科技英語之2_常用概念的英譯

1、幻燈片1qq:10544824542 常用概念的英譯2.1 怎樣譯“有” 1學(xué)時2.2 “用”的常見譯法 0.5學(xué)時2.3 “比較”的譯法 1.5學(xué)時2.4 舉例子的表達方法 1學(xué)時幻燈片22 常用概念的英譯-2.5 分類的表達方法 1.5學(xué)時2.6 有關(guān)度量的表達方法 1學(xué)時2.7 因果關(guān)系的表達方法 1學(xué)時2.8 表示程度的方法 1學(xué)時2.9 引出結(jié)論的方法 0.5學(xué)時 幻燈片32.1 怎樣譯“有”l 譯法：l havel includel be ofl holdl show undergobe composed ofbe made up ofconsist ofthere be 句型co

2、ntaincomprise幻燈片4Containl Contain “包含有”、“含有”，指一個統(tǒng)一體包含有兩個或多個部分或成分，但都不一定要完全列出所包含的部分或成分，作“有”、”含有”、“裝有”、“盛有”等解。l The gas contains about 5% of carbon monoxide.l The tank contains 100 gallons of oil. The alloy contains 5% nickel and 5% iron.幻燈片5Consist ofl Consist of “由組成”、“由構(gòu)成”，可翻譯成“有”。它有“某個整體是由其各個部件組成”的

3、含義，只能用于主動語態(tài)。l The class consists of thirty students.l Smelting consists of heating the iron ore in the furnace and removing the slag. 冶煉有兩個步驟，在高爐內(nèi)加熱鐵礦石和除去鐵渣?；脽羝?comprisel Comprise 雙面動詞，主語和賓語從原則上說可以互換，而句子意思基本不變。表示“包括”。l Most fuels comprises a mixture of different substances.Short course are arranged

4、which last for five days and comprise lecture, demonstration and visit to a hospital.幻燈片7Be composed ofl Be composed of “由組成”。l The machine is composed of several different parts.l The sea is mainly composed of water and salt.Gunpowder is composed of sulfur, carbon, and potassium nitrate(硝酸鉀).幻燈片8l

5、Include “包括有”，“含有”，指有形或抽象的東西，其賓語可指全體，也可指部分。l The book was more useful because it included a detailed chronological(編年的) table of the events.l The chief live stock breeds include 12 horse breeds, 14 cattle breeds,11 sheep breeds, 15 swine(豬) breeds, and yak(牦牛) and camel.The machine includes two plas

6、tic parts.include幻燈片9Hold, have l Hold “裝有”、“盛有”、“容納有”、“包含有”，常用于科技上。l Sea-water holds many salts in solution. “溶有”l The battery holds enough electricity.l Have “有”。l A rectangle has four sides.The new methods has the most remarkable advantages.幻燈片10Be made up of， be of l Be made up of 側(cè)重于強調(diào)“人為的組成”。l

7、 Cast-iron is made up of about six different substances.l The contents of moulding sand(造型砂) is made up of quartz, feldspar and mica(云母).l Be of 表示抽象概念的“有”。Engines are of two kinds, internal-combustion engines and external-combustion engines.幻燈片11There be 句型， showl There be 句型 表示“有”，”存在”l There are

8、13 species and 1000 varieties or more of Chinese pears which have been classified into oriental pear.l Show “表現(xiàn)出”This paper showed a great practicality. 這篇論文有極大的實用性?；脽羝?2Undergo 等l Undergo “經(jīng)歷”，“發(fā)生”， 有時可翻譯成“有”l Since 1976, this research center has undergone radical changes.l 其它With all his achieveme

9、nt he remains modest and prudent. 他雖有很多成就，但還是謙虛謹慎。幻燈片13作業(yè)l 翻譯l 1、我們做實驗所需要的設(shè)備就只有一瓶水、一根玻璃棒和一個橡皮塞而已。l 2、大氣有多種氣體。l 3、計算機里存有工廠每一變化的紀錄以及全部有關(guān)信息。4、圖中有兩條曲線?；脽羝?42.2 “用”，“采用”的常見譯法l 譯法： usemake use of用應(yīng)用，采用利用借用，開發(fā)利用 adopt applyharnessutilizeexploitemploy 幻燈片15Use 表示“為某目的而使用某物”，常用于指“使用”、“消費”；Large quantities of

10、 steam are used by modern industry in the generation of power.A thermometer is used to read temperature.Gasoline has been used up. 與“up”連用表示“用完”、“用光”； Make use of sb.表示“利用某人”幻燈片16l Employ “雇傭”、“使從事于”、“使用”， 無“消費”之意。l Different methods are usually employed for welding steel sheets together.l Modern bo

11、iler which employs solid fuels are usually too large to be hand stocked. 使用固體燃料的新式鍋爐通常太大，不適宜用人工添煤?；脽羝?7l Exploit “開發(fā)”、“利用”、“發(fā)揮”、“剝削”，多用于自然資源，如exploit a mine 開礦 exploit the full power of the engine開足馬力It will be difficult to exploit this invention commercially.The government decided to exploit the ri

12、ch natural resources in the north-west of our country.幻燈片18l Utilize “利用”l The properties of uranium are utilized in nuclear reactions.l The water which is normally used as a coolant cannot usually be utilized in the boiler, and can therefore be re-circulated.l The modulation is what the radio recei

13、ver utilizes to reproduce the radio program from the broadcasting station.幻燈片19l Adopt “采用（手段、方法、技術(shù)等）”Various measures can be adopted to control the environment pollution.The farmers adopted new techniques in raising silkworms.The designers adopted a more advanced material for the airplane engine.幻燈

14、片20l Apply “施加”，“應(yīng)用”This kind of salve can be applied to wound. 這種膏藥可以用于敷傷口。A pressure of 100 b/in2 is applied to the piston. 在活塞上加100鎊/平方英寸的壓力。The principle was successfully applied to the design of rocket.幻燈片21Harnessl Harness “利用”l In the near future, people will be able to harness the limitless

15、solar energy to provide power for us.幻燈片222.3 “比較”的譯法adj. + er thanmore adj. thanless than as as not as as not so, asnot such asjust as , so A 比B A 不如 B A 象B 一樣 A 不如 B 那樣 幻燈片23比較l Steel is much more expensive than cast-iron.l 或Steel is a much more expensive material than cast-iron.l 或Cast iron is no

16、t quite such an expensive material as steel.或Cast-iron is not so expensive as steel.lessnot as than as幻燈片24比較l Cast-iron is almost as useful as steel.l 或Cast-iron is almost as useful a material as steel.Just as planets move round the sun, so electrons move round the nucleus.幻燈片25比較l Electromagnetic

17、waves travel as fast as light.l Sound does not travel so fast as light.l D.C. motors are more easily controlled than A.C. motors.幻燈片26與 相同l Be the same as l Be the same in . l Be similarl Be identical with l Be identical in l 與 相同幻燈片27與 相似，與 不同l be similar to l be like l be alike in l 與 相似l 與 不同be d

18、ifferent from differ from 幻燈片28Same, similar, identicall same 指“數(shù)量”“方式”“種類”“性質(zhì)”等方面的“相同”“無異”l similar 指事物之間“相象”“類似”l identical 指事物之間“完全等同”“同一性”或same = not different, unchangedsimilar = alike but not identical identical = exactly alike, or to agree in every way幻燈片29Same, similar, identicalsimilar tol

19、This machine is like the other one in design.l The two machines are alike in many aspects.l The two machines are the same in design.l This machine is the same as the other one in design.similaridenticalidentical with幻燈片30例句l This car is identical with the other l one in every aspect.l =This car is e

20、xactly the same as the other one in every aspect.l Each atom normally has the same number of electrons, revolving about the nucleus as it has protons.Because all the waves of a laser beam travel in the same direction, the laser beam is very narrow.幻燈片31例句l In almost every aspect an a.c. motor is sim

21、ilar in construction to a d.c. motor.l They cited cases of identical twins reared in different homes who developed very different characteristics despite identical heredity. 他們舉出這個事實：在不同家庭撫養(yǎng)的一對孿生兒，盡管其遺傳性相同，卻會發(fā)展成顯著不同的個性。幻燈片32Identicall Identical 在表示某事物與另一事物相同或相等時，有三種表達方式：l X and Y are identical.l X i

22、s identical with/to Y.Two (or more) things are identical.幻燈片33Identical, different例如：Each of the products is identical in shape. The products are identical in shape.The shapes of the products are identical.例：A is different from B. A differs from B.-不妥當幻燈片34與比較l Comparel l l Compare with l l Compare

23、to Contrast用于比較相類似的或同種類中的東西，可以指出其相似點，也可指出其不同點?！芭c比較”“比得上”“可與相比”“與相比”“把比作”“對比”“對照”，用于對不同或不同種類的東西的對比，強調(diào)差別，即差別較大?；脽羝?5與比較Compared with/to As compared with In comparison with Contrast with In contrast with l 與比較幻燈片36Compare 例句l Experimental results obtained in the laboratory are compared with theoretical

24、 calculations.l How does this compare with that? 這怎么能與那相比。l The output of the factory has increased by 20 percent as compared with last year.幻燈片37Contrast 例句l Blue and yellow contrast prettily in a design. l In contrast to the mechanisms of conduction and convection, radiation may take place in a pe

25、rfect vacuum. 圖樣中，藍色和黃色形成對照，顯得很好看與傳導(dǎo)和對流的原理不同，輻射可以在完全真空中進行。幻燈片38Contrast 例句l The cold weather contrasts with last weeks heat. l l How does living in a shed contrast with living in an apartment? 本周的寒冷天氣同上周的暖和天氣形成對比。住在窩棚里怎么能跟住在公寓里相比呢？幻燈片39表示“相反”的表達式l Converselyl ratherl Insteadl But l Howeverl Stilll Y

26、etl In factl neverthelessl Whilel Whilstl Whereasl On the one handl On the other handl In contrastl By contrastl On the contrary幻燈片40與一致l Agree with l Accord withl Coincide with l Be in agreement with l Be in accord with l Be in conformity with l Be consistent with 幻燈片41對比句型l 當兩個式是需要對比時，常用表示對比l 的詞或句

27、型l Insufficient air will prevent complete combustion while/whereas too much air will reduce the temperature.While/Whereas the traffic density on the road is very high during the peak hours, it is very low at midday and during the night.幻燈片42對比句l A skilled craftsman can earn high wages. On the other

28、hand an unskilled worker earns very little.l If you were to say that the insides of the gasoline engine we have just been describing are complicated, you would be right. It has pistons(活塞), connecting rods(連桿), valves(氣閥), valve lifters(閥桿), and numerous other parts. In contrast, the turbine engine

29、is rather simple.幻燈片43對比句l A run-down watch is still a watch and can be rewound. A old watch, by contrast, becomes so worn and unreliable that it eventually is not worth mending. 停了的表，上了發(fā)條以后能繼續(xù)使用。對比起來，一只舊表磨損的非常厲害，變得非常不可靠，最后連修也不值得了?；脽羝?42.4 舉例子的表達方法l 2.4.1“實例”的表達方法l 義：l 事例l 實例l 樣例 例證l 詞：l example, il

30、lustration, instance, case, sample, specimen幻燈片45Examplel 標本，范例，例子，可指人或物l I could give a large number of examples within my own experience to prove to the full truth of my contention.l The most common example of a machine element is a gear.This building is an example of early Chinese architecture.幻燈

31、片46Instancel 事例，實例，樣品，場合等l For instance l For example l There are many instance about friction.In many instances, they provide answers previously unobtainable or economically unfeasible. 在許多場合，他們提供的答案都是以前得不到的或是經(jīng)濟上不可行的。舉實例以說明從許多事物中舉出一個事物為例幻燈片47Case事例，案例，情形，所遇到的事實，病例，強調(diào)的主要是事實，有時可與instance 互換，如in your

32、casein your instance.在你這種情形下l In cases like the following，l This is a civil case. 民事案件l Recently, there have been four cases of fire. 四場火災(zāi)l A case in point 恰當?shù)睦踊脽羝?8Illustrationl 通過事例說明某一理論或原理，也有插圖、圖例、例證、說明l He gave an illustration of what he meant.l This illustration gave an adequate picture of th

33、e importance of friction.幻燈片49Sample、specimen、patternl Sample 特指足以表示物體性質(zhì)的“樣品”、“樣例”l Specimen “樣品”、“標本”、“抽樣”、“試樣”l Pattern “樣塊”、圖樣”、“式樣”、“花樣”l To detect gases, a sample of air can be analyzed chemically. l He collected specimens of all kinds of rocks and minerals. 幻燈片50Sample、specimen、patternl All th

34、e sample welds proved to be stronger than the parent metal.l Determine the volume of your specimen by measuring the appropriate dimensions.l The new method offers a potentially simpler means of producing the small metal patterns.幻燈片512.4.2 舉例方法引出例子的詞或詞組：l as, like, for example, for instance, such as

35、, such asl Languages coming from Latin, such as French, Italian, and Spanish have some characters in common.l 或Such languages coming from Latin as French, Italian, and Spanish have some characters in common.幻燈片52舉例子l Acupuncture(針灸) is one way of curing disease such as used in curing mental disease.

36、 幻燈片532.5 分類的表達方法classifieddividedgroupedcategorizedarrangedputplacedclassescategoriesgroupstypeskindsvarietiesspeciescan bemay beis arexintoaccording to depending upon/on on the basis of 幻燈片54對事物進行分類常用的句型The classification is based upon/ontypeskindssortsclassesvarietiesgroupscategoriesThere are sev

37、eralOf Ns. X be of several kinds.幻燈片55分類的例句l The most common classification used for purpose of discussion of design procedures is based upon the materials comprising the structure.l Metals fall into two main categories, ferrous (based on iron) and non-ferrous.l Bloods cells are of two types/kinds/

38、sorts, white blood cell(WBC) and red blood cell(RBC).幻燈片56分類的例句l Engines are of two kinds/sorts, internal combustion engine and external combustion engine.l There are many/several types of engines.l We can classify bearings according to their position on the shaft.l Books can be classified according

39、 to their contents.l Books can be divided into several classes.幻燈片57分類l 注許多表示分類的句子可用主動語態(tài)也可用被動語態(tài)：l Bearings can be divided into several categories according to their position on the shaft.l We can divide books into several groups according to their contents.幻燈片58 A Classification of DrinksDrinksalcoh

40、olicnon-alcoholice.g. sprits, wine, beercoldhotAerated (充氣的)e.g. tea, coffee, cocoaNon-aeratedMilk, fruit juices, Soda water, coca-cola幻燈片59小結(jié)l Everything in nature is constantly changing. These changes are of two kinds: physical changes and chemical changes. A physical change occurs when a substanc

41、e changes in form or state; a chemical change occurs when a substance undergoes chemical transformations.分類定義對比幻燈片60 There are two general kinds of steel: carbon steel and alloy steel. Carbon steel contains only iron and carbon, while alloy steel contains other elements as well, such as nickel, chro

42、mium(鉻), tungsten(鎢), etc. The properties of carbon steels, notably strength and hardness, depend on the amount of carbon they contain. Low carbon steel is relatively soft and weak; medium carbon steel is both harder and stronger than low carbon steel, while high carbon steel is the hardest and stro

43、ngest. The additional element of alloy steel make it not only stronger and harder than carbon steel, but resistant to rust as well. For the latter reason, alloy steel is also called stainless steel.分類定義對比說明 進一步分類并對比說明對比幻燈片61l In the solid state a body has a definite volume and is almost incompressib

44、le. It also has a shape independent of the space in which it is placed. In the liquid state matter also possesses a definite volume and has little compressibility, but it has no definite shape and automatically takes the shape of any vessel into which it is placed. In the gaseous state matter has ne

45、ither fixed volume nor fixed shape. A quantity of gas introduced into any closed space immediately spreads out to fill that space. 類1類2類3幻燈片622.6 有關(guān)度量、測量的表達方法2.6.1 度量2.6.2 儀表，計，儀，器2.6.3 測量，確定，估計，推斷2.6.4 值 ，讀數(shù)幻燈片632.6.1 度量長度 longin lengthMillimeter = mmCentimeter = cmKilometer = km寬度widein width高度hig

46、hin height厚度thickthickness深度deep depth角度angle面積area (square)幻燈片64度量Milliliter = mlKiloliter = kl體積volume (cubic)容量capacity hold重量weight weighKilogram = KgKiloton = Kt速度speed電流currentMilliampere = mA電壓voltageKilowatt = kwKilowatt-hour =KWH千瓦時power功率frequency頻率Kilohertz = khz幻燈片65例這根線有兩米長。The wire is

47、two meters long.The wire is two meters in length.The wire has a length of two meters.這根帶子15毫米寬。l The belt is 15 mm wide.l The belt is 15 mm in width.l Building has a height of 150 m.The steel plate is 5 mm thick.幻燈片66l 這條河有三米深。The depth of the river is three meters.l 這塊鋼板面積為6平方米。The steel plate is 6

48、 square meters in area.l 這塊鋼板是3米2米的。The steel plate measures 3 by 2 meters.l 這塊鐵的體積是12 立方厘米。The volume of the iron block is 12 cubic centimeters.l 這個油箱的容量是12加侖。The oil tank is ten gallons in capacity.The oil tank has a capacity of ten gallons.The oil tank has a capacity of holding ten gallons.幻燈片67例

49、l 這個電機重1000kg。The engine weighs 1000kg.l 直線AB和BC的夾角是30度。The angle contained by lines AB and BC is 30。.l 繩A和繩B成直角。Rope A makes a right angle with rope B.l 這種高速飛機的速度能達到700米/秒。Such high-speed aircrafts travel at a speed of 700 m.p.s. .幻燈片68公制表The metric system衡制表Table of weights度量表(英 美)Table of measure

50、Micron 微米Millimeter 毫米Centimeter 厘米Decimeter 分米Tonne 噸Liter 升TonLong ton =1016.05kgShort ton =907.20kgPound=0.454kgOunce =28.3495gPound (金衡、藥衡)=373.24gMile=1.6093kmYard=0.9144mFoot=30.48mmInch=2.54mmNautical mile =1.852km海里Acre=40.47公畝Gallon=4.546升幻燈片692.6.2 儀表，計，儀，器儀表，計：meter, gauge (gage)儀器，裝置：instrument, device, equipment機，機器：machine, plant, equipment安培表：ampere-meter伏特計：volt-meter水