工程造價(jià)畢業(yè)論文外文文獻(xiàn)

1、山東建筑大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文文獻(xiàn)及譯文外文文獻(xiàn)：Construction Standards and Costs UC Irvine new construction pursues performance goals and applies quality standards that affect the costs of capital projects. Periodic re-examination of these goals and standards is warranted.Construction costs are not “high” or “l(fā)ow” in the abs

2、tract, but rather in relation to specific quality standards and the design solutions, means, and methods used to attain these standards. Thus, evaluating whether construction costs are appropriate involves: first, determining whether quality standards are excessive, insufficient, orappropriate; seco

3、nd, determining whether resultant project costs are reasonable compared to projects with essentially the same quality parameters.“Quality” encompasses the durability of building systems and finishes; the robustness and life-cycle performance of building systems; the aesthetics of materials, their co

4、mposition, and their detailing; and the resource-sustainability and efficiency of the building as an overall system.Overall Goals and Quality StandardsUC Irvine, in order to support distinguished research and academic programs, builds facilities of high quality. As such, UC Irvines facilities aim to

5、 convey the “l(fā)ook and feel,” as well as embody the inherent construction quality, of the best facilities of other UC campuses, leading public universities, and other research institutions with whom we compete for faculty, students, sponsored research, and general reputation.Since 1992, new buildings

6、 have been designed to achieve these five broad goals:1. New buildings must “create a place,” rather than constitute stand-alone structures, forming social, aesthetic, contextually-sensitive relationships with neighboring buildings and the larger campus.2. New buildings reinforce a consistent design

7、 framework of classical contextual architecture, applied in ways that convey a feeling of permanence and quality and interpreted in ways that meet the contemporary and changing needs of a modern research university.3. New buildings employ materials, systems, and design features that will avoid the e

8、xpense of major maintenance (defined as 1 percent of value)for twenty years.4. New buildings apply “sustainability” principles - notably, outperforming Title 24 (Californias energy code) by at least 20 percent.5. Capital construction projects are designed and delivered within theapproved project bud

9、get, scope, and schedule.UC Irvines goals for sustainable materials and energy performance were adopted partly for environmental reasons, and partly to reverse substantial operating budget deficits.The latter problems included a multi-million dollar utilities deficit that was growing rapidly in the

10、early 90s, and millions of dollars of unfunded major maintenance that was emerging prematurely in buildings only 10-20 years old. Without the quality and performance standards adopted in 1992, utilities deficits and unfunded major maintenance costs would have exceeded $20 million during the past dec

11、ade, and these costs would still be rising out-of-control.UC Irvines materials standards, building systems standards, sustainability and energy efficiency criteria, and site improvements all add cost increments that can only be afforded through aggressive cost management. Institutions that cannot ma

12、nage capital costs tend to build projects that consume excessive energy, that cost a lot to maintain, that suffer premature major maintenance costs, and that require high costs to modify. Such problems tend to compound and spiral downward into increasingly costly consequences.Every administrator wit

13、h facilities experience understands this dynamic. Without effective construction cost management, quality would suffer and UC Irvine would experience all of these problems.The balance of this document outlines in greater detail the building performance criteria and quality standards generally stated

14、 above, organized according to building systems component classes. Each section discusses key cost-drivers, cost-control strategies, and important cost trade-offs. Design practices cited are consistently applied (although some fall short of hard and fast “rules”).Building Organization and MassingCon

15、struction cost management starts with the fundamentals of building organization and massing. UC Irvines new structures floor plates tend to have length-to-width ratios1.5, to avoid triggering disproportionate costs of external cladding, circulation, and horizontal mechanical distribution. Our new bu

16、ildings tend to be at least three floorshigh - taller if floor plate areas do not dip below a cost-effective threshold, and generally taller in the case of non-laboratory buildings (but not so tall that a high-rise cost penalty is incurred). Other design ratios are observed, such as exterior claddin

17、g area/floor area 0.5, and roof+foundation area/floor area 1%的值)二十年了。4、新建筑適用“可持續(xù)性”原則特別是,表現(xiàn)優(yōu)于標(biāo)題24(加州的能源代碼)至少20%。5、基本建設(shè)項(xiàng)目的設(shè)計(jì)和交付在批準(zhǔn)的項(xiàng)目預(yù)算、范圍和進(jìn)度。 加州大學(xué)歐文分校的目標(biāo)可持續(xù)原材料和能源性能采用部分是因?yàn)榄h(huán)境原因,部分逆轉(zhuǎn)實(shí)質(zhì)性操作預(yù)算赤字。后者的問題包括一個(gè)數(shù)百萬(wàn)美元的公用事業(yè),是迅速增長(zhǎng)的赤字在90年代早期,和數(shù)百萬(wàn)美元的資金沒有著落的主要維修這是新興建筑只有10 - 20年過早地老。沒有質(zhì)量和性能標(biāo)準(zhǔn)采用1992年,公用事業(yè)赤字和未備基金的主要維護(hù)成本將

18、超過2000萬(wàn)美元在過去的十年里,這些成本仍然會(huì)上漲失控。加州大學(xué)歐文分校的材料標(biāo)準(zhǔn),構(gòu)建系統(tǒng)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),可持續(xù)性和能源效率標(biāo)準(zhǔn),和網(wǎng)站的改進(jìn)所有添加成本增量,只能通過積極的成本管理提供。機(jī)構(gòu),不能管理資本成本往往構(gòu)建項(xiàng)目,消耗過多的能量,成本很大,遭受過早主要維護(hù)維護(hù)成本,這需要高成本來修改。這樣的問題往往化合物和螺旋向下進(jìn)入日益昂貴的后果。每一個(gè)管理員與設(shè)施體驗(yàn)理解這種動(dòng)態(tài)。沒有有效的施工成本管理,質(zhì)量會(huì)和加州大學(xué)歐文分校將經(jīng)歷所有這些問題。本文檔的平衡更詳細(xì)地概述了建筑性能標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)一般以上所陳述的,組織根據(jù)建筑系統(tǒng)組件類。每一節(jié)討論了關(guān)鍵的成本動(dòng)因,成本控制策略和重要成本的權(quán)衡。設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)

19、踐不斷地引用應(yīng)用(盡管一些缺乏硬性的“規(guī)則”)。建筑組織和集結(jié)施工成本管理始于基礎(chǔ)的建設(shè)組織和集結(jié)。加州大學(xué)歐文分校的新結(jié)構(gòu)的波紋板往往有長(zhǎng)度,寬度比 1.5,以避免引發(fā)不成比例的成本的外部包覆,循環(huán),和水平機(jī)械分布。我們的新建筑往往是至少三層高如果地板板地區(qū)高不低于一個(gè)劃算的閾值,一般高對(duì)于非實(shí)驗(yàn)室建筑(但沒有這么高,一個(gè)高層成本懲罰發(fā)生)。其他設(shè)計(jì)比率是觀察,如表面熔覆區(qū)/面積 0.5,和屋頂+基礎(chǔ)面積/面積 0.4。建筑清晰度一般是通過變形或富集材料,整體材料詳細(xì)說明(如混凝土揭示模式),并應(yīng)用詳細(xì)說明(如。、2窗框和基材),特別在建筑基地。大規(guī)模的清晰度是集中在車頂(如。,形屋頂形式)

20、和行人級(jí)別(例如,拱廊),在那里它將“創(chuàng)造最大的貨真價(jià)實(shí)”,而不是通過調(diào)制建筑形式,本身。這不僅僅是一個(gè)微妙的設(shè)計(jì)哲學(xué),隨著成本的影響是很大的。實(shí)驗(yàn)室建筑在過去十年里完成實(shí)驗(yàn)室和非實(shí)驗(yàn)室分離成不同的功能,附加結(jié)構(gòu)(盡管這樣的建筑看起來像一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu))。合并非實(shí)驗(yàn)室功能包括教職員工、部門、人員、博士后和研究生辦公室,休息室;循環(huán)(電梯,大堂,主樓梯);教室,研討室,會(huì)議室,和社會(huì)區(qū)域設(shè)計(jì)促進(jìn)互動(dòng)并提供一個(gè)安全的地方吃吃喝喝;做實(shí)驗(yàn)室和干實(shí)驗(yàn)室支持函數(shù);和一般行政支持。整合這些功能到一個(gè)單獨(dú)的結(jié)構(gòu)提供了可觀的成本節(jié)約:低成本HVAC(加熱/通風(fēng)/空調(diào))系統(tǒng),廣泛的列間距,低樓層剛度(不那么嚴(yán)厲的振動(dòng)準(zhǔn)

21、則),低地板加載,更少的火控特征和其他代碼的要求,普通的或鋼/混凝土混合結(jié)構(gòu)體系與混凝土平板地板系統(tǒng),較小的立足點(diǎn)和(通常)幕墻開窗術(shù)。這種方法通常使辦公室有可操作的窗戶。這兩個(gè)建筑方法可以清楚的看到在吉萊斯皮神經(jīng)科學(xué)大樓,大樓的斯普拉格,休伊特大廳,和UCI的醫(yī)療中心健康科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,鞏固和分離非實(shí)驗(yàn)室功能保存7 -在整體施工成本和15% /年的能源費(fèi)用。(非實(shí)驗(yàn)室建筑產(chǎn)生能量的一小部分費(fèi)用的實(shí)驗(yàn)樓。)一組設(shè)計(jì)策略,聯(lián)合應(yīng)用,已經(jīng)被證明有效的控制成本的實(shí)驗(yàn)室:利用一致的實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)K利用合理的振動(dòng)準(zhǔn)則和定位敏感的條件在年級(jí)或采用臺(tái)式振動(dòng)隔離使用22英尺。X 22英尺列間距集中通風(fēng)柜和實(shí)用冒口進(jìn)中央“

22、濕區(qū)”,因此限制水平機(jī)械分布集中實(shí)驗(yàn)室支持地區(qū)進(jìn)入中央核心的一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)室結(jié)構(gòu),實(shí)用工具可用但不需要陽(yáng)光,從而使實(shí)驗(yàn)室結(jié)構(gòu)為110 - 132英尺寬利用雙重使用循環(huán)/設(shè)備十字走廊通過這個(gè)中心實(shí)驗(yàn)室支持區(qū),有足夠的寬度(通常是11英尺)線的走廊與共享設(shè)備,同時(shí)提供交叉循環(huán)通過實(shí)驗(yàn)室支持區(qū)利用開放實(shí)驗(yàn)室布局與一個(gè)或多個(gè)內(nèi)部實(shí)驗(yàn)室流通通道最重要的是,集中非實(shí)驗(yàn)室功能到隔壁,低成本結(jié)構(gòu)(詳見上面有詳細(xì)介紹)。為了進(jìn)一步控制實(shí)驗(yàn)室建設(shè)成本,非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)通風(fēng)柜尺寸最小化,“通用”實(shí)驗(yàn)室,實(shí)驗(yàn)室級(jí)移動(dòng)指定個(gè)案表代替固定的個(gè)案在一些實(shí)驗(yàn)室海灣、建筑DI系統(tǒng)提供中間水質(zhì)量(局部水純度拋光在實(shí)驗(yàn)室里,而非、能覆蓋整),設(shè)備廣泛的管道服務(wù)不包括氣體,可以在本地提供成本效益通過筒,和玻璃清洗設(shè)施合并通常,一個(gè)玻璃清洗設(shè)備對(duì)整個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)室建設(shè)。最后,我們的設(shè)計(jì)理念靠近通用、模塊化實(shí)驗(yàn)室支持一個(gè)健壯的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè),而不是高度定制的空間和能力有限,使后來的變化。這是一個(gè)重要的權(quán)衡。盡管一些職位占用費(fèi)用可能需要“微調(diào)”一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,一個(gè)的需求,建設(shè)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施元素通常超過大小的百分之二十,包括暖通空調(diào)供應(yīng)管道、排氣系統(tǒng)