英語暢談中國文化復(fù)習(xí)資料翻譯

1、.SummaryThe passage discusses Confucius theory of cultivating ones behavior toward family and society. It begins with the introduction of historical background of his time the Spring and Autumn Period. It experienced a dramatic change of social system and prolonged chaos and fighting. As a result, t

2、he cultural tradition inherited from ancient times was corrupted. Confucius wanted to restore the great tradition abandoned (拋棄) by people and established harmonious social relationships among people. To realize this, Confucius proposed self-cultivation with the starting point from feelings to paren

3、ts. The feelings are nourished and cultivated into family reverence. The love for parents extends to other people as one begins to論語是儒家學(xué)派的經(jīng)典著作 ( classics) 之一，該書記錄了（records）孔子及其弟子的言行，傳授儒家的主要思想（central theme）：仁、義 (righteousness)、禮、智，其中仁是儒家的核心價(jià)值觀（kernel value）。仁是指愛父母和敬長兄，如果這種對家庭成員的情感伸延 (extend to) 到社會的

4、其他人身上， 人與人之間和睦關(guān)系也就建立起來了。The Analects is one of the Confucian classics. The book records the sayings and behaviours of Confucius and his disciples. It teaches the central theme of Confucianism including humaneness, righteousness, propriety, and wisdom, of which humaneness is Confucius kernel value. H

5、umaneness is taken as love for parents and respect for elder brothers. If the feelings for family members are extended to other people in the society, harmonious relationships among individuals will be built up. 慕課腳本1、The Wisdom of Confucius discusses the most important school of Chinese philosophy

6、Confucianism with the focus on its core concepts Ren and Li. Ren means goodness or benevolence and Li means ritual or propriety. Ren and Li were advocated by Confucius 2500 years ago for the purpose of restoring political order of Zhou Dynasty. The doctrine has exerted a great influence on Chinese c

7、ulture ever since, from cultivating filial piety at home, to giving love to everybody, until keeping social and political order in a country. With Ren and Li, Chinese culture is characterized by harmony and equilibrium, building harmonious relationships between human and nature, between any individu

8、als, and keeping equilibrium socially, economically and politically. That is Confucius wisdom and that is the essence of traditional Chinese thinking.在道德經(jīng)中，老子建立了以“道”為核心的哲學(xué)體系。老子提出的“道”是“非常道”。他認(rèn)為宇宙萬物均起源于“道”， 道具有無為、相反、無形、無名、玄妙等特征。道家的許多原理(principles)已經(jīng)成為中國人重要的理想準(zhǔn)則(important ideals and norms), 對于中國文化發(fā)展形成了

9、重大影響。 In the Dao De Jing, Laozi established a philosophy system centered on Dao. He refers Dao as invariable and constant Dao. He holds that Dao is the origin of the cosmos and that Dao is characterized by non-action, opposition, shapelessness, namelessness, obscurity, etc. Many Daoist principles ha

10、ve already been Chinese peoples important ideals and norms and have exerted a profound influence on the development of Chinese culture.一般情況下，漢字是由十幾種基本筆畫構(gòu)成的。筆畫和大多數(shù)歐洲語言的字母作用類似，只是筆畫之間無法構(gòu)成“音節(jié)”。漢字有八個(gè)基本的筆畫：點(diǎn)、橫、折、豎、鉤、提、撇、捺。 在一個(gè)小小的方形空間中，將筆畫組合成字時(shí)，必然要采取數(shù)量不等的筆畫以及各種各樣的連接和排列方式，以求使字形易識而又簡潔。于是在這方形空間里，各式筆畫就采取了上下、左右

11、、分合、交叉、穿插、重疊、堆積、包裹等組合方式。Chinese characters, in general, are composed of a dozen basic strokes, which have similar functions to the letters of the Western languages. But they do not combine sounds into syllables. There are eight basic strokes: dot, horizontal stroke, turning stroke, vertical stroke,

12、hook stroke, right-upward stroke, left-downward stroke and right-downward stroke. In a small square space, characters are composed of different strokes linked and arranged in various ways, thus they are easy to be recognized, and look neat. These strokes are placed in various positions in the square

13、 upper or lower, left or right, separate or linked, crossed, going through, overlapping, piling up or surrounding. (Para. 5)一時(shí)禮畢，賈敬賈赦等便忙退出至榮府，專候與賈母行禮。尤氏上房地下，鋪滿紅氈，當(dāng)?shù)胤胖蟊侨隳圉q流金琺瑯大火盆，正面炕上鋪著新猩紅氈子，設(shè)著大紅彩繡云龍捧壽的靠背、引枕、坐褥，外另有黑狐皮的袱子搭在上面。 After this ceremony, ha Jing, bia She and the other men hurried to the Ro

14、ng Mansion, where they waited to pay their respects to the Lady Dowager. She, however, now went to Madam Yous sitting room, the floor of which was covered with a red carpet where stood a large gilded cloisonne brazier, its three legs in the form of elephant trunks. On the kang by the north wall were

15、 a new crimson rug and red silk back-rests and bolsters embroidered with Dragons in the Clouds designs and the character Longevity. On it, too, were spread a black fox-skin and a big white fox-skin mattress.中國菜（Chinese cuisine）享譽(yù)世界，是世界美食的明珠。中國菜菜系繁多，烹飪方法也不盡相同。其四大要素色、形、香、味，決定了菜品的好壞，也是判斷其質(zhì)量的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。中國的南北方飲食

16、也各具特色。北方菜以色艷味重取勝，最大的特點(diǎn)就是就地取材，講究火候。南方有些地方的菜則口味清淡，注重保留食材的原始味道。Chinese cuisine, which is world famous, is a pearl of world cuisine. It has various styles of cooking and its cooking techniques are diverse as well. Chinese cuisine features four elements color, shape, aroma and taste. The four elements de

17、cide how good a dish is and are also the criteria of judging its quality. The northern foods and southern foods have their unique characteristics. The northern dishes attach great importance to bright color and strong taste, with the greatest feature of using local food materials and controlling coo

18、king time and temperature. However, in some parts of southern China, the dishes feature light taste and remain the original flavor of the food materials.Miaojian 廟見- paying a visit to the ancestral temple of the grooms family clanMeeting parents-in-law 認(rèn)親Returning to the brides parents home 三朝回門；歸寧中

19、國傳統(tǒng)的婚禮流程從求婚開始，男方會送一封書信至女方家，請求迎娶他們家的女兒。多數(shù)情況下，男方家會雇用一位媒人溝通雙方家庭。準(zhǔn)新郎和準(zhǔn)新娘的生辰八字也要進(jìn)行比對，以確保不犯沖。如今，中國大城市的婚禮跟西方很相似。然而，有些小地方仍然遵循傳統(tǒng)，婚禮流程也基本未變。Traditional Chinese wedding process starts with a proposal of marriage and a letter is sent from the groom to the brides family asking for permission to marry their daugh

20、ter. In many cases, a matchmaker is employed by the grooms family to communicate the families of both parties. The Eight Characters of Birth of the bride-to-be and the one of the groom-to-be are checked to make sure the couple is compatible. Today, wedding ceremonies in large cities of China closely

21、 resemble the western ones. In smaller places, however, the traditions are still kept and the wedding process is almost unchanged.從服飾成為人們說一部分的那天起，人們就已將社會地位、生活方式、審美情趣、以及種種文化觀念融入到服飾中。服飾在任何時(shí)代都是社會歷史風(fēng)貌最真實(shí)、最直觀的反映。從這個(gè)意義上說，服飾的歷史也是一部生動(dòng)的文明發(fā)展史。在我們這個(gè)歷史悠久的衣冠之國，不僅有豐富的考古資料記錄服飾發(fā)展的歷史，在古代神話、史書、詩歌、小說以及戲劇中，與服飾有關(guān)的記載也隨處可

22、見。 From the day garments became part of peoples lives, they have been endowed with connotations concerning the social status, lifestyles, aesthetics and cultural concepts. Garments have always been the truest and most straightforward reflection of the social and historical scenes of any given time.

23、In this sense, the history of garments is also a vivid development history of civilization. In our country with a long history of garments and ornaments, there is a wealth of archeological findings showing the development of garments, as well as their portrayals in ancient mythology, history books,

24、poems and songs, novels and dramas.紫禁城位于北京中心，它是從明朝到清末的皇家帝宮，現(xiàn)為故宮博物院所在地。它見證了14位明朝皇帝和10位清朝皇帝登基。紫禁城展示了明清兩朝的宮廷文化、生活方式，以及滿漢民族的交流與融合，體現(xiàn)了多民族文化。它體現(xiàn)了當(dāng)時(shí)的建筑形制、建筑等級、建筑技法和建筑藝術(shù)，是當(dāng)時(shí)建筑的典范。我們要加強(qiáng)對其真實(shí)性、完整性的可持續(xù)性保護(hù)，更好地彰顯紫禁城的科學(xué)、歷史和藝術(shù)價(jià)值。Located in the centre of Beijing, the Forbidden City was the imperial palace from the M

25、ing Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty and now houses the Palace Museum. It witnessed the enthronement of 14 Ming and 10 Qing emperors. Displaying the court cul-ture, the lifestyles and the exchanges and integration between the Manchu and Han peoples of Ming and Qing dynasties, the Forbidden City embodies

26、multi-ethnic culture. It is also a state-of-art exemplar of the time, showing the architectural layout, hierarchy, construction tech-niques and architectural art. It is necessary for us to enhance the sus-tainable protection of the authenticity and integrity of the property in order to better showca

27、se the scientific, historic and artistic values of the Forbidden City.太和殿、中和殿、保和殿共處的土字形大臺基，其長度為232米，寬度為130米，二者之比為9:5；天安門城樓面闊九間，進(jìn)深五間，二者之比仍為9:5。中國古代奇數(shù)為陽，偶數(shù)為陰。紫禁城中外朝宮殿數(shù)量皆為陽數(shù)，而內(nèi)廷宮殿數(shù)量為陰數(shù)。陽數(shù)中九為最高，五居正中，因而古代常以九和五象征帝王的權(quán)威。The Hall of Supreme Harmony, the Hall of Middle Harmony and the Hall of Preserving Harmo

28、ny erect above a 土-shaped terrace, which is 232 meters long and 130 meters wide with the ratio of length and width 9:5. Tiananmen Gate is nine bays wide and five bays deep with the ratio of width and depth 9:5. In ancient China, the odd numbers are yang while the even numbers are yin. The number of

29、the palaces of the Outer Court of the Forbidden City is yang while that of the Inner Court is yin. Among the numbers of yang, nine is the highest one while five ranks in the middle. So in ancient times, nine and five symbolize the imperial power of the emperors. 京劇是中國的國粹。京劇的服裝、臉譜（facial makeup）受到人們的

30、喜愛。不同類型的服裝反映人物不同的社會地位。臉譜是京劇中塑造人物形象的重要手段，它是用不同的顏色在臉上勾畫出來的。臉譜的顏色讓人一看便知角色的善惡。比如白色代表陰險(xiǎn)狡詐（treachery），黑色代表直率魯莽（forthrightness and recklessness），藍(lán)色代表剛強(qiáng)驍勇。Peking Opera is the cream of Chinese culture. And its costumes and facial makeup are popular with people. Different styles of costumes are used to reflec

31、t the characters different social status. Facial makeups, using different colors painting on faces, are employed as an important way to portray characters in Peking Opera. People can tell whether the character is good or bad from the colors of the facial makeups. For example, white usually represents treachery, black forthrightness and recklessness, and blue bravery.中醫(yī)是世界醫(yī)學(xué)的一份遺產(chǎn)(heritage)。中醫(yī)的治療效果和醫(yī)治方式使其在世界上越來越流行。中醫(yī)起源于古代，經(jīng)過長時(shí)間的發(fā)展，收集了治療不同疾病的各種方法。中醫(yī)講究人體系統(tǒng)的平衡。據(jù)說，如果人的身體系統(tǒng)平衡，疾病就會消失。TCM is a heritage of world medicine. Th