句子種類成分與簡(jiǎn)單句的基本句型(練習(xí))

1、 句子種類與簡(jiǎn)單句的基本句型 句子的分類通常，我們從兩個(gè)不同的角度對(duì)句子進(jìn)行分類：一是按句子的用途；二是按句子的結(jié)構(gòu)。1.句子的用途分類所謂用途分類是指，根據(jù)句子的意思，句子的語言功能和作用是什么，然后將其歸類。按這種方法，所有的英語句子可以分成四個(gè)種類：陳述句（Declarative Sentence），疑問句（Interrogative Sentence），祁使句（Imperative Sentence）和感嘆句（Exclamatory Sentence）。1）陳述句（Declarative Sentence）1 肯定式2 否定式2)疑問句（Interrogative Sentence）可

2、分為以下四種：A）一般疑問句（General Question）(1)用Yes,No來回答的疑問句。(2)往往把be,助動(dòng)詞，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞置于句首。例如：-Are you a student ? -Yes, I am a student .-Do you like dancing ? -Yes, I do .B)特殊疑問句（Special Question）（1）用疑問代詞或疑問副詞提問的句子, 用疑問詞+一般疑問句構(gòu)成如：時(shí)間（When）、地點(diǎn)（Where）、原因（Why）、方式（How）、人物（Who）、名稱（What），等等。回答的內(nèi)容是具體的。例如：-Who is in charge of

3、 English in your class ? -Zheng Zheng (is ).-誰是你們班的英語科代表？-（是）鄭征。-Why is Luo Huimin absent from duty today .-She is preparing for going abroad .羅慧敏今天為什么沒有上班？她要出國,正在做準(zhǔn)備。（2）疑問詞作主語或主語的定語時(shí)，與陳述句的順序相同，如：Whose father works in Shanghai?Who is on duty today?C)選擇疑問句（Alternative Question）由一般疑問句加連詞or連接?；卮饡r(shí)既不能用Ye

4、s也不能用No，而是需要回答人說出具體的選擇。另外，連詞or之前的部分讀升調(diào)，其后的部分讀降調(diào)。例如：-Is your sister or brother going abroad ? -My brother is .（選擇主語）-是你的妹妹還是弟弟要出國？-我弟弟。-Are you going to school or back home . -（Im）Going home .（選擇謂語）-你是去學(xué)校還是回家。-我回家。D)反意疑問句（Disjunctive Question）當(dāng)說話人對(duì)某種情況不甚有把握，或需進(jìn)一步證實(shí)時(shí)，便可使用反意疑問句。構(gòu)成：陳述句+簡(jiǎn)略問句 肯定否定 否定肯定例如：

5、 She is a college student , isnt she ?她是學(xué)生，對(duì)不對(duì)？ He cannot speak French , can he ?他不會(huì)說法語是不是？3)祁使句（Imperative Sentence）祈使句往往是用來表示說話人的請(qǐng)求、命令、要求、建議，等等。祈使句的主語常被省略，因?yàn)檫@個(gè)主語很明確地是聽話人you。有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)或表示某種感情，句子也會(huì)帶上主語。祈使句的謂語用動(dòng)詞原形；它的否定形式是句首用Dont或never +動(dòng)詞原形。例如：Be quiet , please !（大家）請(qǐng)安靜。Stand up !起立！Dont smoke in the of

6、fice .請(qǐng)不要在辦公室吸煙。Dont be standing in the rain .別站在雨里。4)感嘆句（Exclamatory Sentence）感嘆句表示說話人的喜悅、氣憤、驚訝等強(qiáng)烈的情緒。多是由What或How引起的。What用來強(qiáng)調(diào)名詞，How則強(qiáng)調(diào)形容詞、副詞或動(dòng)詞。例如：What a fine day it is today !今天天氣多好??！How fine it is today !今天天氣多好啊！What a lovely son you have !你有個(gè)多可愛的兒子啊！How lovely your son is !你的兒子多可愛??！2.句子的結(jié)構(gòu)分類如果按照

7、句子的結(jié)構(gòu)分類，英文句子可分為三個(gè)類別：簡(jiǎn)單句（Simple Sentence），并列句（Compound Sentence）和復(fù)合句（Complex Sentence）。這里所說的結(jié)構(gòu)，主要是指句子中主語和謂語之間所構(gòu)成的關(guān)系。1)簡(jiǎn)單句（Simple Sentence）簡(jiǎn)單句只有一個(gè)主謂關(guān)系。句子可能有兩個(gè)或更多的主語，也可能有兩個(gè)或更多的謂語，但是句子中的主謂關(guān)系只有一個(gè)。例如：Chinaand Chinese people are incredibly progressing in many aspects .（兩個(gè)主語，一個(gè)謂語）中國和中國人民在以非常的速度日益進(jìn)步。Computer

8、s mean a lot to human beings and are paidmore and more attention by people .（兩個(gè)謂語，一個(gè)主語）計(jì)算機(jī)對(duì)人類社會(huì)意味著很多東西，并越來越受到人們的重視。2)并列句（Compound Sentence）并列句有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。這些主謂結(jié)構(gòu)之間的關(guān)系是并列的、對(duì)等的。按其表示的不同意思有下面幾種：A.表示轉(zhuǎn)折意思: but , yet , however , nevertheless例：Everything in the world is outside you but health belongs to yo

9、urself .一切都是身外之物，只用健康屬于自己。He has learned English for only one year, yet he can communicate with people in English .他才學(xué)一年英文，但已能用英文與人交往了。John has his shortcomings; however, that doesnt mean he is not qualified for the job .約翰有缺點(diǎn)，但這不等于說他不勝任這份工作。B.表示因果關(guān)系: or , so , therefore , hence例：Youd better take an

10、 umbrella with you, for its going to rain.要下雨了，你最好帶把傘。Ive got a meeting to attend, so I have to go now.我要去開個(gè)會(huì)，我得走了。You are in the right , therefore we should support you .你是對(duì)的，所以我們?cè)撝С帜?。The town was built on the side of a hill, hence its namedHillside.這個(gè)小鎮(zhèn)建在山旁，所以叫山旁。C.表示并列關(guān)系and , or , eitheror , neit

11、her / nor , not onlybut (also), bothand , as well as例：She came to my house yesterday evening, and Iwent to hers .昨晚她來我家了，我卻去她家了。Do it this way or youll be in trouble .你就這么辦，不然你會(huì)有麻煩的。Either you tell him the truth , or I do it .不是你告訴他事實(shí)，就是我來告訴。He doesnt know your address, neither / nor doI.他不知道你的地址，我也

12、不知道。3)復(fù)合句（Complex Sentence）復(fù)合句也是兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子。但它們之間的關(guān)系不是并列的、對(duì)等的，其中只有一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)是主要的，其他的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)都從屬的。那個(gè)主要的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)稱作句子的主句（Main Clause）；其他的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)稱作句子的從句或子句（Subordinate Clause）。從句只有和主句在一起才能有意義；從句若從主句那里獨(dú)立出來就無法表達(dá)意義了復(fù)合句里的從句種類較多，引起不同的從句要用不同的從屬連詞。Because they talk at home while the television is on , many people think t

13、hey can talk at movies as well .（狀語從句）許多人在家里是邊看電視邊談話，所以他們認(rèn)為在電影院也可以如此。Whether he comes or not doesnt make any difference to me .（主語從句）他來與不來對(duì)我都一樣。Chinais not what it used to be .（表語從句）中國不是它過去的樣子了。如果將上面所有的從句都獨(dú)立出來，那將是這樣的：Because they talk at home while the television is onWhether he comes or notwhat mon

14、ey is and how money is measuredwhat it used to be思考與并列句的區(qū)別所在：（1） 、并列句中的并列連詞純粹似粘合濟(jì)，去掉后，被粘合的部分就分開獨(dú)立了；（2） 從句其實(shí)是用來擔(dān)當(dāng)句子成分（除謂語外）的，它的標(biāo)志就是它句首的關(guān)系詞-從屬連詞。那么，我們?cè)陂喿x時(shí)，凡是看到某個(gè)句子以關(guān)系詞開頭，就可大膽地?cái)喽ㄟ@個(gè)句子不是主句，而只是句中的某個(gè)成分。這樣做對(duì)提高我們的閱讀能力是大有好處的。一、簡(jiǎn)單句的5種基本句型。(1)S+V (2)S+V+O (3)S+V+P(4)S+V+InO+DO (5)S+V+O+C此外，還有there be句型，這一句型具有就近

15、原則，也即謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)要看接近于be動(dòng)詞的那個(gè)名詞。 1）、S+V此句型的特點(diǎn)是：謂語動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞，本身能表達(dá)完整的意思，后面不需跟賓語，但有時(shí)可跟副詞、介詞短語等作狀語。如：He laughed.John has read widely.He lives in London.2）、S+V+O此句型的特點(diǎn)是：謂語動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞，不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須跟有一個(gè)賓語。如：Our team beat all the others.3）、 S+V+P此句型的特點(diǎn)是：謂語動(dòng)詞是連系動(dòng)詞，不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須加上一個(gè)表明主語特征、身份、狀態(tài)的表語。常見的系動(dòng)詞有：be（是），becom

16、e（成為），get（變得），turn（變得），grow（變得），look（看起來），feel（感到），smell（聞起來），taste（嘗起來），sound（聽起來），seem（似乎），keep（保持），stay（保持）等。如：The rose smells sweet. 4）、S+V+INO+DO此句型的特點(diǎn)是：謂語動(dòng)詞跟有兩個(gè)賓語，這兩個(gè)賓語都是動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承受者，其中指人的是間接賓語，指物的是直接賓語。當(dāng)間接賓語放在直接賓語之后時(shí)，通常需要加介詞for或to?？筛p賓語的動(dòng)詞有：answer，bring，buy，find，get，give，lend，make，pass，pay，send，

17、show，sing，take，teach，tell，write等。如：Mr. Li told us an interesting story.Would you please give this dictionary to Li Hua？ 5）、S+V+O+OC此句型的特點(diǎn)是：謂語動(dòng)詞雖然跟有一個(gè)賓語，但意思還不完整，必須加上另外一個(gè)成分（賓語補(bǔ)足語）對(duì)賓語進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明?？梢杂米髻e語補(bǔ)足語的有：名詞、形容詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞、介詞短語等。：常帶復(fù)合賓語結(jié)構(gòu)的及物動(dòng)詞有：elect(選舉) , feel(感覺到) , find(發(fā)現(xiàn)) , get(使得) , have(使，讓) , hear

18、(聽到) , imagine(想象) , keep(保持) , make(使) , notice(注意到) , see(看見) , let(使) , smell(聞到) , start(使開始) , watch(注視，看) , appoint(任命) , believe(相信) , call(稱) , catch(發(fā)現(xiàn)) , allow(容許) , ask(請(qǐng)求，要求) , cause(使得) , consider(認(rèn)為) , expect(預(yù)期) , know(知道) , tell(告訴) , think(想，認(rèn)為) , want(想要) , wish(希望) ,listen to(聽) ,

19、 look at(看，瞧)等等。例如：We elected him our monitor .我們選他當(dāng)班長(zhǎng)。We must keep our school clean.They made him their monitor.【注】S=Subject（主語）； V=Verb（謂語動(dòng)詞）；P=Predicative（表語）；O=Object（賓語）；INO=Indirect Object（間接賓語）；DO=Direct Object（直接賓語）；OC=Object Complement（賓語補(bǔ)足語）二、句子的成分組成句子的各個(gè)部分叫句子成分。句子的各種成分包括主語、謂語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語等

20、。主語句子的主體，發(fā)出動(dòng)作的人或物，表示所說的是誰或是什么。主語一般放在句首，特殊句型中，在句末，由名詞、代詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞或短語充當(dāng)。如：Hewas born in a small village.他出生在一個(gè)小村莊。謂語說明主語的動(dòng)作特征狀態(tài)等，由動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語構(gòu)成。如：Shetoldme about that story.主謂一致：主語和謂語必須在人稱、數(shù)兩方面保持一致。主謂一致的關(guān)鍵是判斷主語是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)。1.一般情況主語的數(shù)比較明確如：His motherworksin a office.她媽媽在辦公室工作。2.and連接的兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上名詞或代詞做主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如

21、：Linda and Susanarefrom America.琳達(dá)和蘇珊來自美國。3.each, either, neither, another做主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如：Neither of ushasbeen to France.我們兩個(gè)都沒去過法國。4.由some, any, no, every構(gòu)成的合成代詞作主語時(shí)，謂語用單數(shù)。如：No oneknowshis phone number.沒有人知道他的電話號(hào)碼。5.由eitheror;neithernor;not onlybut also構(gòu)成的合成代詞作主語時(shí)，謂語與距離最近的主語保持一致。如：Not only my friend

22、s but also my sisteragreeswith me.我的朋友和我的妹妹都贊同我。6.集合名詞people, police等作主語時(shí)，位于用復(fù)數(shù)。如：The peopleweresurprised to see him dancing in the street.人們很驚訝的看他在街上跳舞。7.集合名詞family, class等作主語時(shí)，如看作整體，謂語用單數(shù)。如強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體，則謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。如：My familyhas livedhere for twenty years.我們家在這里住了20年了。His familywerewatching TV while the phone

23、rang.電話響起時(shí)，他們?nèi)以诳措娨暋?.some, any, none, half作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式視情況而定。如：Half of the studentsareboys.一半學(xué)生是男生。Halfisenough.一半就夠了。9.時(shí)間、距離、重量、數(shù)量、價(jià)值等名詞附屬作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)。如：Ten yearsisnot a long time.十年不算太久。表語用來說明主語的身份、特征、狀態(tài)等，位于連系動(dòng)詞后?？勺鞅碚Z的有名詞、代詞、形容詞、數(shù)詞、副詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、介詞短語、分詞短語及從句等。如：Is this penyours?這筆是你的嗎？賓語是動(dòng)作的承受者。及物

24、動(dòng)詞及相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞的短語后都必須帶賓語。名詞、代詞、動(dòng)名詞、不定式和從句均可作賓語。如：The little boy waitedhis motherto buy him hamburgers.這個(gè)小男孩想讓他媽媽給他買漢堡。有些動(dòng)詞需要兩個(gè)同等的賓語，即直接賓語和間接賓語。直接賓語一般指動(dòng)作的承受者，間接賓語指動(dòng)作所向的或所為的人或物（多指人）。后接雙賓語的動(dòng)詞有：answer, bring, buy, deny, do, fetch, find, get, give, hand, keep, leave, lend, make, offer, owe, pass, pay, play,

25、promise, read, refuse, save, sell, send, show, sing, take, teach, tell, throw, wish, write等。間接賓語一般于直接賓語連用，通常放在直接賓語之前。如：She made herson a birthday cake.她給她兒子做了一個(gè)生日蛋糕。They sentme a letter.他們給我寄了一封信。定語修飾名詞或代詞的句子成分?？梢宰龆ㄕZ的有名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、副詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、介詞短語、動(dòng)名詞、分詞短語及從句等。形容詞作定語放在名詞之前，副詞或副詞短語時(shí)常放在名詞后。如：What alovely

26、day!多好的日子??！I have a lot of workto do.我有許多工作要做。狀語用來修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞的句子成分稱為狀語。狀語用來說明時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、條件、原因、方式、程度、目的、結(jié)果等?？捎米鳡钫Z的有副詞、不定式短語、分詞短語、介詞短語及從句等。如：Hes waiting for mein front of the library.他在圖書館前面等我。They cameto seeme yesterday.他們昨天來看我了。一、句子種類練習(xí)：.句型轉(zhuǎn)換(按要求完成句子)1. Those children are students.(否定句,一般疑問句)2. We can se

27、e a lot of girls in the picture. (否定句,一般疑問句)3. They will go to England for a visit. (否定句,一般疑問句)4. The young men arent having a party. (肯定句,一般疑問句)5. She has been to Shanghai already. (否定句,一般疑問句)6. Dont be noisy, please. (用quiet改為肯定句,)7. Stand in front of the class. (否定句,反意疑問句)8. Both Mary and Tony ar

28、e good students. (否定句,一般疑問句)9. All the students in our class are going to visit the Science Museum. (否定句,一般疑問句)10. There is an English test on Friday. (反意疑問句)11. There will be a report on Chinese history tomorrow. (否定句,一般疑問句)12. Tom has his lunch in the school. (否定句,一般疑問句,反意疑問句)13. John does his hom

29、ework at home. (否定句,一般疑問句,反意疑問句)14. He saw the TV news yesterday evening. (否定句,一般疑問句,反意疑問句)15. I think you are right. (否定句,一般疑問句)16. This kind of car is made in Japan. (否定句,一般疑問句)17.Arthurruns fastest in his class.(就劃線部分提問)_ runs fastest in his class?18.Bob”spainting was put up on the wall of our sc

30、hool.(同上) _ painting was put up on the wall of our school?19.Chapter Oneis very difficult to learn. (同上) _ chapter is very difficult to learn?20. Marydoes her homeworkafter supper in the evening. (同上) _ _ Mary _ after supper in the evening?21. He has borrowedfour booksfrom the school library. (同上) _

31、 _ he borrowed from the school library?22. It took him30 minutesto get there. (同上) _ _ _ it take him to get there?23. My father isa teacherin the school. (同上) _ _ your father _ in the school?24. It will beWednesdaythe day after tomorrow. (同上) _ _ will it be the day after tomorrow?25. There areThree

32、thousandpeople in the factory. (同上) _ _ people _ _ in the factory?26. Lindas mother worksin a big hotel.(同上) _ _ Lindas mother work?27. They usually go to schoolby bus.(同上) _ _ they usually go to school?28. They couldnt pass the exambecause they didnt work hard.(同上) _ _ they pass the exam?29.He said

33、 something important at the meeting.（改為否定句,一般疑問句） He _ _ _ important at the meeting. _ he _ _ important at the meeting?30. I have to wash all the plates and things after meals.（劃線提問） _ _ you have to wash all the plates and things?31. The woman in the red coat is her mother.（劃線提問） _ _ is her mother?3

34、2. Li Ping spent twenty yuan on the dictionary.（劃線提問） _ _ _ Li Ping _ on the dictionary?33. Both of his parents are workers.（改成否定句） _ of his parents _ a worker.34. He went to the park with his sister.（劃線提問） _ _ _ he go to the park?35. We really enjoyed working on the farm.（劃線提問） What _ you really en

35、joy _?36. She writes to her parents once a week.（劃線提問） _ _ _ she write to her parents?37. Our P.E teacher has been at this school since he came.（劃線提問） _ _ _ our P.E teacher been at this school38.Its ten minutes walk from my home to the school.（對(duì)劃線部分提問）_ _is it from your home to the school?39. She is

36、 going to be a nurse in the future.(對(duì)劃線部分提問)_is she going to _in the future?40. Allan will go back to England by plane next month. .(對(duì)劃線部分提問)_ _ Allan go back to England next month.41. John went to see his grandmother once a week. .(對(duì)劃線部分提問)_ _ _ John go to see his grandmother?42. I have been to Bei

37、jing twice. .(對(duì)劃線部分提問)_ _ _ have you been to Beijing.43. The old man can hardly dress himself.(改為反意疑問句)The old man can hardly dress himself,_ _?44.Jim is ill. Lets go and see him after school. (改為反意疑問句)Jim is ill. Lets go and see him after school，_ _?45. I dont think his father knows English. (改為反意疑

38、問句)His father hardly knows English,_ _?46. He thinks his aunt is right. (改為反意疑問句)He thinks his aunt is right,_ _?47. Lindas just come back from America . (改為反意疑問句)Lindas just come back from America, _ _?48.It is cold today.(改寫成感嘆句)How _ it is today!49. She sings very well.(改寫成感嘆句)_ well she sings!50

39、. He speaks English fluently!(改寫成感嘆句)_ _ he speaks English!.單項(xiàng)選擇( )1、Few of them hurt themselves in the accident last night,_A. dont they B. didnt they C. did they D. do they( )2、-Youve never seen dinosaur eggs, have you ? -_. How I wish to visit the Dinosaur World. A. Yes, I have B. No, I havent C.

40、 Certainly, I have D. Of course, I havent( )3、His sister had a bad cough, _she?A. wasnt B. doesnt C. hadnt D. didnt( )4、Mr. Green went to Shenzhen on business last week,_?A. isnt he B. doesnt he C. didnt he D. hasnt he( )5、John can hardly understand any Chinese, _he?A. Cant B. doesnt C. can D. does(

41、 )6、Dont smoke in the meeting-room,_?A. do you B. will you C. can you D. could you( )7、Lucy, you clean the blackboard today,_A. do you B. did you C. will you D. can you( )8、Miss Cheng will never forget her first visit to Canada ,_?A. will she B. wont she C. isnt she d. wasnt she( )9、The lady couldnt

42、 say a word when she saw the snake,_?A. could the lady B. couldnt the lady C. could she D. couldnt she( )10、-_sweater is this? -I think its Peters.A. Who B. What C. Which D. Whose( )11、-_I go and meet you at the airport? -No ,thanks, dear . I can take a taxi home.A. Will B. Do C. Shall D. Should( )1

43、2、-_is the Confucian Temple(孔廟) from here? -Its about 10 minutes walk.A. How many B. How long C. How much D. How far( )13、-_may I keep these book? -two weeks.A. How often B. How far C. How long D. How soon( )14、Tina is unhappy now,_?A. isnt she B. is she C. is he D. did she( )15、-_you _TV at the mom

44、ent? -No ,you can turn it off.A. Did, watch B. Are ,watching C. Do ,watch D. Have , watched( )16、-_do you go to Hong Kong? -sorry , Ive never been there.A. How long B. How often C. How far D. How soon( )17、A: _you ever _ the Great Wall? B: Only once.A. Did ,go B. Have , been to C. Have ,gone to D. H

45、ave ,been in( )18、-You lent me some money a few months ago. -_? I dont remember lending you any money .A. Did I B. Did you C. Do I D. Do you( )19、-_is it from here to Yancheng Railway Station? -About two kilometers.A. How often B. How far C. How soon D. How long( )20、-Are you going to borrow a dictionary or a magazine? -_.A. Yes, a dictionary B. No, a magazine C. A dictionary D. Yes both( )21、My uncle has never been to a foreign country,_?A. has he B. does he C. hasnt he D. doesnt he( )22、There is some water in that bottle,