醫(yī)學英語寫作常用句型

1、醫(yī)學英語寫作常用句型材料與方法1. How to write the materials and methods section2. Follow the guidelines below for writing a good Materials and Methods section Write most of the section in the past tense. Organize it in chronological order. Construct subheadings that correspond to those to be used in the Results se

2、ction. Be precise and concise. Study Subjects Present inclusion and exlcusino criteria for selecting the subjects studied. Give details of all relevant characteristics of the study subjects and of any control subjects. Give details of informed consent procedures if human subjects are involved. Mater

3、ials Give exact technical specifications of the materials used. Do not use proprietary(專賣的，專利的) names unless the properties of a particular proprietary product were important to the experiment. Give the genus(種, 類), species and strain of any animals, plants, etc. used in the study. Methods Describe

4、what you did. Give sufficient detail to permit other research workers in the field to replicate your work. Describe statistical methods. Mention a well established method by name, or by giving an appropriate referenceRead the following example Materials and Methods section and familiarize yourself w

5、ith the layout: MethodsPatients Thirty-six consecutive patients underwent heart transplantation by the midatrial-cuff technique between August 1992 and June1993. Nine patients were not enrolled in the study; five patients had multiple medical limitations after prolonged hospitalization, and four pat

6、ients declined to participate. Within two weeks after transplantation, informed consent was obtained from the remaining 27 patients, who were randomly assigned (by selection of sealed envelopes) either to a group that participated in an exercise training program in an outpatient cardiac-rehabilitati

7、on setting (exercise group, 14 patients) or to a control group (13 patients). The control group received written guidelines for exercise but participated in no formal, supervised exercise sessions after discharge from the hospital。All the patients were treated with triple-drug immunosuppression incl

8、uding cyclosporine,( 環(huán)孢霉素) azathioprine(硝基)咪唑硫嘌呤), and prednisone. The dosage of prednisone was initially 1 mg per kilogram of body weight per day, given in divided doses, and was gradually decreased to 0.1mg per kilogram per day by six months after transplantation. Episodes of cardiac rejection wer

9、e treated with an oral bolus(大藥丸) dose of prednisone and then tapered(逐漸減少) doses and, for clinically severe rejection, with OKT3 murine monoclonal antibody (muromonab-CD3). Episodes of rejecitn and infection were recorded, and blood pressure, renal function, and weight gain evaluated in both groups

10、 of patients during the study. Cardiac function was assessed with echocardiography and right-heart catheterization at base line dn at a six-month follow-up examination. Exercise ProgramAt the time of entry into the structured, six-month program of rehabilitative exercise, patients in the exercise gr

11、oup were evaluated by a physical therapist for overall muscle strength, joint flexibility, and aerobic endurance. On the basis of these findings, a supervised program of exercise was developed by the therapist according to each patients specific needs. Strengthening exercises consisted primarily of

12、closed-chain resistive activities(e.g., bridging lifting of hips with knees flexed in a supine position, half-squats, and toe raises) and abdominal exercises (curl-ups and pelvic tilts). Flexibility exercises, which emphasized chest expansion and thoracic mobility, included side stretches, trunk twi

13、sts, scapula squeezes, and shoulder rolls. Aerobic exercises consisted of walking on a motorized treadmill or pedaling on a bicycle ergometer(Cybex, Ronkonkoma, N.Y.), as well as arm movemnts on an ergometer(Cybex). The duration and intensity of aerobic-exercise sessions were increased to meet the p

14、atients tolerance, with a goal of at least 30 minutes of continuous exercise at a moderate intensity.Patients initially visited the cardiac-rehabilitation clinic one to three weekly(some were unable to attend more than once each week because of transportation difficulties) and receive specific instr

15、uctions for exercising at home. The frequency of cardiac rehabilitation sessions was gradually reduced to one every two weeks as patients became more independently involved in their home exercise programs. Patients who had rejection were instructed not to exercise until a follow-up endomyocardial bi

16、opsy showed resolution of rejection, which usually required two weeks. .Measurements Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing All the patients underwent a cardiopulmonary exercise stress test that is routinely administered in our laboratory within one month after cardiac transplantation and again six months

17、 after transplantation. Cardiopulmonary exercise stress tests were conducted by bicycle ergometry. During testing, the electrocardiogram was monitored continuously and the blood pressure was measured regularly. For maximal cardiopulmonary exercise stress testing, the patient first cycled at 50 to 70

18、rpm with no workload for three minutes. Then the workload was incrementally increased by 10 W every minute until the patients ability to exercise became limited by symptoms. This point was taken as peak oxygen consumption (peak aerobic capacity).During exercise testing, expired gas was collected and

19、 analyzed with a gas analyzer (Medical Graphics System 2001, Kalamazoo, Mich). The cardiopulmonary exercise measurements permitted determination of peak oxygen consumption, workload, ventilatory equivalent for oxygen, exercise time, time to estimated threshold of lactic acidosis as determined by the

20、 V-slope method (the V slope is the point of a nonlinear increase in carbon dioxide production during exercise.), resting heart rate, peak heart rate, resting blood pressure, peak blood pressure, and minute ventilation. The primary end points of this study were the differences between the two groups

21、 of patients in the results of cardiopulmonary exercise stress testing at one month and six months after transplantation.Statistical AnalysisThe distribution of the patients characteristics, the results of cardiopulmonary exercise testing at base line, the changes in the cardiopulmonary exercise mea

22、surements between the base-line evaluation and the six-month follow-up, and postoperative characteristics were evaluated by means of prespecified analyses. The frequency distributions and mode were examined for all the categorical measures. For all the continuous measures, the mean; the 25, 50 75, a

23、nd 95 percent quantiles; the standard deviations; and the minimal and maximal values were examined. Fishers exact test was used for categorical measures, and the paired t-test was used for continuous measures. For all the tests a two-sided P value of less than 0.05 was considered to indicate statist

24、ical significance. 材料與方法動詞形式說明研究或?qū)嶒炛鞍l(fā)生的動作或情況，用過去完成時；表示過去以前一直進行的動作，用過去完成進行時。例如：受試者就座至少5分鐘后，由訓練有素的觀察者用標準水銀血壓計測量兩次血壓。 BP was measured twice by trained observers using a standard mercury sphygmomanometer after the subject had been seated for at least 5 minutes. 877例胃癌患者中，有9例原已確診為惡性貧血。 Among 877 patient

25、s with gastric cancer，pernicious anaemia had previously been diagnosed in 9. 12名兒童患者中有7名患者在進行膽囊切除術時年齡不足6歲。年齡最小的是一名9個月的男孩，在出生后不久便因十二指腸創(chuàng)傷一直接受全胃腸外營養(yǎng)。 Seven of the 12 children were less than 6 years of age at the time of cholecystectomy, and the youngest was a 9-month-old boy who had been receiving tota

26、l parenteral nutrition since shortly after birth after duodenal trauma.說明圖表內(nèi)容和數(shù)值表示法等，用一般現(xiàn)在時。 所有標本均在20下冷凍，用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附測定法測定o All samples has been frozen at20until tested by conventional ELISA -The abbreviation(s) is /are the same as that/those in Tab. 1. - Results are expressed as Mean SD -Data are given

27、as the mean number of monocytes per high power field standard deviation.材料與方法常用結(jié)構(gòu)表達選擇受試者的常見句型：入選的標準是.：InclusionEntry criteria were consisted of = Inclusion criteria: 5 to 15 years of age and diagnosis of ARF (=acute renal failure急性腎功能衰竭)confirmed by 2 or more rheumatologists (風濕病學家), sustained for a

28、t least 6 months and two or more visits. = The following inclusion/exclusion criteria were intended to allow entry of most patients with behavioral health problems and to ensure that the study sample was representative of the overall primary and medical care population.不得人選的標準包括.：Exclusion criteria

29、included Other exclusion criteria were only one visit to our Unit and/or follow-up shorter than 6 months. In the present study systematic random sampling was done to have a higher precision and children in the age group 24-47 months were included to study the coverage of booster(加強劑量) doses and the

30、MMR(=measles,mumps,rubella麻疹、腮腺炎、風疹) vaccine. 研究對象的選擇是根據(jù).：Selection was based on ；were selected based on = Selection was based on examination of postmortem specimens. = Children of age 24-47 months were selected using systematic random sampling.人選參加本研究的主要標準為.：The major criteria for inclusion in the

31、study were. = The major criteria for inclusion in the study were psychosocial(社會心理的) problems such as domestic violence.如果有以下任何一條不得參加本項研究： were excluded from the studyparticipationenrollment if they had any of the following All those children were excluded who had a history of an effective antibioti

32、c therapy within one week prior to admission in the hospital, a known allergy to penicillin, chloramphenicol 氯霉素), quinolones(喹諾酮類) or cephalosporins 頭孢菌素), and a history of immunization with typhoid vaccine. Because of missing data on several variables, 11 subjects were exclude from the analyses. .

33、因.被認為不適合：.were considered ineligible for.參加本項研究：.were entered into the study.選自.：wererecruited from. = Participants were recruited from four large primary care clinics of Group Health Cooperative (GHC), a group model health maintenance organization serving approximately 400,000 persons in Washington

34、 State.在.被選人參加研究：were enrolled atin. Three hundred forty-three patients scheduled for elective coronary artery bypass grafting were prospectively enrolled in the study and gave written informed consent. In the study participation, a total of 386 patients were enrolled in the randomized trial.從.隨機挑選.

35、參加研究：.were selected at random from表示研究對象分組.被隨機分成.： . were randomized into . ； . were randomly allocated to . = A self-administered questionnaire was mailed to a random sample of the National FINRISK Study, drawn from the general population aged 2564 years in three areas in Finland in 1992. = Interve

36、ntion Patients were randomly assigned to a 12 month collaborative care intervention (IMPACT) or usual care for depression. .被分成. ： . were divided into； .were grouped into . ； .were stratified into.，.were classified into = Joint features were divided into 5 patterns of presentation表示材料來源 .來自.：.was fr

37、om. .由.提供：.was provided by. .購自.:.was purchased from = All antibiotic disks were purchased from Sigma Company.是從獲得：.was obtained from = The study was approved by ethics committee of the faculty and written informed consent was obtained from patients parents. = We observed that 54.16% of H. Pylori is

38、olates obtained from 29 pediatric patients were resistant to metronidazole which is a high proportion. 由.贈送：.was donated by；was thea gift of from；was a donation from 用骨分析器(由夏威夷西門子奧斯汀公司生產(chǎn))：using Osteo Analyzers (Simens-Osteorn，Wahiwas，Hawaii) 人類免疫缺陷病毒的抗gp41小鼠單抗隆抗體(由華盛頓州西雅圖市遺傳所的KathyShriver博士贈送)：mouse

39、 monoclonal antibody to gp41 Of HIV(a gift from Dr Kathy Shriver，Genetic systems，Seattle，WA) 表示借鑒他人的實驗方法(被動態(tài)主句 + by/with/using/by using引出的狀語).用方法分離:was isolated by the procedure of.根據(jù).方法制備：.was prepared according to the method described by . = Two overlapping rf2a-hybridizing genomic clones were obt

40、ained by screening B73 libraries. Both libraries were constructed using the DASHII (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA) vector and were prepared by Pam Close and John Tossberg, respectively.按照以前介紹的方法進行.；.was carried out as previously described = Library screening conditions were as described by XU et al. 1997

41、. 用以前介紹的技術分離.：.was separated by the technique described previously用.方法測定：.was determined by.；.was measured with = Inflammatory activity was determined by ESR, CRP, and/or mucoprotein(黏蛋白) levels. = Cytokine(細胞活素) release and the responses of the immature lung are determined by allelic(等位基因的) differe

42、nces of the genes, creating a genetic susceptibility to BPD. = Cognitive function was measured with a battery of(一連串的) performance-based neuropsychological tests, reduced to a four-cognitive domain scores with factor analysis, and a self-report measure of cognitive difficulties.與.相似：.was similar to.

43、 = The change in HDRS scores (an interview based assessment) was significantly different between the two arms and though the magnitude of change in CESD scores (a self-report measure) was similar to the change in HDRS this change was not significantly different in the two arms. = We observed maximum

44、 MDRTF cases in the age group of 2 - 5 years (30.6%) which was similar to other studies.表示實驗標本制備從取標本：Samples of.were obtainedtaken from. = Reference values of C1r, C2, C5, C7, Properdin(備解素，裂解素), and factors D, H, and I and C3a and C5a have been determined in cord blood samples from healthy term new

45、borns.取作測定.的標本：Samples for.were obtainedtaken from.在.條件下收集.：was collectedharvested under.conditions用.固定.：was fixed with.用染色：.was stained with.被包埋在：.was embedded in和以前一樣(用以前介紹過的方法)制備的切片：Sections ofwere prepared as beforeas previously described在.超薄切片機上制作切片：Sections were cut on aultramicrotome被切成.厚的切片：

46、was sectioned at a thickness of；.was sliced into sections.在.中脫水：was dehydrated in表達稀釋、培養(yǎng)等 被稀釋到：was diluted to =The immunoprecipitates were diluted to 1 ml with 1% Triton X-100/immunoprecipitation buffer with/without iodoacetamide (510 mM) and divided into aliquots,用.在(溫度)保溫.小時：.was incubated with.at

47、.forhours = The cells were incubated at 37C in 5% CO2 for 3 days. = In some experiments, 0.1 ml of 2 mg/ml 6-19 mAb was incubated with 0.1 ml of various concentrations of non-cryogenic IgG3 mAb or PBS at 4C for 24 h.被種植在培養(yǎng)基中：.was grown in.medium 取出一份: An aliquot ofwas removed.被配制成懸浮液，濃度為：.was suspen

48、ded toat a concentration of被保存在(溫度)：was stored at表示年齡與性別在某一年齡，如45歲：a 45-year-old patient；a patient aged 45(years)；a patient 45 years of age；at the age of 45(years)；at age 45. 在某一年齡以上，如45歲以上：overabovemore than the age of 45 years；overmore than 45 years of age；45 years of age and over；45 years of age

49、or older；older than 45 years；aged over 45 years；aged 45 years and over 在某一年齡以下，如45歲以下：underbeforebelowless thanafter the age of 45(years)；45 years of age and under；45 years of age or less；less than 45 years；younger than 45-year-old 年齡范圍，如45與55歲之間：between the age of 45 and 55(years)； from 45 to 55 ye

50、ars of age；have an age range of 45 to 55 years；aged 45 to 55 years；range in age from 45 to 55 years 平均年齡，如：with a mean age of 453 years；in both age groups (mean.months)；with an average age of 45.4 years (range 2060) = The findings are based on analysis of data from 13,239 subjects, between 20 and 79

51、 years of age, who participated in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1988 to 1994. = In some part of the U.S. as many as half of all women under age 35 have an active case. Yet 99 out 100 women who are HPV-positive will never get cervical cancer. = The fact that cases were included only if they were younger than 15 years of age might have excluded some teenagers and lowered the mean age of the sample. = The mean age of the neonates studied was 10.794.68 days. 性別