持區(qū),有足夠的寬度(通常是11英尺)線的走廊與共享設備,同時提供交叉循環(huán)通過實驗室支持區(qū)利用開放實驗室布局與一個或多個內部實驗室流通通道最重要的是,集中非實驗室功能到隔壁,低成本結構(詳見上面有詳細介紹)。為了進一步控制實驗室建設成本,非標準通風柜尺寸最小化,“通用”實驗室,實驗室級移動指定個案表代替固定的個案在一些實驗室海灣、建筑DI系統(tǒng)提供中間水質量(局部水純度拋光在實驗室里,而非、能覆蓋整),設備廣泛的管道服務不包括氣體,可以在本地提供成本效益通過筒,和玻璃清洗設施合并通常,一個玻璃清洗設備對整個實驗室建設。最后,我們的設計理念靠近通用、模塊化實驗室支持一個健壯的基礎設施建設,而不是高度定制的空間和能力有限,使后來的變化。這是一個重要的權衡。盡管一些職位占用費用可能需要“微調”一個實驗室,一個的需求,建設基礎設施元素通常超過大小的百分之二十,包括暖通空調供應管道、排氣系統(tǒng)