英語二學(xué)歷語言學(xué)的課件03Phonetics

1、 phonetics-chapter threecontentsi. definition of phonetics;ii. international phonetic alphabet;iii. branches of phonetics;iv. articulatory phonetics. 語音學(xué)就是對(duì)在所有人類語言或語音學(xué)就是對(duì)在所有人類語言或某種語言中用來表意的語音的科學(xué)研某種語言中用來表意的語音的科學(xué)研究。究。i. definition of phonetics phonetics is the scientific study of speech sounds which ar

2、e used by all human languages or by a particular language to represent meanings.ii. international phonetic alphabet2.1 what is it?;2.2 why do we use it?;2.3 how do we use it?.10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅5國(guó)際音標(biāo)字母表國(guó)際音標(biāo)字母表2.1 what is it? international phonetic alphabet (shortened as ipa) is the phonetic alphab

3、et designed by the international phonetic association (also shortened as ipa) in 1888 to be used to represent the sounds found in all human languages.10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅62.2 why do we use it?the first reason is that there is usually a discrepancy between pronunciation and spelling of many language

4、s;the second reason is that we need an orthography as far as linguistic study is concerned.10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅72.3 how do we use it?broad phonetic transcription: is that which only transcribes the sounds that contrast words in meaning without providing any details, e.g. pen;narrow phonetic transcr

5、iption: is that which not only transcribes the sounds that contrast words in meaning but also provides the details by using diacritics, e.g. ph.寬式標(biāo)音法寬式標(biāo)音法嚴(yán)式標(biāo)音法嚴(yán)式標(biāo)音法.10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅8diacritics （變音符）（變音符） are the additional markings on written symbols to specify various phonetic properties such

6、as length, tone, stress, nasalization, etc. examples are i:, , , and , etc.10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅9broad /narrow transcription寬式和嚴(yán)式標(biāo)音 when we use a simple set of symbols in our transcription, it is called a broad transcription. the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred

7、to as a narrow transcription. both are phonetic transcriptions so we put both forms in square brackets .10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅10common phonemic rulesaspiration hunreleased stop flap dental consonants velarization voicelessness vowel lengthening ?vowel nasalization 10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅11iii. branches

8、 of phoneticsarticulatory phoneticsacoustic phoneticsauditory phonetics10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅13articulatory phonetics（發(fā)音語音學(xué)）: is the study of the way in which speech sounds are made by the vocal organs;acoustic phonetics（聲學(xué)語音學(xué)）: is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds as transmitted

9、between mouth and ear;auditory phonetics（聽覺語音學(xué)）: is the study of the perceptual response to speech sounds as mediated by ear, auditory nerve and brain.10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅14iv. articulatory phonetics4.1 articulatory organs;4.2 english consonants;4.3 english vowels;4.4 natural classes of sounds;4.5

10、binary feature description of sounds.10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅15oral cavity（口腔）pharynx（咽）larynx（喉）（喉）vocal cords & glottisnasal cavity（鼻腔）the four cavities10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅1610. larynx（喉）（喉）the speech organs1. lips（唇）（唇）2. teeth（齒）（齒）3. alveolar ridge（齒齦）（齒齦）7. tip of the tongue（舌尖）（舌尖）4. palate（硬腭）

11、（硬腭）8. blade of the tongue（舌面）（舌面）9. back of the tongue（舌背）（舌背）11. pharynx（咽）（咽）12. nasal cavity （鼻腔）（鼻腔）.5. velum（軟腭）（軟腭）6. uvula（小舌）（小舌）.10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅17anatomy of the vocal tract 10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅1810/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅19anatomy of the larynx10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅20vocal cords and glott

12、is聲帶聲帶聲門聲門10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅21speech production levelsrespiration (sub-glottal activity)how do we control our breathing to help our speech communication?phonation (glottal/laryngeal activity)how do we control our vocal-folds to help our speech communication?articulation (supra-glottal activity)ho

13、w do we control our articulators to help our speech communication?10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅22english phonemesenglish consonantsenglish vowels there are 24 english consonants.there are 20 english vowels.10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅234.2 english consonants4.2.1 definition;4.2.2 subdivisions;4.2.3 some other issu

14、es.10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅24 輔音輔音就是發(fā)音過程中聲道閉塞就是發(fā)音過程中聲道閉塞或變窄，氣流或被完全阻塞或受阻到或變窄，氣流或被完全阻塞或受阻到產(chǎn)生可聞摩擦的程度時(shí)發(fā)出的音。產(chǎn)生可聞摩擦的程度時(shí)發(fā)出的音。4.2.1 definitiona consonant is a speech sound made by a closure or narrowing in the vocal tract so that the airflow is either completely blocked, or so restricted that audible friction

15、is produced.10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅254.2.2 subdivisions4.2.2.1 places of articulation（發(fā)音部（發(fā)音部位）位）:it means the part of the vocal tract at which the airstream is constricted, obstructed or blocked;table10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅26place where sounds are produced10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅274.2.2.2 manners of artic

16、ulation（發(fā)音方（發(fā)音方式）式）:it means the way the airstream is obstructed as it travels through the vocal tract.10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅284.2.2.1 places of articulationbilabials（雙唇音）（雙唇音）: p b m w;labiodentals（唇齒音）（唇齒音）: f v;interdentals（齒間音）（齒間音）: ;alveolars（齒齦音）（齒齦音）: t d n s z l r;palatals（硬腭音）（硬腭音）: j;velar

17、s（軟腭音）（軟腭音）: k g ; glottal（聲門音）（聲門音）: h.10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅294.2.2.2 manners of articulationstops（爆破音）: oral stops: p b t d k g;nasal stops: m n ;fricatives（摩擦音）: f v s z h ;affricates（破擦音）: ;liquids（流音）: l r;glides（滑音）: j w;voiceless vs. voiced sounds （清/濁音）.stops are the sounds in which the airf

18、low is briefly but completely stopped in the oral cavity. fricatives are the sounds produced with so narrow a constriction in the vocal tract as to create sound through friction.affricates are the sounds produced by a stop closure followed immediately by a slow release characteristic of a fricative.

19、liquids are all of the apico-alveolar sounds that release the airstream from one or both sides of the mouth. glides are sounds produced with little or no obstruction of the airstream that is always preceded or followed by a vowel.voiceless sounds are those produced with open, non-vibrating vocal cor

20、ds; while voiced sounds with vibrating vocal cords.10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅30manners of articulation( median) approximant (中）通音中）通音: an articulation in which one articulator is close to another, but without the vocal tract being narrowed to such an extent that a turbulent airstream is produced. i.e. w,

21、 r, j lateral ( approximant)邊（通）音邊（通）音: obstruction of the airstream at a point along the center of the oral tract, with incomplete closure between one or both sides of the tongue and the roof of the mouth, such as l in english.10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅31table of english consonants placesmannersstopsfri

22、cativesaffricatesliquidsglidesoralnasalbilabials ppbbmmwwlabiodentalsffvvinterdentals alveolarsttddnnsszzl rl rpalatals j j velarskkgg glottalhhvoiceless bilabial stopvoiced bilabial stopvoiceless alveolar stopvoiced alveolar stopvoiceless velar stopvoiced velar stop bilabial nasal alveolar nasal ve

23、lar nasal voiceless labiodental fricative voiced labiodental fricative voiceless interdental fricative voiced interdental fricative voiceless alveolar fricative voiced alveolar fricative voiceless palatal fricative voiced palatal fricativeglottal fricative voiceless palatal affricate voiced palatal

24、affricate lateral （旁流音）（旁流音） retroflex （卷舌音）（卷舌音） bilabial glide palatal glide.10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅3210/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅3310/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅34the pronunciation of /p/ and /b/10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅35the pronunciation of /t/ and /d/10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅36the pronunciation of /k/ and /g/10/20/2021

25、哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅3710/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅38allophonic variations of /p/allophoneoccurrence exampleph aspirated release in initial word and stressed positionspokep- unreleased in word final position top tenp unaspirated release in clusters, esp. after /s/ spotp: lengthening, when arresting /p/ is followed b

26、y a releasing /p/ stop pete.p nasal release, before a syllabic nasalstop him.10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅39allophonic variations of /b/allophoneoccurrence exampleb- unreleased in word final position robb: lengthened when arresting /b/ is followed by a releasing /b/ rob bobb nasal resonance, before a syllab

27、ic nasal rob him.10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅40allophonic variations of /t/allophoneoccurrence exampleth aspirated release in initial word and stressed positionstapet- unreleased in word final position coat hangert unaspirated release in clusters, esp. after /s/ stopt: lengthening, when arresting /t/ is fo

28、llowed by a releasing /t/get ten.t nasal release, before a syllabic nasalbutton t dentalized before /eighth flapped, intervocalicallyletter glottal stop, before syllabic n or lbutton, battle10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅41allophonic variations of /d/allophoneoccurrence example d dentalized before an interden

29、tal widthd- unreleased in word final position lead glass dl bilateral release with /l/ middled: lengthened when arresting /d/ is followed by a releasing /d/ sad daved nasal release, before a syllabic nasal bread and butter10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅42allophonic variations of /k/allophoneoccurrence example

30、kh aspirated release in initial word and stressed positionskeepk- unreleased in word final position take minek unaspirated release in clusters, esp. after /s/ skyk: lengthening, when arresting /k/ is followed by releasing /k/take kim.k nasal release, before a syllabic nasalbeaconklbilateral release

31、with /l/clockc or kassimilated to a front vowelkeen glottal stop, before syllabic n baconkw rounded, before a rounded soundquarter10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅43allophonic variations of /g/allophoneoccurrence exampleg- unreleased in word final position and some clusters flag g: lengthened when arresting /g/

32、 is followed by a releasing /g/ big grapesgl bilateral release with /l/ gladg nasal release, before a syllabic nasal pig and goatg assimilated to a front vowel geesegw rounded, before a rounded sound goose10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅4410/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅4510/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅46labiodental (唇齒音): /f/ /v/

33、dental (齒音): / / side view for the articulation of /f/ /v/ / / 10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅4710/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅4810/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅49alveolar (齒槽音): /s/ /z/postalveolar (后齦音): / / side view for the articulation of /s/ /z/ / / 10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅5010/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅51 postalveolar (后齦音): /t/ /d/

34、side view for the articulation of /t/ /d/postalveolar (后齦音后齦音): / / 10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅5210/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅53allophonic variations of /m/syllabic: somethinglengthened, when an arresting /m/ is followed by a releasing /m/: some morethe labiodnetal nasal, when followed by /f/: comfort10/20/2021哈爾

35、濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅5410/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅5510/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅56allophonic variations of /n/dentalized before a labiodental /f/ or /v/: invitevelarized before /k/ or /: thinksyllabic: buttonlengthening, when /n/ arrests and releases adjoining syllables: ten names10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅5710/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅

36、58allophonic variations of /r/devoiced as in voiceless clusters: treatthe one-tap flap /r/: verythe retroflexed /r/: rightthe back /r/, before or after /k/ or /: crate grey10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅5910/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅6010/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅61allophonic variations of /l/syllabic: bottleclear-l, made w

37、ith the tongue in the classical fronted position: leasedark-l, (the tongue tip and blade in the post alveolar position): calldevoiced in consonant clusters with voiceless stops: playthe post-palatal, or velar /l/: milk10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅6210/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅6310/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅64vowel diagram

38、 for /j/ vowel diagram for /w/ 10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅6510/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅6610/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅674.2.3 some other issuesmore about stops:plosives - another name for oral stops;a glottal stop as in latin ln, or bottom bm in american english;more about glides:a voiceless labiovelar glide (hw) as in

39、 which i in american english;10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅68more about retroflex: a flap （閃音）（閃音）r as in very in british english;approximants （無摩擦連續(xù)音）（無摩擦連續(xù)音）:a covering term for liquids, glides and vowels./w/, /r/, /j/ - they are called approximants because this is an articulation in which the articulators

40、 approach each other but do not get sufficiently close to each other to produce a complete consonant such as a stop, nasal or fricative.10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅694.3 english vowels4.3.1 definition;4.3.2 subdivision:4.3.2.1 criteria of vowel description;4.3.2.2 the theory of cardinal vowels;4.3.2.3 desc

41、ription of monophthongs;4.3.2.4 description of diphthongs.10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅70 元音元音是口腔內(nèi)沒有完全閉塞或是口腔內(nèi)沒有完全閉塞或收窄程度不足以產(chǎn)生可聞摩擦?xí)r發(fā)收窄程度不足以產(chǎn)生可聞摩擦?xí)r發(fā)出的音。出的音。4.3.1 definitiona vowel is a speech sound articulated without a complete closure in the mouth or a degree of narrowing which would produce audible frictio

42、n.10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅714.3.2.1 criteria of vowel descriptionthe vertical position of the tongue:high（高）（高）, mid（中）（中）, low（低）（低）;the horizontal position of the tongue:front（前）（前）, center（央）（央）, back（后）（后）;the shape of the two lips:rounded（圓唇）（圓唇）, unrounded（非圓唇）（非圓唇）;the tenseness of the muscles i

43、nvolved:tense（緊）（緊）, lax（松）（松）.10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅72vowels vowels monophthongs semi-vowel vowel glides diphthongs triphthongs10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅73features of vowelsfunctionally, vowels are the basis of syllables. physically, vowels are musical. articulatorily, for vowels, airstream is not obstru

44、cted, and speech organs are tense. 10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅7410/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅75general british & general americangbga kit, ship, bridge, milk, myth, busy dress, step, neck, edge, shelf, friend trap, tap, back, badge, hand, cancel lot, stop, sock, possible, quality truck, cup, suck, budge, pulse, t

45、runk foot, put, bush, full, good, look, wolf : bath, staff, brass, ask, dance, calf cloth, cough, broth, cross, long : rnurse, hurt, lurk, burst, jerk, term i:ifleece, speak, leave, feel, key, people 10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅76gbgae e face, tape, cake, raid, veil, steak, : palm, psalm, father, bra, spa,

46、 larger : thought, taught, sauce, jaw, broad o goat, soap, joke, home, know, so u:ugoose, loop, shoot, tomb, huge, view a a price, ripe, write, arrive, try, buy choice, avoid, noise, join, toy, royal a a mouth, out, house, loud, crowd, cow (rnear, beer, sincere, fear, beard e e (rsquare, care, fair,

47、 pear, scarce, vary : (rstart, far, bark, carve, farm, heart : (rnorth, for, short, scorch, born, warm : o(rforce, four, sport, porch, borne, story (r cure, poor, tourist, pure, plural, jury 10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅77 基本元音基本元音是由英國(guó)語音學(xué)家是由英國(guó)語音學(xué)家d 瓊斯瓊斯（1881-1967）設(shè)計(jì)發(fā)明的。它是一套標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的）設(shè)計(jì)發(fā)明的。它是一套標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的參照點(diǎn)，為人們提供了一種精確地描寫

48、語言參照點(diǎn)，為人們提供了一種精確地描寫語言里元音的方法。里元音的方法。4.3.2.2 the theory of cardinal vowelscardinal vowels are a set of standard reference points, devised by the british phonetician daniel jones (1881-1967), to provide a precise means of identifying of vowel sounds of a language.cardinal vowel diagram10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué)

49、 張旭紅78cardinal vowelsa set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined, fixed and unchanging, intended to provide a frame of reference for the description of the actual vowels of existing languages. daniel jones (1962) outline of english phonetics10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅79(daniel jones 1881-1967)英國(guó)杰出的語音學(xué)家。他

50、出生于倫敦，英國(guó)杰出的語音學(xué)家。他出生于倫敦，1903年獲得劍橋數(shù)學(xué)專業(yè)學(xué)位。其父是年獲得劍橋數(shù)學(xué)專業(yè)學(xué)位。其父是律師，他于律師，他于1907年也一度操此業(yè)。年也一度操此業(yè)。1898年，他到倫敦一所古安法學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)法語，年，他到倫敦一所古安法學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)法語，發(fā)現(xiàn)自己學(xué)語言很在行。發(fā)現(xiàn)自己學(xué)語言很在行。1900年他在菲埃托家鄉(xiāng)的一所語言學(xué)校學(xué)了一個(gè)月德年他在菲埃托家鄉(xiāng)的一所語言學(xué)校學(xué)了一個(gè)月德語，首次接觸到外語教學(xué)的語音法。他通過校長(zhǎng)的介紹認(rèn)識(shí)了帕西，在語，首次接觸到外語教學(xué)的語音法。他通過校長(zhǎng)的介紹認(rèn)識(shí)了帕西，在1905-1906年從師帕西學(xué)習(xí)語音學(xué)。年從師帕西學(xué)習(xí)語音學(xué)。1906年他學(xué)成回國(guó)，說

51、服倫敦大學(xué)讓他開設(shè)法語年他學(xué)成回國(guó)，說服倫敦大學(xué)讓他開設(shè)法語語音講座。這為當(dāng)?shù)嘏嘤?xùn)外語教師發(fā)揮了作用。講座辦得很成功。他繼續(xù)干下語音講座。這為當(dāng)?shù)嘏嘤?xùn)外語教師發(fā)揮了作用。講座辦得很成功。他繼續(xù)干下去，直至辦起了語音學(xué)系并親自任教。去，直至辦起了語音學(xué)系并親自任教。瓊斯是個(gè)實(shí)踐語音學(xué)家，他提倡在外語教學(xué)中采用語音學(xué)方法。他寫過關(guān)于多瓊斯是個(gè)實(shí)踐語音學(xué)家，他提倡在外語教學(xué)中采用語音學(xué)方法。他寫過關(guān)于多種語言的語音專著，其中包括俄語、印地語、錫蘭語和漢語粵方言。他提出種語言的語音專著，其中包括俄語、印地語、錫蘭語和漢語粵方言。他提出“基準(zhǔn)元音基準(zhǔn)元音”的概念，首次借助的概念，首次借助“元音四邊形元音

52、四邊形”圖示精確而系統(tǒng)地對(duì)元音加以圖示精確而系統(tǒng)地對(duì)元音加以描述。他認(rèn)為音位由有關(guān)系的一族語音構(gòu)成。他只承認(rèn)元音、輔音是音位，不描述。他認(rèn)為音位由有關(guān)系的一族語音構(gòu)成。他只承認(rèn)元音、輔音是音位，不承認(rèn)重音、語調(diào)是音位。他的主要著作有承認(rèn)重音、語調(diào)是音位。他的主要著作有英語語音英語語音、英語語音學(xué)綱要英語語音學(xué)綱要、英語正音詞典英語正音詞典、音位的性質(zhì)和功用音位的性質(zhì)和功用、莎士比亞原著讀音莎士比亞原著讀音、喬叟喬叟讀音片段讀音片段、拼音改革的語音方面拼音改革的語音方面。他長(zhǎng)期擔(dān)任國(guó)際語音協(xié)會(huì)會(huì)刊。他長(zhǎng)期擔(dān)任國(guó)際語音協(xié)會(huì)會(huì)刊語音語音教師教師的編輯，曾任協(xié)會(huì)的助理秘書、秘書和主席。從的編輯，曾任協(xié)

53、會(huì)的助理秘書、秘書和主席。從1926年年bbc設(shè)立英語口設(shè)立英語口語顧問委員會(huì)時(shí)起，他一直任該會(huì)委員。他又是簡(jiǎn)化拼法學(xué)會(huì)會(huì)員，語顧問委員會(huì)時(shí)起，他一直任該會(huì)委員。他又是簡(jiǎn)化拼法學(xué)會(huì)會(huì)員，1946年但年但任主席并致力于英語拼字法改革。他為多種語言創(chuàng)設(shè)了拼音文字，其中有拼寫任主席并致力于英語拼字法改革。他為多種語言創(chuàng)設(shè)了拼音文字，其中有拼寫非洲語言的統(tǒng)一記音方案。非洲語言的統(tǒng)一記音方案。10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅8010/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅81cardinal vowel diagramcv1 icv2 ecv3 cv4 acv5 cv6 cv7 o cv8 uf

54、rontcenterbackhighmid-highmid-lowlowcv9 ycv10 cv11 cv12 cv13 cv14 cv15 cv16 cv18 cv17 10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅8210/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅83black: ipared: english10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅84monophthong純?cè)艋騿卧魐s. vowel glides.元音音渡languages also frequently make use of a distinction between vowels where the quality

55、 remains constant throughout the articulation and those where there is an audible change of quality. the former are known as pure or monophthong vowels and the latter, vowel glides.10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅85diphthongs雙元音if a single movement of the tongue is involved, the glides are called diphthongs. d

56、iphthongal glides in english can be heard in such words as way we, tide tad, how ha, toy t, and toe t.10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅86triphthong 三重元音a double movement produces a triphthong, which is a glide from one vowel to another and then to a third, all produced rapidly and without interruption. they are

57、 really diphthongs followed by the schwa , found in english words like wire wa and tower ta.10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅8710/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅8810/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅8910/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅90frontcentralbackhigh/closemid-high/half-closemid-low/half-openlow/open10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅91 i:e u: i : high mid-hi

58、gh mid-low lowfrontcentralbackvowel charts: english pure vowels: 10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅9210/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅9310/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅94tongue positions for english front and central vowels (unrounded):10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅95/ hit bit pit10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅96/ bet set head10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅97/ ba

59、t pat fat10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅98/:/ bird her fur10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅99/ about aware flower 10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅10010/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅101/:/ fool food pool10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅102/ foot look should10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅103/:/ port taught court10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅104/ box cot not 10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué)

60、 張旭紅105/ cut hut duck 10/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅10610/20/2021哈爾濱師范大學(xué) 張旭紅1074.3.2.3 description of monophthongsdefinition:a monophthong (or pure vowel) is a vowel where there is no detectable change in quality during a syllable; 單元音單元音（或純?cè)簦┦窃谝簦ɑ蚣冊(cè)簦┦窃谝艄?jié)內(nèi)音質(zhì)沒有可察覺變化的元音。節(jié)內(nèi)音質(zhì)沒有可察覺變化的元音。vertically:high: i: i u