虛擬現(xiàn)實技術的發(fā)展過程及其的研究外文翻譯

1、虛擬現(xiàn)實技術的發(fā)展過程及研究 虛擬現(xiàn)實技術是近年來發(fā)展最快的技術之一，它與多媒體技術 、網(wǎng)絡技術并稱為三大前景最好的計算機技術。與其他高新技術一樣，客觀需求是虛擬現(xiàn)實技術發(fā)展的動力。近年來，在仿真建模、計算機設計、可視化計算、遙控機器人等領域，提出了一個共同的需求，即建立一個比現(xiàn)有計算機系統(tǒng)更為直觀的輸入輸出系統(tǒng)，成為能與各種船感器相聯(lián)、更為友好的人機界面、人能沉浸其中、超越其上、進出自如、交互作用的多維化信息環(huán)境。vr技術是人工智能、計算機圖形學、人機接口技術、多媒體技術、網(wǎng)絡技術、并行計算技術等多種技術的集成。它是一種有效的模擬人在自然環(huán)境中視聽、動等行為的高級人機交互技術。 虛擬現(xiàn)實 (

2、virtual reality )：是一種最有效的模擬人在自然環(huán)境中視、聽、動等行為的高級人機交互技術，是綜合計算機圖形技術、多媒體技術、并行實時計算技術、人工智能、仿真技術等多種學科而發(fā)展起來的 20世紀90年代計算機領域的最新技術。vr以模擬方式為使用者創(chuàng)造一個實時反映實體對象變化與相互作用的三維圖像世界，在視、聽、觸、嗅等感知行為的逼真體驗中，使參與者可直接探索虛擬對象在所處環(huán)境中的作用和變化；仿佛置身于虛擬的現(xiàn)實世界中，產(chǎn)生沉浸感 (immersive)、想象(imaginative和實現(xiàn)交互性 interactive) 。 vr技術的每一步都是圍繞這三個特征而前進的。這三個特征為沉浸

3、特征、交互特征和構想特征。這三個重要特征用以區(qū)別相鄰近的技術，如多媒體技術、計算機可視化技術沉浸特征，即在vr提供的虛擬世界中，使用戶能感覺到是真實的進入了一個客觀世界；交互特征，要求用戶能用人類熟悉的方式對虛擬環(huán)境中的實體進行觀察和操縱；構想特征：即“從定性和定量綜合集成環(huán)境中得到感性和理性的認識：從而化概念和萌發(fā)新意”。 1.vr技術發(fā)展的三個階段vr技術的發(fā)展大致可分為三個階段：20世紀50年代至70年代vr技術的準備階段；80年代初80年代中期，是vr 技術系統(tǒng)化、開始走出實驗室進入實際應用的階段；80年代末至90年代初，是vr技術迅猛發(fā)展的階段。第一階段：50 70年代，為虛擬現(xiàn)實的

4、探索階段1965年由美國morton heileg開發(fā)了一個稱sensorama的摩托車仿真器，不僅具有三維視頻及立體聲效果，還能產(chǎn)生風吹的感覺和街道氣1968年，美國計算機科學家i1e1sutherland在哈佛大學組織開發(fā)了第一個計算機圖形驅動的頭盔顯示器hmd及頭部位置跟蹤系統(tǒng)，成為vr 技術發(fā)展史上的一個重要里程碑，為虛擬現(xiàn)實的發(fā)展奠定了基礎。第二階段：80年代初至80年代中期，開始形成vr技術的基本概念，開始由實驗進入實用階段，其重要標志是：1985年在michael mcgreevy領導下完成view虛擬現(xiàn)實系統(tǒng)，裝備了數(shù)據(jù)手套和頭部跟蹤器,提供了手勢、語言等交互手段,使view成

5、為名副其實的虛擬現(xiàn)實系統(tǒng)，成為后來開發(fā)虛擬現(xiàn)實的體系結構其他如vpl公司開發(fā)了用于生成虛擬現(xiàn)實rb2軟件和data glove數(shù)據(jù)手套，為虛擬現(xiàn)實提供了開發(fā)工具。第三階段：80年代末至90年代初，為虛擬現(xiàn)實全面發(fā)展階段虛擬現(xiàn)實技術已經(jīng)從實驗室的試驗階段走向了市場的實用階段：對虛擬現(xiàn)實技術的研究也從基本理論和系統(tǒng)構成的研究轉向應用過程中所遇到的具體問題的探討。在虛擬現(xiàn)實系統(tǒng)中只有各種交互設備還不夠，還必須提供基本的軟件支撐環(huán)境，用戶能方便地構造虛擬環(huán)境并與虛擬環(huán)境進行高級交互。為了使vr 技術得到廣泛應用，很有必要分析虛擬現(xiàn)實系統(tǒng)軟件支撐環(huán)境體系結構,例如dialogue系統(tǒng)，提出了一種通過基于

6、事件驅動的中驅用戶接口管理系統(tǒng)(umis) ，能進行多進程通訊的軟件體系結構，解決了虛擬現(xiàn)實的動態(tài)靈活性問題，推進了軟件支撐環(huán)境的發(fā)展。為了滿足虛擬現(xiàn)實對計算復雜性的幾是無限的要求，虛擬現(xiàn)實系統(tǒng)必須提供足夠強的靈活性及可擴充性。要做到這一點，可以從軟件與硬件兩方面來考慮，在硬件體系結構方面，diviso公司在supervision系統(tǒng)中提出了一種基本的并行模型，開發(fā)了相關的并行處理器件和dvs 操作系統(tǒng)，使虛擬現(xiàn)實得以全面發(fā)展。 2.vr技術在美國的研究開發(fā)20世紀40年代初，作為虛擬現(xiàn)實前身的飛行仿真器在美國出現(xiàn)。1966年，美國mit林肯實驗室在海軍科研辦公室的資助下，研制出了第一個頭盔式

7、顯示器 (hmd) ，隨后又將模擬力和觸覺的反饋裝置加入到系統(tǒng)中。1970年，研制出了第一個功能較齊全的hmd系統(tǒng)。自80年代后期起，美國vpl公司陸續(xù)研制出較實用的頭盔式三維顯示器、能提供六個自由度的數(shù)據(jù)手套、立體聲耳機及相應的計算機軟硬件系統(tǒng)。80年代初，美國的darpa(defensen advanced research projects agency) 為坦克編隊作戰(zhàn)訓練開發(fā)了一個實用的虛simnet。simnet系統(tǒng)中的每個獨立的模擬器都能單獨模擬m1坦克的全部特性,包括導航、武器、傳感和顯示等性能,對坦克裝置上的武器、傳感器和發(fā)動機等的模擬是在特定的作戰(zhàn)環(huán)境下進行的。dprpa計

8、劃進一步擴大仿真數(shù)據(jù)庫,從目前的1000個對象擴大100000個(2000年前完成。北大西洋公約組織(nato)計劃把各個不同國家的兵力逐步“匯集入simnet而成為一個虛擬戰(zhàn)場”，然后把空戰(zhàn)仿真系統(tǒng)awsims -(air warfare simulation system ) 和海戰(zhàn)仿真系統(tǒng)( nwsims - naval warfare simulation system )與simnet相聯(lián)。另外，美nasa積極地將vr技術應用于對航天運載器外的空間活動研究、空間站自由操縱研究和對哈勃空間維修的研究等項目中。圖形圖像處理技術和傳感器技術是以上 vr 項目的主要技術。就目前來看，空間的動

9、態(tài)性和時間的實時性是這項技術的最主要焦點。 3.vr 技術在歐洲的研究開發(fā)vr在英國的研究與開發(fā)。vr應用的關鍵是尋找合適的場合和對象,即如何發(fā)揮想象力和創(chuàng)造性。選擇適當?shù)膽脤ο罂纱蠓鹊靥岣咝?減輕勞動強度,提高產(chǎn)品質量。為了達到這一目的,必須研究vr開發(fā)工具。例如，vr系統(tǒng)開發(fā)平臺、分布式vr技術等，這些都直接與計算機技術、多媒體技術的快速發(fā)展密切相關。在vr開發(fā)的某些方面,特別是在分布并行處理、輔助設備 (包括觸覺反饋) 設計和應用研究方面,在歐洲英國是領先的。以下是英國從事vr的四個主要中心。windustries (工業(yè)集團公司)位于英leicester，是國際vr界的著名開發(fā)機

10、構,在工業(yè)設計和可視化等重要領域占有一席之地。british aerospace英國航空公司bae的brough分部正在利用vr技術設計高級戰(zhàn)斗機座艙,bae開發(fā)的大項目vecta (virtual environment configurable training aid是一個高級測試平臺,用于研究vr技術以及考察)用vr替代傳統(tǒng)模擬器方法的潛力vecta的子項rave real and virtual environment)就是專門為在座艙內(nèi)訓練飛行員而研制dimension international，位于英國南部aldermason，是桌面v的先驅。該公司生產(chǎn)了一系列的商業(yè)vr軟件包

11、，都命名為superscape。superscape軟件包的前端主要由圖形編輯器、世界編輯器和可視化模塊三個部分組成。圖形編輯器用于創(chuàng)建三維物體，預定義圖形放置在世界編輯器的世界坐標系中，可視化程序允許用戶在虛擬世界中移動并與之交互，通過空間球和鼠標發(fā)布命令。division ltd ,創(chuàng)建于1989年，位于布里斯托爾。該公司在開發(fā)vision 、pro vision 和supervision 系統(tǒng)/模塊化高速圖形引擎中，率先使用transputeri860技術。該公司的軟件是按客戶服務器體系結構模式設計的。 vr 技術在我國的研究開發(fā)我國對vr技術的研究起步20世紀90年代初，發(fā)展到現(xiàn)在已初

12、步取得了成果。國內(nèi)的一些科研單位如清華大學的臨場感應技術重點實驗室、北京航空航天大學的三系、中國民航學院、浙大計算機仿真重點實驗室、空軍第二航空學院、空軍工程學院和解放軍信息工程大學等，對虛擬現(xiàn)實的研究取得了重要成果，在某些方面的研究已經(jīng)接近國際先進水平。對于海浪、海灘浪、碎浪等的模擬研究有些基礎，國外學者如peachey d、alain fournier、williamt1reeeves 、beesel1f 、lebelond ，paul h1都有較深入研究；國內(nèi)浙江大學cad&cg國家重實驗室、國防科技大學、哈爾濱工業(yè)大學、北京航空航天大學等也有不同程度的研究。這些研究雖與海洋有關，但偏重

13、于“浪”這一具體現(xiàn)象，并沒有把海洋當作一個整體來對待，但它的理論與方法可以被海洋三維地形景觀模擬系統(tǒng)所采用。目前，國內(nèi)從事海域整體模擬研究的還不多。西北工業(yè)大學航海工程學院應用visual c +和open gl在高檔微機上實現(xiàn)了虛擬海洋環(huán)境,該系統(tǒng)能較逼真的模擬海洋環(huán)境，有簡單的魚群、海洋植物和海流聲音。現(xiàn)在中國測繪科學研究院正承擔著國家863“海洋3d”項目，有望在海洋三維模擬方面產(chǎn)生一些重大成果。在國外, university of hull ,department of computer science 等研究部門有關于海床的研究,效果很逼真。原文出處：w.fellner,armin

14、hoop. usa. department of computer science university of technologyvirtual reality technology development process and research status ofvirtual reality technology in recent years, one of the fastest growing technology，and multimedia technology, network technology and known as the three best prospect

15、of computer technology. and other high-tech, external demand is the motive force of the development of virtual reality technology. in recent years, in simulation modeling, computer design, visualization in scientific computing, remote control robot fields, presents a common demand, namely the establ

16、ishment of a more intuitive than the existing computer system input output system, can be connected with various ship sense, more friendly interface, one can immerse, beyond the inlet from, such as, interaction of multi-dimensional information environment. vr technology in artificial intelligence, c

17、omputer graphics, interface technology, multimedia technology, network technology, parallel computation technology integration. it is a kind of effective human analogue in the natural environment, listen, dynamic behaviors such as advanced man-machine interaction technique.virtual reality ( virtual

18、reality vr ), is one of the most effective human analogue in the natural environment, in listening, dynamic behaviors such as advanced human-computer interaction technology, is an integrated computer graphics technology, multimedia technology, real-time parallel computing technology, artificial inte

19、lligence, simulation technology and other subjects developed in twentieth century 90years generation computing machine in the field of new technology. vr to simulate the way for the user to create a real-time reflect the entity object and interaction of three-dimensional image world, in the optic, l

20、isten, touch, smell and other perceived behavioral realistic experience, so that participants can direct exploration of virtual objects in the environment and the role of change, as if place oneself in the virtual reality world, are immersed in (immersive), imagination(imaginative and realization of

21、 interactive i nteractive ).vr technology every step is around the three characteristics and the. these three characteristics for immersion, interaction characteristics and conception characteristics characteristics. the three important characteristics used to distinguish adjacent technology, such a

22、s multimedia technology, computer visualization technology immersion feature, whereby the vr provides a virtual world, so that the user can feel it is true in an objective world; interactive features, requires that the user can use human familiar way, the entity in virtual environment observation an

23、d manipulation of concept; concept characteristic, namely from qualitative and quantitative integrated environment for the perceptual and rational knowledge, thus the concept of novelty and germination.1.three stages in the development of vr technologythe development of vr technology can be divided

24、into three stages: nineteen fifties to 70 time, vr is the preparatory stage; at the beginning of the 80s to mid 80s, is a vr technology systematic, began to move out of the laboratory into practical application stage; at the end of the 80s to early 90s, is the rapid development of vr technology stag

25、e.the first phase,50to 70 years, as the virtual reality the exploration stage of the united states in 1965 by morton heileg developed a motorcycle simulator called sensorama, not only has a three-dimensional video and stereo effect, can have a feeling of wind and streets smell1968, american computer

26、 scientist i1e1sutherland at the harvard university developed the first computing machine graphics driver helmet mounted display hmd and head position tracking system, become the vr technology history an important milepost, virtual reality development laid the foundation.the second stage, the early

27、80s to 80time metaphase, begin to form the basic concept of vr, started by the experiment into the practical stage, an important sign of which is that: in 1985 michael mc greevy finished under the view virtual reality system, equipped with a data glove and head tracker, provides gestures, language a

28、nd other means of interaction, make view be be worthy of the name of the virtual reality system, later to become the development of virtual reality system structure of other companies such as vpl have been developed for the generation of virtual reality rb2 software and data glove data glove, for vi

29、rtual reality provides development tools.the third stage, the late 80s to early 90s, as the virtual reality development virtual reality technology from laboratory experimental stage to market a practical stage, on the virtual reality technology research from the basic theory and system structure of

30、steering application encountered specific problems. in the virtual reality system only a variety of interactive device is not enough, must also provide basic software support environment, user can facilitate the construction of virtual environment and virtual environment into the line of advanced in

31、teractive. in order to make the vr technology has been widely used, so it is necessary to analyze the system of virtual reality software support environment, system structure, such as a dialogue system, puts forward a kind of based on event driven drive users export management system ( umis ), can b

32、e in the range of communication software system structure, solves the problem of the dynamic flexibility of virtual reality, advanced software support ringenvironmental development. in order to meet the needs of virtual reality on the computational complexity of the few is infinite, the virtual real

33、ity system must provide sufficient flexibility and scalability. to do this, can from hardware and software two aspects to consider, in the hardware system structure, divison in supervision system presents a basic model, the development of the relevant parallel processing device and the dvs operating

34、 system, so that the virtual reality is able to develop in the round.2.research and development of vr technology in the united states of americathe early nineteen forties, as the virtual reality flight simulator formerly appeared in the united states. in 1966, the united states mit lincoln laborator

35、y at the office of naval research funding, developed the first helmet mounted display ( hmd ), then the simulation of force and tactile feedback device is added to the system. in 1970, developed the first complete function of the hmd system. since 80 time later period, the united states of america v

36、pl company have developed a practical helmet type three-dimensional display, can provide six degrees of freedom of the data glove, stereo headphones and a corresponding computer software and hardware system. in the early 80, the united states darpa ( defensenadvancedresearch projects agency ) for ta

37、nk fleet combat training and development of a practical simnet virtual battlefield system. the simnet system independently in each simulator can separately simulated m1 tank all the features, including navigation, weapon, sensing and display performance of tank unit, weapons, sensors and engine simu

38、lation is given in the operational environment of the. dprpa plans to further expand simulation database, from the current 1000expanded to100000( end of 2000). the north atlantic treaty organization ( nato ) planthe various countries gradually forces together into simnet and become a virtual battlef

39、ield, and then the air combat simulation system of awsims ( air warfare simulatio n system ) and naval warfare simulation system ( nwsims - naval warfare simulation system ) and simnet. in addition, the united states nasa active vr technology will be applied to the launch vehicle outer space activit

40、ies, space station freedom of manipulation of research and on harbert space repair research project. graphics and image processing technology and sensor technology is more than vrthe main purpose of technology. at present, the spatial dynamic and real time sex is the main focus of this technology.3.

41、research and development of vr technology in europeresearch and development of vr in the uk. application of vr is the key to finding the right places and objects, i.e., how to develop imagination and creativity. select the appropriate application object can greatly improve efficiency, reduce labor i

42、ntensity, improve the quality of products. in order to achieve this goal, must study the vr development tools. for example, the vr system development platform, distributed vr technology, these are directly and computer technology, the rapid development of multimedia technology is closely related to.

43、 in the vr development in some aspects, especially in distributed parallel processing, auxiliary equipment ( including tactile feedback ) design and use research in europe, britain is leading. the following is a british vr engaged in the four main centres. the windustries ( industry group ) is locat

44、ed in the british leicester, is the international vr industry leading development agency, in industrial design and visualization and other important areas occupy a space for one person. british aerospace bae brough division of british airways are using vr technology to design advanced fighter cockpi

45、t, bae major development projects ( virtual vecta environment ) configurable trainingaid is a senior test platform, used for the study of vr technology and inspection ) with vr instead of the traditional simulator and method for potential vecta project rave real and virtual environment ) is a specia

46、lized in the cockpit for training pilots and development. dimension international, located in the south of england s al dermason, is a desktop vr pioneer. the company produced a series of commercial vr software package, are called sup erscape. sup erscape software package is mainly composed of a gra

47、phic editor, in front of the world serieseditor and visualization modules of three parts. graphics editor used to create three-dimensional objects, predefined pattern are placed on the world editor world coordinate system, visualization programs permit the user to move in the virtual world and inter

48、act with it, by space ball and mouse commands. divi sion ltd, founded in 1989, is located in bristol. the company in the development of vision, provision and supervi / sion system for modular high speed graphics engine, take the lead in using transputer and i860 technology. the companys software is

49、based on the client / server architecture.4.vr technology research and development in our countryour research on vr started in the early nineteen ninties, develop up to now already has achieved initial results. some domestic scientific research units such as tsinghua university during induction technology key laboratory, beihang university three department, china civil aviation college, zhejiang university computer simulation laboratory, air force second aviation institute, air force engineering university and the pla information engineering