《數(shù)字圖像處理雙語》教案-2017

1、安徽大學(xué)本科教學(xué)課程教案課程代碼：ZX36225課程名稱：數(shù)字圖像處理（雙語）授課專業(yè)：計算機科學(xué)與技術(shù)/網(wǎng)絡(luò)工程授課教師：鄭愛華職稱/學(xué)位：講師/博士開課時間：二 一六至二 一七 學(xué)年第2學(xué)期第1次課程教學(xué)方案周次第1周課時數(shù)2教學(xué)章節(jié)1Introduction1.1 What Is Digital Image Processing?1.2 The Origins of Digital Image Processing目標(biāo)要求1. 了解什么是數(shù)字圖像處理2. 了解數(shù)字圖像處理發(fā)展歷程重點難點1.了解數(shù)字圖像處理的過程和發(fā)展歷程教學(xué)方式 課堂講授 小組活動 實驗演示 難點答疑 提問 作業(yè)講評

2、實踐教學(xué) 考試測驗 其他活動媒體資源 文字教材 電子教案 錄像材料 錄音材料 直播課堂 CAI課件 IP課件 其他資源：課后作業(yè)板書設(shè)計Introduction（一） What Is Digital Image Processing?（二） The Origins of Digital Image Processing第1次教學(xué)活動設(shè)計教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)內(nèi)容設(shè)計與手段導(dǎo)入新課本次課是第一次課，主要介紹了數(shù)字圖像處理的相關(guān)概念，以及數(shù)字圖像處理的起源講授內(nèi)容1.1What is a digital image?What is a digital image?A digital image is a rep

3、resentation of a two-dimensional function, f(x, y) as a finite set of digital values, called picture elements or pixels. Where x and y are spatial (plane) coordinates, the amplitude of f at any pair of coordinates (x, y) is called the intensity or gray level of the image at that point.What is DIP: T

4、he field of digital image processing refers to processing digital images by means of a digital computer.Digital image processing focuses on two major tasksImprovement of pictorial information for human interpretationProcessing of image data for storage, transmission and representation for autonomous

5、 machine perception1.2 Origins of DIPEarly 1920s: One of the first applications of digital imaging was in the newspaper industry.Mid to late 1920s: Improvements to the Bartlane system resulted in higher quality images.1960s: Improvements in computing technology and the onset of the space race led to

6、 a surge of work in digital image processing.1970s: Digital image processing begins to be used in medical applications1980s - Today: The use of digital image processing techniques has exploded and they are now used for all kinds of tasks in all kinds of areas.歸納總結(jié)本次課是第一次課，主要介紹了數(shù)字圖像處理的相關(guān)概念，以及數(shù)字圖像處理的起

7、源歷史，讓學(xué)生對數(shù)字圖像處理有個宏觀的概念。第2次課程教學(xué)方案周次第2周課時數(shù)2教學(xué)章節(jié)1.3 Examples of Fields that Use Digital Image Processing1.3.1 Gamma-Ray Imaging1.3.2 X-ray Imaging1.3.3 Imaging in the Ultraviolet Band1.3.4 Imaging in the Visible and Infrared Bands1.3.5 Imaging in the Microwave Band1.3.6 Imaging in the Radio Band1.3.7 Ex

8、amples in which Other Imaging Modalities Are Used1.4 Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing1.5 Components of an Image Processing System 目標(biāo)要求1. 了解數(shù)字圖像處理的實例2. 掌握數(shù)字圖像處理的基本步驟3. 了解圖像處理系統(tǒng)的部件重點難點1. 掌握數(shù)字圖像處理的基本步驟教學(xué)方式 課堂講授 小組活動 實驗演示 難點答疑 提問 作業(yè)講評 實踐教學(xué) 考試測驗 其他活動媒體資源 文字教材 電子教案 錄像材料 錄音材料 直播課堂 CAI課件 IP課件 其

9、他資源：課后作業(yè)板書設(shè)計Examples of Fields that Use Digital Image Processing（一）Gamma-Ray Imaging（二）X-ray Imaging（三）Imaging in the Ultraviolet Band（四）Imaging in the Visible and Infrared Bands（五）Imaging in the Microwave Band（六）Imaging in the Radio Band（七）Examples in which Other Imaging Modalities Are UsedFundamen

10、tal Steps in Digital Image ProcessingComponents of an Image Processing System 第2次教學(xué)活動設(shè)計教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)內(nèi)容設(shè)計與手段導(dǎo)入新課上節(jié)課，主要介紹了數(shù)字圖像處理的相關(guān)概念，以及數(shù)字圖像處理的起源歷史，讓學(xué)生對數(shù)字圖像處理有個宏觀的概念。本次課主要介紹了數(shù)字圖像處理的幾個應(yīng)用實例：伽馬、X射線、紫外線和無線電等，此外，還介紹了數(shù)字圖像處理的基本步驟以及圖像處理系統(tǒng)的部件。講授內(nèi)容（一） Examples of Fields that Use Digital Image ProcessingGamma-Ray Imaging

11、Major uses of imaging based on gamma rays include nuclear medicine and astronomical observations. In nuclear medicine, the approach is to inject a patient with a radioactive isotope that emits gamma rays as it decays. Images are produced from the emissions collected by gamma ray detectors.（二） X-ray

12、Imaging X-rays are among the oldest sources of EM radiation used for imaging. The best known use of X-rays is medical diagnostics, but they also are used extensively in industry and other areas, like astronomy. X-rays for medical and industrial imaging are generated using an X-ray tube, which is a v

13、acuum tube with a cathode and anode. The cathode is heated, causing free electrons to be released. These electrons flow at high speed to the positively charged anode. When the electrons strike a nucleus, energy is released in the form of X-ray radiation. The energy (penetrating power) of the X-rays

14、is controlled by a voltage applied across the anode, and the number of X-rays is controlled by a current applied to the filament in the cathode.（三） Imaging in the Ultraviolet Band Applications of ultraviolet “l(fā)ight” are varied. They include lithography, industrial inspection, microscopy, lasers, bio

15、logical imaging, and astronomical observations. We illustrate imaging in this band with examples from microscopy and astronomy.（四） Imaging in the Visible and Infrared Bands Considering that the visual band of the electromagnetic spectrum is the most familiar in all our activities, it is not surprisi

16、ng that imaging in this band outweighs by far all the others in terms of scope of application. The infrared band often is used in conjunction with visual imaging, so we have grouped the visible and infrared bands in this section for the purpose of illustration. We consider in the following discussio

17、n applications in light microscopy, astronomy, remote sensing, industry, and law enforcement.（五） Imaging in the Microwave Band The dominant application of imaging in the microwave band is radar. The uniquefeature of imaging radar is its ability to collect data over virtually any region atany time, r

18、egardless of weather or ambient lighting conditions. Some radar waves can penetrate clouds, and under certain conditions can also see through vegetation, ice, and extremely dry sand. In many cases, radar is the only way to explore inaccessible regions of the Earths surface. An imaging radar works li

19、ke a flash camera in that it provides its own illumination (microwave pulses) to illuminate an area on the ground and take a snapshot image. Instead of a camera lens, a radar uses an antenna and digital computer processing to record its images. In a radar image, one can see only the microwave energy

20、 that was reflected back toward the radar antenna. （六） Imaging in the Radio BandAs in the case of imaging at the other end of the spectrum (gamma rays), the major applications of imaging in the radio band are in medicine and astronomy. In medicine radio waves are used in magnetic resonance imaging (

21、MRI). This technique places a patient in a powerful magnet and passes radio waves through his or her body in short pulses. Each pulse causes a responding pulse of radio waves to be emitted by the patients tissues. The location from which these signals originate and their strength are determined by a

22、 computer, which produces a two-dimensional picture of a section of the patient. MRI can produce pictures in any plane.（七） Examples in which Other Imaging Modalities Are UsedAlthough imaging in the electromagnetic spectrum is dominant by far, there are a number of other imaging modalities that also

23、are important. Specifically, we discuss in this section acoustic imaging, electron microscopy, and synthetic (computer-generated) imaging.1.3 Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing1.5 Components of an Image Processing SystemSensors Specialized image processing hardwareComputerSoftwareMass sto

24、rage Image displaysHardcopy devicesNetworking 歸納總結(jié)本次課主要介紹了數(shù)字圖像處理的幾個應(yīng)用實例：伽馬、X射線、紫外線和無線電等，此外，還介紹了數(shù)字圖像處理的基本步驟以及圖像處理系統(tǒng)的部件。第3次課程教學(xué)方案周次第3周課時數(shù)2教學(xué)章節(jié)2Digital Image Fundamentals2.1 Elements of Visual Perception2.1.1 Structure of the Human Eye2.1.2 Image Formation in the Eye2.1.3 Brightness Adaptation and Disc

25、rimination2.2 Light and the Electromagnetic Spectrum 目標(biāo)要求1. 了解數(shù)字圖像處理基礎(chǔ)2. 了解光合電磁波譜重點難點1.掌握數(shù)字圖像的基礎(chǔ)知識教學(xué)方式 課堂講授 小組活動 實驗演示 難點答疑 提問 作業(yè)講評 實踐教學(xué) 考試測驗 其他活動媒體資源 文字教材 電子教案 錄像材料 錄音材料 直播課堂 CAI課件 IP課件 其他資源：課后作業(yè)1. Although it is not shown in Fig. 2.10, alternating current certainly is part of the electromagnetic sp

26、ectrum. Commercial alternating current in the United States has a frequency of 60 Hz. What is the wavelength in kilometers of this component of the spectrum?2. A CCD camera chip of dimensions 7*7 mm, and having 1024*1024 elements, is focused on a square, flat area, located 0.5 m away. How many line

27、pairs per mm will this camera be able to resolve? The camera is equipped with a 35-mm lens. (Hint: Model the imaging process as in Fig. 2.3, with the focal length of the camera lens substituting for the focal length of the eye.)板書設(shè)計Digital Image FundamentalsElements of Visual Perception（一）Structure

28、of the Human Eye（二）Image Formation in the Eye（三）Brightness Adaptation and DiscriminationLight and the Electromagnetic Spectrum 第3次教學(xué)活動設(shè)計教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)內(nèi)容設(shè)計與手段導(dǎo)入新課上節(jié)課主要介紹了數(shù)字圖像處理的幾個應(yīng)用實例：伽馬、X射線、紫外線和無線電等，此外，還介紹了數(shù)字圖像處理的基本步驟以及圖像處理系統(tǒng)的部件。本節(jié)課主要介紹了視覺感知要素，包括：人眼的構(gòu)造，眼睛中圖像的形成和亮度適應(yīng)和鑒別，同時介紹了光和電磁波譜的相關(guān)概念。講授內(nèi)容2.1 Elements of Vis

29、ual Perception1.1.1 Structure of the human eyeThree membranes(膜): cornea and sclera:眼角膜和鞏膜 choroid：脈絡(luò)膜retina：視網(wǎng)膜2.1.2 Image Formation in the EyeThe principal difference between the lens of the eye and an ordinary optical lens is that the former is flexibleMuscles within the eye can be used to change

30、 the shape of the lens allowing us focus on objects that are near or far awayAn image is focused onto the retina causing rods and cones to become excited which ultimately send signals to the brain.2.1.3 Brightness adaptation and discriminationThe human visual system can perceive approximately 1010 d

31、ifferent light intensity levelsHowever, at any one time we can only discriminate between a much smaller number brightness adaptation Experimental evidence indicates that subjective brightness (intensity as perceived by the Human visual system) is a logarithmic function of the light intensity inciden

32、t on the eye.2.2 Light and Electromagnetic SpectrumThe colours that we perceive are determined by the nature of the light reflected from an object.For example, if white light is shone onto a green object most wavelengths are absorbed, while green light is reflected from the object.歸納總結(jié)本節(jié)課主要介紹了視覺感知要素

33、，包括：人眼的構(gòu)造，眼睛中圖像的形成和亮度適應(yīng)和鑒別，同時介紹了光和電磁波譜的相關(guān)概念。第4次課程教學(xué)方案周次第4周課時數(shù)2教學(xué)章節(jié)2.3 Image Sensing and Acquisition2.3.1 Image Acquisition Using a Single Sensor2.3.2 Image Acquisition Using Sensor Strips2.3.3 Image Acquisition Using Sensor Arrays2.3.4 A Simple Image Formation Model2.4 Image Sampling and Quantizatio

34、n2.4.1 Basic Concepts in Sampling and Quantization2.4.2 Representing Digital Images2.4.3 Spatial and Gray-Level Resolution目標(biāo)要求1. 掌握圖像感知和獲取的相關(guān)知識2. 掌握圖像取樣和量化的相關(guān)知識重點難點1. 掌握圖像取樣和量化的相關(guān)知識教學(xué)方式 課堂講授 小組活動 實驗演示 難點答疑 提問 作業(yè)講評 實踐教學(xué) 考試測驗 其他活動媒體資源 文字教材 電子教案 錄像材料 錄音材料 直播課堂 CAI課件 IP課件 其他資源：課后作業(yè)1. An automobile manuf

35、acturer is automating the placement of certain components on the bumpers of a limited-edition line of sports cars. The components are color coordinated, so the robots need to know the color of each car in order to select the appropriate bumper component. Models come in only four colors: blue, green,

36、 red, and white. You are hired to propose a solution based on imaging. How would you solve the problem of automatically determining the color of each car, keeping in mind that cost is the most important consideration in your choice of components?2. Suppose that a flat area with center at is illumina

37、ted by a light source with intensity distributioni(x, y) = Ke-CAx - x0B2 + Ay - y0B2D.Assume for simplicity that the reflectance of the area is constant and equal to 1.0, and let K=255. If the resulting image is digitized with k bits of intensity resolution, and the eye can detect an abrupt change o

38、f eight shades of intensity between adjacent pixels, what value of k will cause visible false contouring?板書設(shè)計Image Sensing and Acquisition（一）Image Acquisition Using a Single Sensor（二）Image Acquisition Using Sensor Strips（三）Image Acquisition Using Sensor Arrays（四）A Simple Image Formation ModelImage S

39、ampling and QuantizationBasic Concepts in Sampling and Quantization（一）Representing Digital Images（二）Spatial and Gray-Level Resolution第4次教學(xué)活動設(shè)計教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)內(nèi)容設(shè)計與手段導(dǎo)入新課上節(jié)課主要介紹了視覺感知要素，包括：人眼的構(gòu)造，眼睛中圖像的形成和亮度適應(yīng)和鑒別，同時介紹了光和電磁波譜的相關(guān)概念。本節(jié)課：主要介紹圖像感知和獲取的過程，包括：單個傳感器、帶狀傳感器、傳感器陣列以及簡單的圖像形成模型，接著，介紹了圖像取樣和量化的過程，講述了相關(guān)概念和表示方法。講授內(nèi)容

40、2.3 Image Sensing and Acquisition2.3.1 Image Acquisition Using a Single Sensor Single sensor Inexpensive but slow Rotation1.3.2 Image Acquisition Using Sensor Strips 4000 sensors CAT, MRI Flat bed Linear motion Sensor ring, 3D2.3.3 Image Acquisition Using Sensor Arrays 4000*4000 sensors no motion ty

41、pical example: CCD (Charge Coupled Device)2.3.4 A Simple Image Formation ModelMost of the images in which we are interested in this book are monochromatic images, whose values are said to span the gray scale, as discussed in Section 2.2. When an image is generated from a physical process, its values

42、 are proportional to energy radiated by a physical source(e.g., electromagnetic waves).As a consequence, f(x, y) must be nonzero and finite; that is, Appropriately, these are called the illumination and reflectance components and are denoted by i(x, y) and r(x, y), respectively. The two functions co

43、mbine as a product to form f(x, y): 2.4 Image Sampling and Quantization2.4.1 Basic Concepts in Sampling and QuantizationOur objective in all: to generate digital images from sensed data. To create a digital image, we need to convert the continuous sensed data into digital form. This involves two pro

44、cesses:sampling：Digitizing the coordinate valuesquantization：Digitizing the amplitude values 2.4.2 Representing Digital ImagesThe result of sampling and quantization is a matrix of real numbers. Assume that an image f(x, y) is sampled so that the resulting digital image has M rows and N columns.2.4.

45、3 Spatial and Gray-Level ResolutionSampling is the principal factor determining the spatial resolution of an image. Spatial resolution is the smallest discernible detail in an image.Gray-level resolution similarly refers to the smallest discernible change in gray level. the number of gray levels is

46、usually an integer power of 2, eg.: 8 bits, 16 bits it is not uncommon to refer to an L-level digital image of size M*N as having a spatial resolution of M*N pixels and a gray-level resolution of L levels. We will use this terminology from time to time in subsequent discussions.歸納總結(jié)本次課主要介紹圖像感知和獲取的過程

47、，包括：單個傳感器、帶狀傳感器、傳感器陣列以及簡單的圖像形成模型，接著，介紹了圖像取樣和量化的過程，講述了相關(guān)概念和表示方法。第5次課程教學(xué)方案周次第5周課時數(shù)2教學(xué)章節(jié)2.4.5 Zooming and Shrinking Digital Images2.5 Some Basic Relationships Between Pixels2.5.1 Neighbors of a Pixel2.5.2 Adjacency, Connectivity, Regions, and Boundaries2.5.3 Distance Measures2.5.4 Image Operations on a

48、 Pixel Basis2.6 Linear and Nonlinear Operations目標(biāo)要求1. 了解放大和縮小數(shù)字圖像2. 掌握像素之間的基本關(guān)系3. 了解線性和非線性操作重點難點1. 掌握像素之間的基本關(guān)系教學(xué)方式 課堂講授 小組活動 實驗演示 難點答疑 提問 作業(yè)講評 實踐教學(xué) 考試測驗 其他活動媒體資源 文字教材 電子教案 錄像材料 錄音材料 直播課堂 CAI課件 IP課件 其他資源：課后作業(yè)1. A common measure of transmission for digital data is the baud rate, defined as the number

49、of bits transmitted per second. Generally, transmission is accomplished in packets consisting of a start bit, a byte (8 bits) of information, and a stop bit. Using these facts, answer the following:(a) How many minutes would it take to transmit a 1024*1024 image with 256gray levels using a 56K baud

50、modem?(b) What would the time be at 750K baud, a representative speed of a phone2. Develop an algorithm for converting a one-pixel-thick 8-path to a 4-path.Develop an algorithm for converting a one-pixel-thick m-path to a 4-path.板書設(shè)計（一）Zooming and Shrinking Digital ImagesSome Basic Relationships Bet

51、ween Pixels（一）Neighbors of a Pixel（二）Adjacency, Connectivity, Regions, and Boundaries（三）Distance Measures（四）Image Operations on a Pixel BasisLinear and Nonlinear Operations 第5次教學(xué)活動設(shè)計教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)內(nèi)容設(shè)計與手段導(dǎo)入新課上次課主要介紹圖像感知和獲取的過程，包括：單個傳感器、帶狀傳感器、傳感器陣列以及簡單的圖像形成模型，接著，介紹了圖像取樣和量化的過程，講述了相關(guān)概念和表示方法。本次課主要介紹像素之間的一些基本關(guān)系：相鄰、鄰

52、接性、連通性、區(qū)域和邊界，以及距離度量和基于像素的圖像操作。講授內(nèi)容1.4.5 Zooming and Shrinking Digital ImagesZooming : oversamplingShrinking : underdampingZooming requires two steps: creation of new pixel locationsassignment of gray levels to those new locations2.5 Some Basic Relationships Between Pixels2.5.1 Neighbors of a Pixel4-

53、neighbors：A pixel p at coordinates (x, y) has four horizontal and vertical neighbors whose coordinates are given by (x+1, y), (x-1, y), (x, y+1), (x, y-1). This set of pixels, called the 4-neighbors of p.8-neighbors:The four diagonal neighbors of p have coordinates:(x+1, y+1), (x+1, y-1), (x-1, y+1)

54、, (x-1, y-1) are denoted by（diagonal neighbors） These points, together with the 4-neighbors, are called the 8-neighbors of p.2.5.2 Adjacency, Connectivity, Regions, and BoundariesConnectivity ：Two pixels are connected if they are neighbors and their gray levels satisfy some specified criterion of similarity.Adjacency：V : set of gray levels values to define adjacency. 4-adjacency: Two pixels p and q with values from V are 4