正反解讀定語從句

1、 正反解讀定語從句 高考鏈接 12012江西卷 By 16：30, _ was almost closing time, nearly all the paintings had been sold. Awhich Bwhen Cwhat Dthat 解析 A本題考查非限制性定語從句。which代替先行詞16：30，在從句中作主語。B項(xiàng)不能作主語；C項(xiàng)不能引導(dǎo)定語從句；D項(xiàng)不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。22012安徽卷 A lot of language learning, _ has been discovered, is happening in the first year of life,

2、 so parents should talk much to their children during that period. A. as B. it C. which D. this 解析 A考查定語從句。as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，用來指代整個(gè)主句(即先行句)，意思是“正如”。 which也引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，但是沒有“正如”的意思。32012重慶卷 Sales director is a position _ communication ability is just as important as sales skills. Awhich Bthat Cwhen Dwhere 解

3、析 D本題考查定語從句。先行詞position在定語從句中作狀語，可以把定語從句改為 communication ability is just as important as sales skills in the position。in the position即可改為where或in which引導(dǎo)的定語從句。42012江蘇卷 After the flooding, people were suffering in that area, _ urgently needed clean water，medicine and shelter to survive. Awhich Bwho C

4、where Dwhat 解析 B本題考查非限制性定語從句。句意：洪災(zāi)過 后，那個(gè)地區(qū)的人們飽受苦難，他們迫切需要飲用水、 藥品和棲息之所。本句中包含一個(gè)非限制性定語從句，先行詞是people，指人的時(shí)候在非限制性定語從句中只能使用who作主語。52012四川卷 In our class there are 46 students, _half wear glasses. Ain whom Bin them Cof whom Dof them 解析 C本題考查定語從句。前后兩句話之間無連 詞，故不能用人稱代詞them而應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞whom引導(dǎo)定語從句；在46個(gè)學(xué)生當(dāng)中，表所屬，應(yīng)用of。故答案選

5、C。 考點(diǎn)歸納 考點(diǎn)一關(guān)系代詞的使用1定語從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用that的情況： 規(guī)則1：當(dāng)先行詞為everything, anything, nothing, something, the one, none, all, much, few, any, little等不定代詞時(shí)，只能用that。如： All that can be done has been done.規(guī)則2：當(dāng)先行詞被the only, the very(就是那個(gè)), all, much, few, any, little, no修飾時(shí)，只用that。如： This is the very dictionary that

6、I want to buy.規(guī)則3：當(dāng)先行詞是序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)或者先行詞被序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)，只能用that。如：The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.規(guī)則4：先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)，只能用that。如：Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?規(guī)則5：當(dāng)主句的主語是疑問詞who或which時(shí)，為避免重復(fù)要用that。如：Who is the man that is standing there?規(guī)則6：有兩個(gè)定

7、語從句時(shí)，其中一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞已用which，另一個(gè)宜用that。如：They have set up a company, which deals with the things that are related to environment protection.規(guī)則7：當(dāng)先行詞在主句中作表語，而關(guān)系代詞也在定語從句中作表語時(shí)，只能用that。如：Hangzhou is no more the city that it used to be.2定語從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用 which的情況：規(guī)則1：在引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)。如：The tree, which is four hundred ye

8、ars old, is very famous here.規(guī)則2：介詞后。如：We depend on the land from which we get our food.規(guī)則3：有兩個(gè)定語從句時(shí)，其中一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞已用that，另一個(gè)宜用which。3定語從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用who的情況：規(guī)則1：當(dāng)先行詞是anyone, those時(shí)。如：Is there anyone who is ready to help the injured person?規(guī)則2：有兩個(gè)定語從句，先行詞指人時(shí)，其中一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞已用that，另一個(gè)宜用who。4whose的使用whose可以指代人或物，在定語從句

9、中只能作定語， 后跟名詞。指物時(shí)，whose名詞the 名詞of which of whichthe名詞。如：The classroom whose door/the door of which/of which the door is broken is on the second floor.考點(diǎn)二關(guān)系代詞as和which的使用 在非限制性定語從句中，as和which可代替整個(gè)主句，相當(dāng)于and this或and that。二者的區(qū)別主要在于：規(guī)則1：as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句既可以在主句前，也可以在主句后，有時(shí)還可以插入主句中，常帶有“正如，正像”的意思。而which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從

10、句只能放在主句之后，翻譯成“這一點(diǎn)”。如： As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health.規(guī)則2：主句中出現(xiàn)the same, as, such, so修飾先行詞，需選擇關(guān)系代詞as在定語從句中作主語或賓語。如：This house is not such as I expect.(such為代詞，作先行詞； as在定語從句中作賓語)規(guī)則3：當(dāng)先行詞由the same修飾時(shí)，有時(shí)也用that引導(dǎo)定語從句，但是和由as所引導(dǎo)的意思不同：that表示同一個(gè)，as表示同一類。如：This is the same bag that I lost yeste

11、rday.這正是我昨天丟失的那個(gè)書包。(同一個(gè)書包)This is the same bag as I lost yesterday.這個(gè)書包和我昨天丟失的那個(gè)一樣。(同類型的另一個(gè))規(guī)則4：在以下結(jié)構(gòu)中，一般也用as: as (it) appears, as (it) seems likely, as (it) often happens, as (it) was pointed out/said/reported/announced, as (it) was said earlier, as I remember (it), as is wellknown, as is known to

12、all, as anybody can see 等?？键c(diǎn)三“介詞關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句 “介詞關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句，關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)用whom，指物時(shí)用which，不能用that。關(guān)系代詞作定語時(shí)也可用whose。如： The pen with which he wrote was made in China. 他寫字用的鋼筆是中國制造的。 The train on which Tom travelled to Canada was very fast.湯姆到加拿大去時(shí)乘坐的火車速度非常快。 The teacher in front of whose house stands a tall

13、 tree is very patient with his students. 那位老師房前有棵大樹，他對(duì)學(xué)生們非常有耐心。規(guī)則1：某些帶有介詞的動(dòng)詞短語，介詞可以提至關(guān)系代詞之前，但是在一些固定搭配的動(dòng)詞短語中，由于動(dòng)詞和介詞不可以分割，因此不能將介詞置于關(guān)系代詞之前，如take care of, look for, look after, care for等。如：This is the book (which/that) I am looking for.規(guī)則2：“介詞關(guān)系代詞”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few

14、等不定代詞或者數(shù)詞，有時(shí)數(shù)詞或代詞也可以放在“介詞關(guān)系代詞”之后。如：(1)He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.He loved his parents deeply, of whom both are very kind to him.(2)Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore, three of which were English novels.Last Sunday I bought some books from the books

15、tore, of which three were English novels.(3)China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan.China has thousands of islands, of which the largest is Taiwan.規(guī)則3：介詞which/whomto do結(jié)構(gòu)可以改為：介詞which/whom定語從句。如：I dont have enough money with which to buy such an expensive dress.I dont have enou

16、gh money with which I can buy such an expensive dress.規(guī)則4：在非限制性定語從句中，which可作定語，指先行詞(短語或句子)所表示的信息形成“介詞which名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，相當(dāng)于and in/at/during this/that名詞。如：He was very ill, in which case(and in this case) we sent him to hospital first.She lost her temper, at which point(and at this point)I decided to go back

17、home.Mike was a student at the university from 2000 to 2004, during which time(and during that time) he studied very hard and was made chairman of the Students Union.考點(diǎn)四定語從句中的主謂一致 規(guī)則1：關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時(shí)，從句謂語動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。如： I, who am your close friend, will try my best to help you whenever you are in

18、 trouble. 規(guī)則2：先行詞為“one of復(fù)數(shù)名詞”時(shí)，定語從句謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；而先行詞為“the only one of復(fù)數(shù)名詞”時(shí)，定語從句謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如： Harry Potter is one of the bestsellers that are popular with teenagers. Harry Potter is the only one of the bestsellers that makes the author a billionaire.規(guī)則3：非限制性定語從句中，由關(guān)系代詞as或which代替整個(gè)主句時(shí)，從句謂語動(dòng)詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。如：H

19、e has passed the exam, which makes us surprised.Great changes have taken place in China, as is known to all.規(guī)則4：關(guān)系代詞和謂語動(dòng)詞之間有插入語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)要看關(guān)系代詞的指代。如：To own a TV set in each family, which we think was impossible 30 years ago, now has become true.考點(diǎn)五關(guān)系副詞的使用 規(guī)則1：when指時(shí)間，在定語從句中作時(shí)間狀語；when表示時(shí)間的介詞 (in/at/on

20、/during) which。 規(guī)則2：where指地點(diǎn)，在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語，where表示地點(diǎn)的介詞(in/at/on/under)which。規(guī)則3：why指原因，在定語從句中作原因狀語，why表示原因的介詞forwhich。規(guī)則4：以the way為先行詞的定語從句通常由in which或that引導(dǎo)，而且通?？梢允÷浴Ｈ纾篢he way(in which/that)he answered the question was surprising.(in which/that在從句中充當(dāng)狀語)溫馨提示 The way (which/that) he explained to us wa

21、s quite simple. (which/that在從句中充當(dāng)賓語)規(guī)則5：有時(shí)為了表達(dá)更清楚，可以在關(guān)系副詞where/when前加上介詞to, from等，如：China is the birth place of kites, from where kites spread to Japan, Korea, Thailand and India.規(guī)則6: 一些特殊的先行詞如situation, point, case, activity，scene及period, festival, occasion等要注意具體情況具體分析，作主語、賓語和表語時(shí)，用關(guān)系代詞that/which；做狀

22、語時(shí)，用關(guān)系副詞where/when或“介詞which”。如：(1)There is one point (that/which) we must insist on.有一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)我們必須堅(jiān)持。(定語從句可還原為：we must insist on the point, 所以先行詞point在定語從句中作賓語，故用that/which或省略。)(2)Were just trying to reach a point where both sides will sit down together and talk.我們正努力做到能讓雙方坐下來對(duì)話。(定語從句可還原為：at a point both

23、 sides will sit down together and talk, 故先行詞point在定語從句中作狀語，所以關(guān)系詞用where/at which。)考點(diǎn)六定語從句和其他句型之間的關(guān)系 規(guī)則1：區(qū)別suchas/soas引導(dǎo)的定語從句和such/sothat引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句。 如果從句缺少主語或賓語就是定語從句，連接詞用as；如果從句的結(jié)構(gòu)完整，就是結(jié)果狀語從句，連接詞用that。如： He is such a good boy that everyone likes him.(從句不缺句子成分，that引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句) He is such a good boy as eve

24、ryone likes.(從句中l(wèi)ikes缺賓語，用as充當(dāng)并引導(dǎo)定語從句)規(guī)則2：區(qū)別非限制性定語從句與并列句定語從句與主句之間用關(guān)系詞連接；并列句之間用并列連詞連接。 如：He said nothing that made me angry. (限制性定語從句，that是關(guān)系代詞)He said nothing, which made me angry. (非限制性定語從句)He said nothing, and that made me angry. (并列句，that是指示代詞)規(guī)則3：區(qū)別定語從句與名詞性從句定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語、賓語、表語；而名詞性從句中的連詞tha

25、t在從句中不作任何成分；疑問代詞what及疑問副詞how可連接名詞性從句，但不能引導(dǎo)定語從句。如：As is known to all, the moon travels around the earth.(as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句)It is known to all that the moon travels around the earth. (it作形式主語，that引導(dǎo)主語從句)What is known to all is that the moon travels around the earth. (what引導(dǎo)主語從句， that引導(dǎo)表語從句)That the moon tr

26、avels around the earth is known to all. (that引導(dǎo)主語從句)規(guī)則4：區(qū)別定語從句與地點(diǎn)狀語從句關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)，其前面必須有表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因等先行詞；而疑問副詞連接狀語從句時(shí)，其前面沒有。如：When you read the book, youd better make a mark in the place where you have any questions. (定語從句修飾先行詞place)When you read the book, youd better make a mark where you have any que

27、stions. (地點(diǎn)狀語從句)規(guī)則5：區(qū)別定語從句與強(qiáng)調(diào)句、時(shí)間狀語從句that在定語從句中作主語、賓語、表語；而在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中 that不作任何成分，但不能?。辉诮Y(jié)果狀語從句中that也只起連接作用，在從句中不充當(dāng)任何成分。如：It was this small village (that/which) we lived in 10 years ago. (定語從句)It was in this small village that we lived 10 years ago.(強(qiáng)調(diào)句)It was 1914 when the war broke out. (時(shí)間狀語從句)It was in

28、 1914 that the war broke out. (強(qiáng)調(diào)句)It was 1914, when the war broke out.(非限制性定語從句)1關(guān)系代詞的誤用及漏用 (1)【誤】 Ive read all the books which you lent me. 【正】 Ive read all the books that you lent me. 解析 定語從句的先行詞被all，some，any， no，few等修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用that。 (2)【誤】 The student is standing there is our monitor. 【正】 The stud

29、ent (who/that is) standing there is our monitor. 解析 定語從句中關(guān)系代詞作主語時(shí)不能省略；此處也可把定語從句改為現(xiàn)在分詞作后置定語。(3)【誤】 Dinner starts with a small dish，that is often called a starter. 【正】 Dinner starts with a small dish，which is often called a starter. 解析 用which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，而不用that引導(dǎo)。(4)【誤】 He lives in the room，the window

30、of that faces the south. 【正】 He lives in the room，the window of which faces the south. 解析 “介詞關(guān)系代詞”中的關(guān)系代詞用which不用that。(5)【誤】 The man with who I worked has left. 【正】 The man with whom I worked has left. 解析 “介詞whom”引導(dǎo)定語從句。介詞后不接who。2定語從句主謂不一致 【誤】 This is one of the rooms that is free now. 【正】 This is on

31、e of the rooms that are free now. 解析在one of結(jié)構(gòu)中，先行詞為of后的復(fù)數(shù)名詞或代詞，從句謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式。先行詞是“the only/very one of復(fù)數(shù)名詞”時(shí)，從句謂語用單數(shù)形式。3關(guān)系詞與被替換詞重復(fù) 【誤】 This is the jacket which I bought it last month. 【正】 This is the jacket which I bought last month. 解析 which在從句中作賓語，it多余。4介詞的誤用 【誤】 The computer to which I paid 4，000 yua

32、n is made in Shanghai. 【正】 The computer for which I paid 4，000 yuan is made in Shanghai. 解析 介詞的選用既要考慮先行詞，又要考慮定語從句中動(dòng)詞或形容詞與介詞的搭配習(xí)慣。此處payfor sth.為固定短語，意為“花錢買”。5from where 與 from which 混用 【誤】 They stood on the top of the building, from which they could see the whole city. 【正】 They stood on the top of th

33、e building, from where they could see the whole city. 解析 from where from the top of the building， from which from the building，顯然前者比較合適。6忽視倒裝結(jié)構(gòu) 【誤】 The fisherman lives in an old house, in front of which a well lies. 【正】 The fisherman lives in an old house, in front of which lies a well. 解析 in front

34、of放在定語從句句首，且從句中含有動(dòng)詞lie, stand等，主語為名詞，這時(shí)要采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，把lie, stand等放在作主語的名詞前。7限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句誤用 (1)【誤】 Charles Smith, that was my former teacher, retired last year. 【正】 Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 解析 在非限制性定語從句中，當(dāng)先行詞指人 時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用who, whom。(2)【誤】 This novel, I have read three ti

35、mes, is very touching. 【正】 This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 解析 在非限制性定語從句中，關(guān)系詞不能省略。(3)【誤】 I had told them the reason, why I didnt attend the meeting. 【正】 I had told them the reason, for which I didnt attend the meeting. 解析 that, why通常不用于引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。(4)正如所通知的那樣，我們下個(gè)月要舉行期末考試。

36、 【誤】 It has been announced， we shall have our final exams next month. 【誤】 Which has been announced, we shall have our final exams next month. 【正】 It has been announced that we shall have our final exams next month. 【正】 As has been announced, we shall have our final exams next month. 解析 as has been a

37、nnounced引導(dǎo)定語從句，放在句首，不能使用which；有時(shí)可與It is/has beenthat轉(zhuǎn)換。(5)我看過金婚這部電視劇，它的男主角張國立。 【誤】 I have seen Golden Anniversary， its leading actor is Zhang Guoli. 【正】 I have seen Golden Anniversary， whose leading actor is Zhang Guoli. 【正】 I have seen Golden Anniversary, its leading actor Zhang Guoli. 解析 在定語從句中，wh

38、ose既可指人，也可指 物，往往放在從句中的某一名詞前作定語；該句也可改為獨(dú)立主格形式。8定語從句的分隔 Later in this chapter cases will be introduced to readers _ consumer complaints have resulted in changes in the law. A where B when C who D which 【誤】 由于不能正確判斷哪個(gè)是先行詞而誤選C。 【正】 cases是先行詞，正確答案是A。 解析 主句是cases will be introduced to readers，所以用where引導(dǎo)定語從

39、句。在定語從句中有時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)先行詞與定語從句分隔的現(xiàn)象。此時(shí)要注意準(zhǔn)確辨認(rèn)。 實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練 1Shopping on the Internet has a lot of advantages, _ the most important is perhaps its convenience. Aof which Bwhose Cthat Din which 解析 A考查定語從句。句意：在因特網(wǎng)上購物有很多優(yōu)點(diǎn)，其中最重要的也許是它的便利。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)和語意可知，此處定語從句修飾advantages，表示其中的某一部分，故選擇of which，也可以寫成the most important of whi

40、ch。2The mountain, _ the peak is hardly seen, is the highest mountain in the area. Awhose Bwhich Cof which Dthat 解析 C考查定語從句。句意：頂峰很難被看到的那座山是當(dāng)?shù)刈罡叩纳健?of which the peak the peak of which whose peak。3Do you have any idea when the experiment was carried out? I hear it was not until last year _ their plan w

41、as approved. A that B when C before D once 解析 B考查定語從句?；卮鸩糠质莻€(gè)省略句，其完整的形式是一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句：I hear it was not until last year when their plan was approved that the experiment was carried out.4The accident happened at nine oclock in the morning _ we were all busy with our work. Athat Bwhich Cwhen Das 解析 C考查定語從句。whe

42、n we were all busy with our work是定語從句，修飾先行詞the morning, when在從句中作狀語。5We hope the measures to control house prices, _ are taken by the government, will succeed. Awhich Bthat Cwhat Das 解析 A考查定語從句。which are taken by the government是定語從句，修飾先行詞the measures, which在從句中作主語。6In order to get started in this ca

43、reer, Im willing to accept any position _ I can show my abilities. Awhere Bwhich Cwhen Dthat 解析 A考查定語從句。根據(jù)語意和句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析可知，where引導(dǎo)定語從句并在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語，所以選A。7You will have to wait for one more week, _ the manager will be back from his trip. Aafter Bwhile Cwhen Dsince 解析 C考查定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。先行詞為表時(shí)間的one more week, 故用when引導(dǎo)定語從句，且在從句中作狀語。8The high yellow building over there, _ was set up last year, is our office building. Ait Bthat Cwhere Dwhich 解析 D考查定語從句。which指代the high yellow