移民在美國(guó)身份的形成中的重要性_YanqingZhang

1、The Significance of Immigration in the Formation of an American Identity Presented by Yanqing ZhangJune 2, 2016 Hot potFondue chinoise Melting potDennotation or cultural idea of melting pot The melting pot is a metaphor for a heterogeneous society becoming more homogeneous, the different elements me

2、lting together into a harmonious whole with a common culture. It is particularly used to describe the assimilation of immigrants to the United States.The melting-together metaphor was in use by the 1780sSalad bowls Dennotation or cultural idea of salad bowls The salad bowl concept suggests that the

3、integration of the many different cultures of United States residents combine like a salad, as opposed to the more traditional notion of a cultural melting pot. Dbat In the salad bowl model, various American cultures are juxtaposed like salad ingredients but do not merge into a single homogeneous cu

4、lture. Each culture keeps its own distinct qualities. This idea proposes a society of many individual, pure cultures in addition to the mixed culture that is modern American culture, and the term has become more politically correct than melting pot, since the latter suggests that ethnic groups may b

5、e unable to preserve their cultures due to assimilation.Topics Native Americans Spanish Americans Early English colonies Arrival of Puritans Commerce of Slaves New ImmigrationThe First Americans The first Americans were Asians. Nearly 20,000 years ago, nomadic peoples from Siberia began crossing the

6、 Bering Strait to what is now Alaska, either by island-hopping or by walking across a broad land bridge (Beringia) from which the waters receded during the Ice Ages. They came in pursuit of deer and elephants sheep that covered the land. Driven by frigid weather, they drifted southward toward warmth

7、. Once the ice sheets melted and the sea rose again, these migrants to the New World were cut off from the rest of humanity (except for the short-lived Viking settlements on Greenland and Newfoundland) until Columbus arrived in 1492. The Expansion of Europe The age of discovery coincided with the op

8、ening of the modern period in European history. The expansion of Europe derived from, and in turn affected, the peculiar patterns and institutions that distinguished modern times from the medieval. These include the revival of learning and the rise of inquiring spirit; the rise of trade, towns, and

9、modern corporations; the decline of feudalism and the rise of national states; the protestant Reformation and the Catholic Couter-Reformation; and some old sins - greed, conquest, exploitation, oppression, racism and slavery - quickly defiled the fancied innoncence of the New Eden. The Voyages of Co

10、lumbus Christopher Columbus , born in 1451 as the son of an Italian weaver, took to the sea at an early age, making up for his lack of formal education by teaching himself geography navigation, and Latin. After the courts of Portugal, England, and Franch showed little interest in his plan, Columbus

11、won the support of Gerdinand and Isaella, the Spanish monarchs, and himself raised much of the money needed to finance the voyage. Spanish American The Spaniards sought to displace the pagan civilization throughout the Americas with their Catholic-based culture. Believing God was on their side in th

12、is cultural exchange, the Spaniards carried with them an intoxicating sense of mission that bred both intolerance and zeal. Spanish conquistadores turned America from the start into a society of extremes: Encomienda, where favored officers became privileged landowners who controlled Indian villages.

13、 Encomenderos were called upon to protect the villages and support missionary priests (in return, Indians gave them goods and labor as tribute). England and Its Colonies: First Charter (1606) In 1606, King James I issued a royal charter to adventurers (a term that referred to both investors and sett

14、lers) in the Virginia Company of London to make habitation, plantation, and to deduce a colony of sundry of our people into that part of America commonly called Virginia”. The Virginia Company actually consisted of two groups of investors: the Virginia Company of Plymouth and the Virginia Company of

15、 London. Economic Reasons of the Venture Such a venture allowed England to reap the benefits of colonization without bearing the costs:- natural resources, -new markets for English goods, -leverage against the Spanish.Religious Reasons of the Venture The English Protestants could convert the Indians

16、 against Spanish colonists. The Arrival of puritans The Mayflower was the ship that transported the first English Separatists, known today as the Pilgrims, from Plymouth to the New World in 1620. Protestant Reformation While Spain built her empire, a new movement was growing elsewhere in Europe. Mar

17、tin Luther, a German mondk and theologian, posted his “ Ninety-five Theses” in protest against abuses in the catholic church. He criticized the sale of indulgences, whereby priests would forgive sins in exchange for money and goods. According to him, sinners could win salvation neither by good works

18、 nor through the mediation of the church, but only by faith in the redemptive power of Christ and through a direct relationship to God - the “priesthood of all believers”O(jiān)rigins of Protestantism When the pope expelled Luther from the church in 1520, reconciliation became impossible. The separation o

19、f the church is inevitable. The term derives from the letter of protestation from German princes in 1529 against an edict condemning the teachings of Martin Luther as heretical.Puritants Cotton, Slavery, and the Old South The Rise of King Cotton: 1. 19th century upper South cultivated tobacco, but p

20、rices were unstable and the soil was exhaustive . By 1830s upper South began to grow wheat, tobacco growing shifted westward. Southern regions of South continued growing rice, but crops was limited because it was hard to cultivate. 2. Decline of tobacco in upper South led not to industrialization, b

21、ut growing of short-staple cotton. 3. Beginning the1820s, production of cotton had become the dominated economy by 1850s - “Cotton Kingdom” attracted many slaves. Peculiar institution (Our) peculiar institution was an euphemism for slavery and its economic ramifications in the old American South. Pe

22、culiar, in this expression, means ones own, that is, it refers to something distinctive to or characteristic of a particular place or people. The proper use of the expression is always as a possessive, e.g., our peculiar institution or the Souths peculiar institution. It was in popular use during th

23、e first half of the 19th century, especially in legislative bodies, as the word slavery was deemed improper, and was actually banned in certain areas.Slavery: The “Peculiar Institution” 1- Slavery regulated by law, slave codes forbade property, congregation, teaching a slave. Anyone suspected with a

24、 trace of African blood defined as black 2- Majority of slave-owners were small farmers, but majority of slaves lived on medium or large plantations. So the relationship between owner and slave was less intimateLife Under Slavery 1- Generally owners gave them enough necessities to enable them to liv

25、e and work. Slaves lived in slave quarters and they Slaves worked hard. Women labored in fields with men and had other chores. Women were often single because husbands were sold away (single parents) 2- High death rate and less children survived to adulthood than Whites 3- Some say material conditio

26、n of slavery may have been better than some northern factory workers. 4- Other cheap laborer (such as Irish) used to perform most dangerous and least healthy tasks to protect investment. Still overseers hired by owners often treated slave badly, and household servants often sexually abused by master

27、Slave Resistance Most slaves were unhappy with being slaves, so they wanted freedom. - 1831 Nat Turner, a slave preacher, led some armed African Americans in VA. They were overpowered by state and federal troops. - Some attempted to resist by running away, escaping to the North or Canada using under

28、ground railroad and sympathetic Whites. The odds of success were low. - They resisted also by refusing to work hard, stealing from master.Language and Music 1- Slaves incorporated African speech with English called “pidgin” (like Chinglish) 2-Songs very important to pass time, some political, emotio

29、nal, religious.The Era of New Immigration When was the era of new immigration? The new immigrants came during the period of intense industrial development known as the gilded age as well as the reaction to this growth during the progressive era. This period immediately following the Civil War and ex

30、tending up until the 1920s. Who Are the New Immigrants? - These immigrants came to America from areas that had not traditionally supplied settlers to the US. The lands of southern Europe and eastern Europe such as Italy, Russia, Poland and Greece, as well as Asian locales such as China and Japan. Wh

31、y Did They Come? Immigrants came to America during these eras mostly for economic opportunities. As the United States saw unprecedented industrial growth following the Civil War an unprecedented demand for labor, mostly cheap and unskilled, also grew. The vast majority of these new immigrants came h

32、ere seeking work and the dream of going from rags to riches. Political Reasons - Some New Immigrants such as Russian and Ukrainian Jews came seeking refuge from religious oppression by governments at home. Social Reasons - One idea that gave motivation to many immigrants leaving their homelands for America was the social mobility offered by the rags to riches American dream. This popular idea viewed America as the land of opport