2022版高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)第3部分人與自然主題群3災(zāi)害防范主題語境自然災(zāi)害與防范安全常識(shí)與自我保護(hù)教師用書教案

1、主題群三災(zāi)害防范主題語境自然災(zāi)害與防范，安全常識(shí)與自我保護(hù)閱讀理解a(2018天津卷a) fire prevention informationthe university of adelaide employs a fulltime staff of fire prevention professionals.they inspect all campus buildings and test and maintain all sprinkler(噴水滅火裝置)systems，fire alarms，and fire extinguishers (滅火器)they also provide

2、educational programs on fire safety in the residence halls.whenever you move to a new area, you should locate the fire alarm pull stations and the two exits nearest your room.fire alarmsthe floors of all campus buildings are equipped with manual(手動(dòng)的)fire alarm systems which include fire alarm pull s

3、tations and pipes.most are also equipped with automatic fire alarm systems consisting of heat detectors, smoke detectors and sprinklers.for your safety, never tamper with(胡亂擺弄)these systems.false fire alarms are illegal and may lead to imprisonment.fire drillsa fire drill will be conducted in your r

4、esidence hall every semester.during a fire drill, please do the following：take your room key and id, close and lock the door to your room.exit immediately from the nearest emergency exit；do not use a lift.meet outside of your residence hall and wait for further instructions.fire extinguishersfire ex

5、tinguishers are located on each floor and in each apartment.use a fire extinguisher only if you have been trained to do so.irresponsible use of a fire extinguisher can create a dangerous situation for other residents and could result in damage to personal property.misuse of a fire extinguisher will

6、result in fines.smoke detectorsa smoke detector is on the ceiling in your room.some buildings also have heat detectors on the ceilings.do the following to ensure the safe operation of your smoke detector：if your smoke detector is working properly, the red light should be on.if the red light is not b

7、linking(閃動(dòng))，contact residence hall staff immediately.do not cover or block your smoke detector in any way.if a smoke detector sets off an alarm and there is no fire or smoke, inform your hall staff.【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要從火警、消防訓(xùn)練、滅火器和煙霧探測(cè)器的使用等方面介紹了一些防火信息。1what is the main duty of the fire prevention pro

8、fessionals?ato provide parttime jobs for students.bto lead the students to the nearest exits.cto check and maintain fire prevention equipment.dto train teachers to be fire prevention professionals.c細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段“they inspect all campus buildings and test and maintain all sprinkler(噴水滅火裝置)systems，fir

9、e alarms，and fire extinguishers (滅火器)”可知，專職消防人員的主要職責(zé)是檢查、測(cè)試和維護(hù)所有的校園建筑物防火裝備。故選c。2what do the automatic fire alarm systems include?apipes and smoke detectors.bsmoke detectors and sprinklers.cfire alarm pull stations and pipes.dsprinklers and fire alarm pull stations.b細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章fire alarms中的句子“most are

10、also equipped with automatic fire alarm systems consisting of heat detectors, smoke detectors and sprinklers.”可知，火災(zāi)自動(dòng)報(bào)警系統(tǒng)由熱探測(cè)器、煙霧探測(cè)器和噴頭組成。故選b。3in a fire drill, the students should _.arush quickly to a liftbgather at the nearest exitcshut the door and leave at oncedwait for instructions in the hallc細(xì)

11、節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章fire drills中的句子“take your room key and id, close and lock the door to your room.”和“exit immediately from the nearest emergency exit；do not use a lift.”可知，在消防演習(xí)中，學(xué)生鎖好門并立即從最近的緊急出口離開。故選c。4what do we know about the use of fire extinguishers?ausing them wrongly results in punishment.birresponsib

12、le use of them can damage them.cimproper use of them can destroy the apartment.dusing them without a trainer present is forbidden.a細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章fire extinguishers中的句子“misuse of a fire extinguisher will result in fines.”可知，誤用滅火器會(huì)導(dǎo)致罰款。故選a。5to ensure the safe operation of the smoke detector, one should _.

13、acontact the hall staff regularlybcover the things that burn easilycstart the smoke detector in a firedmake certain the red light is workingd細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章smoke detector中的句子“if your smoke detector is working properly, the red light should be on.if the red light is not blinking(閃動(dòng))，contact residence hall

14、 staff immediately.”可知，煙霧探測(cè)器是否安全運(yùn)行，看紅燈是否閃動(dòng)。故選d。b(2017北京卷c)measles(麻疹), which once killed 450 children each year and disabled even more, was nearly wiped out in the united states 14 years ago by the universal use of the mmr vaccine(疫苗)but the disease is making a comeback, caused by a growing antivacc

15、ine movement and misinformation that is spreading quickly.already this year, 115 measles cases have been reported in the usa, compared with 189 for all of last year.the numbers might sound small, but they are the leading edge of a dangerous trend.when vaccination rates are very high, as they still a

16、re in the nation as a whole, everyone is protected.this is called “herd immunity”， which protects the people who get hurt easily, including those who cant be vaccinated for medical reasons, babies too young to get vaccinated and people on whom the vaccine doesnt work.but herd immunity works only whe

17、n nearly the whole herd joins in.when some refuse vaccination and seek a free ride, immunity breaks down and everyone is in even bigger danger.thats exactly what is happening in small neighborhoods around the country from orange county, california, where 22 measles cases were reported this month, to

18、 brooklyn, ny., where a 17yearold caused an outbreak last year.the resistance to vaccine has continued for decades, and it is driven by a real but very small risk.those who refuse to take that risk selfishly make others suffer.making things worse are state laws that make it too easy to opt out(決定不參加

19、) of what are supposed to be required vaccines for all children entering kindergarten. seventeen states allow parents to get an exemption(豁免), sometimes just by signing a paper saying they personally object to a vaccine.now, several states are moving to tighten laws by adding new regulations for opt

20、ing out.but no one does enough to limit exemptions.parents ought to be able to opt out only for limited medical or religious reasons.but personal opinions? not good enough.everyone enjoys the lifesaving benefits vaccines provide, but theyll exist only as long as everyone shares in the risks.【語篇解讀】本文

21、主要是介紹了麻疹在歷史上帶來的危害，以及為什么會(huì)發(fā)生這樣的情況。6the first two paragraphs suggest that _.aa small number of measles cases can start a dangerous trendbthe outbreak of measles attracts the public attentioncantivaccine movement has its medical reasonsdinformation about measles spreads quicklya細(xì)節(jié)理解題。文章第二段的首句既是對(duì)第一段的總結(jié)，又

22、是第二段的中心句，由此可知答案為a。7herd immunity works well when _.aexemptions are allowedbseveral vaccines are used togethercthe whole neighborhood is involved in dnew regulations are added to the state lawsc細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“but herd immunity works only when nearly the whole herd joins in.”可知，只有所有人都參與了才會(huì)有用，故選c。8what is

23、 the main reason for the comeback of measles?athe overuse of vaccine.bthe lack of medical care.cthe features of measles itself.dthe vaccine optouts of some people.d細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“but the disease is making a comeback, caused by a growing antivaccine movement and misinformation that is spreading quickly.

24、”可知，那些抵制疫苗的人導(dǎo)致了麻疹的復(fù)發(fā)，故選d。9what is the purpose of the passage?ato introduce the idea of exemption.bto discuss methods to cure measles.cto stress the importance of vaccination.dto appeal for equal rights in medical treatment.c寫作意圖題。本文主要是介紹了麻疹在歷史上帶來的危害，以及為什么會(huì)有這樣的情況，最根本原因還是那些不注射疫苗的人導(dǎo)致的，故本文的寫作目的是強(qiáng)調(diào)疫苗的作用，

25、故選c。c(2016江蘇卷c) el nio, a spanish term for “the christ child，” was named by south american fishermen who noticed that the global weather pattern, which happens every two to seven years, reduced the amount of fishes caught around christmas. el ni o sees warm water, collected over several years in the

26、 western pacific, flow back eastwards when winds that normally blow westwards weaken, or sometimes the other way round.the weather effects, both good and bad, are felt in many places.rich countries gain more from powerful nios, on balance, than they lose.a study found that a strong nio in 199798 hel

27、ped americas economy grow by $15 billion, partly because of better agricultural harvests：farmers in the midwest gained from extra rain.the total rise in agricultural incomes in rich countries is greater than the fall in poor ones.but in indonesia extremely dry forests are in flames.a multiyear droug

28、ht(干旱) in southeast brazil is becoming worse.though heavy rains brought about by el nio may relieve the drought in california, they are likely to cause surface flooding and other disasters.the most recent powerful nio, in 199798, killed around 21,000 people and caused damage worth $36 billion around

29、 the globe.but such ni os come with months of warning, and so much is known about how they happen that governments can prepare.according to the overseas development institute(odi), however, just 12% of disasterrelief funding in the past two decades has gone on reducing risks in advance, rather than

30、recovery and rebuilding afterwards.this is despite evidence that a dollar spent on riskreduction saves at least two on reconstruction.simple improvements to infrastructure(基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施) can reduce the spread of disease.better sewers(下水道) make it less likely that heavy rain is followed by an outbreak of the

31、disease of bad stomach.stronger bridges mean villages are less likely to be left without food and medicine after floods.according to a paper in 2011 by mr. hsiang and coauthors, civil conflict is related to el nios harmful effectsand the poorer the country, the stronger the link.though the relations

32、hip may not be causal, helping divided communities to prepare for disasters would at least reduce the risk that those disasters are followed by killing and wounding people.since the poorest are least likely to make up for their losses from disasters linked to el ni o，reducing their losses needs to b

33、e the priority.【語篇解讀】本文介紹了厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象對(duì)地球的影響，并建議我們政府應(yīng)該做更多的投資預(yù)防這種現(xiàn)象造成的危害，而不是在出現(xiàn)問題以后進(jìn)行重新補(bǔ)救和恢復(fù)。10what can we learn about el nio in paragraph 1?ait is named after a south american fisherman.bit takes place almost every year all over the world.cit forces fishermen to stop catching fish around christmas.dit see

34、s the changes of water flow direction in the ocean.d細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句“el nio sees warm water, collected over several years in the western pacific, flow back eastwards when winds that normally blow westwards weaken, or sometimes the other way round.”可知，厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象見證了海洋中水流方向的變化。故選d。11what may el ni os bring

35、about to the countries affected?aagricultural harvests in rich countries fall.bdroughts become more harmful than floods.crich countries gains are greater than their losses.dpoor countries suffer less from droughts economically.c細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第二句“rich countries gain more from powerful nios，on balance，th

36、an they lose.”可知，富裕國(guó)家從厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象中得到的好處多于它帶來的損失。故c正確。12the data provided by odi in paragraph 4 suggest that _.amore investment should go to risk reductionbgovernments of poor countries need more aidcvictims of el nio deserve more compensationdrecovery and reconstruction should come firsta推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段第三句“a

37、ccording to the overseas development institute(odi), however, just 12% of disasterrelief funding in the past two decades has gone on reducing risks in advance, rather than recovery and rebuilding afterwards.”可以判斷出，作者認(rèn)為應(yīng)該在預(yù)防災(zāi)害上多投資，而不是災(zāi)后恢復(fù)。13what is the authors purpose in writing the passage?ato intro

38、duce el nio and its origin.bto explain the consequences of el nio.cto show ways of fighting against el nio.dto urge people to prepare for el nio.d寫作意圖題。根據(jù)最后一句可知，各國(guó)政府要把減少損失放在優(yōu)先的位置，也就是說我們要事先做好準(zhǔn)備，故選d。d(2017全國(guó)卷b)i work with volunteers for wildlife，a rescue and education organization at bailey arboretum

39、in locust valley.trying to help injured，displaced or sick creatures can be heartbreaking；survival is never certain.however，when it works，it is simply beautiful.i got a rescue call from a woman in muttontown.she had found a young owl(貓頭鷹) on the ground.when i arrived，i saw a 2to 3weekold owl.it had a

40、lready been placed in a carrier for safety.i examined the chick(雛鳥) and it seemed fine，if i could locate the nest，i might have been able to put it back，but no luck.my next work was to construct a nest and anchor it in a tree.the homeowner was very helpful.a wire basket was found.i put some pine bran

41、ches into the basket to make this nest safe and comfortable.i placed the chick in the nest，and it quickly calmed down.now all that was needed were the parents，but they were absent.i gave the homeowner a recording of the hunger screams of owl chicks.these advertise the presence of chicks to adults；th

42、ey might also encourage our chick to start calling as well.i gave the owner as much information as possible and headed home to see what news the night might bring.a nervous night to be sure，but sometimes the spirits of nature smile on us all！the homeowner called to say that the parents had responded

43、 to the recordings.i drove over and saw the chick in the nest looking healthy and active.and it was accompanied in the nest by the greatest sight of alllunch！the parents had done their duty and would probably continue to do so.【語篇解讀】本文是一篇記敘文。文章主要講述了作者救助一只貓頭鷹幼雛的經(jīng)歷。14what is unavoidable in the authors

44、 rescue work according to paragraph 1?aefforts made in vain.bgetting injured in his work.cfeeling uncertain about his future.dcreatures forced out of their homes.a細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的“trying to help injured，displaced or sick creatures can be heartbreaking；survival is never certain.”可知，救助野生動(dòng)物的工作有時(shí)讓人悲傷，因?yàn)椴荒鼙?/p>

45、證野生動(dòng)物會(huì)存活下來，也就是說，救助野生動(dòng)物的努力可能會(huì)白費(fèi)，故選a項(xiàng)。b項(xiàng)曲解文意，第一段提到了幫助受傷的野生動(dòng)物，而不是說作者難免會(huì)在工作中受傷。c項(xiàng)曲解文意，第一段中的survival is never certain是說野生動(dòng)物能否存活下來不能確定，而不是說作者對(duì)自己的未來感到不確定。d項(xiàng)曲解文意，第一段中提到了injured，displaced or sick creatures，但并不是說野生動(dòng)物被迫離開家園在作者的工作中是不可避免的。15why was the author called to muttontown?ato rescue a woman.bto take care

46、 of a woman.cto look at a baby owl.dto cure a young owl.c細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)題干中的muttontown可定位到第二段。根據(jù)第二段中的“she had found a young owl(貓頭鷹)on the ground.when i arrived，i saw a 2to 3weekold owl.”可知，一位女士在地上發(fā)現(xiàn)了一只貓頭鷹幼雛，她給作者打了求助電話，由此可知，這位女士讓作者去muttontown是為了讓作者看一看那只貓頭鷹幼雛，故選c項(xiàng)。a、b兩項(xiàng)顛倒是非，作者接到了一位女士的求助電話，但不是去救助或照顧這位女士。d項(xiàng)曲解

47、文意，女士打電話時(shí)并不確定貓頭鷹幼雛是否受傷，所以她不是讓作者去治好它。16what made the chick calm down?aa new nest.bsome food.ca recording.dits parents.a細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中的“i placed the chick in the nest，and it quickly calmed down.”可知，作者為貓頭鷹幼雛做的新鳥巢讓它很快安靜下來，故選a項(xiàng)。b項(xiàng)無中生有，文章沒有提到作者給貓頭鷹幼雛提供食物。c、d兩項(xiàng)曲解文意，文章提到作者給房主一段錄音來幫助尋找貓頭鷹幼雛的父母，但錄音和貓頭鷹幼雛的父母并不是讓

48、它安靜下來的事物。17how would the author feel about the outcome of the event?aits unexpected.bits beautiful.cits humorous.dits discouraging.b推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段可知，作者這次救助貓頭鷹幼雛的工作非常成功，再結(jié)合第一段中的“however，when it works，it is simply beautiful.”可知，救助工作成功讓作者感覺極好，故選b項(xiàng)。a項(xiàng)“出乎意料的”、c項(xiàng)“幽默的”、d項(xiàng)“使人氣餒的”均不符合文意。.寫出所給單詞的漢語意思1instructio

49、n n說明，指導(dǎo)2irresponsible adj.不負(fù)責(zé)任的3ensure v確保4immunity n免疫力5fisherman n漁民6drought n干旱7relief n放松，緩解8despite prep.不管，盡管9community n社區(qū)10priority n優(yōu)先11rescue v&n.營(yíng)救12calm v使平靜13nervous adj.焦慮的14respond v響應(yīng)，回應(yīng).根據(jù)所給漢語寫出英文單詞1heat n熱量2situation n情形3contact n&v.聯(lián)系4refuse v拒絕5seek v尋求6agricultural adj.農(nóng)業(yè)的7reco

50、very n恢復(fù).根據(jù)所給提示寫出派生單詞1safe adj.安全的_safety n安全2emergent adj.緊急的emergency n緊急狀態(tài)3danger n危險(xiǎn)dangerous adj.危險(xiǎn)的4neighbour n鄰居neighbourhood n鄰近一帶5globe n球global adj.球狀的6weak adj.弱的weaken v使變?nèi)?economy n經(jīng)濟(jì)economic adj.經(jīng)濟(jì)的.根據(jù)所給漢語寫出慣用習(xí)語1set_off出發(fā)，開始2as_a_whole 作為一個(gè)整體，整體上3object_to 反對(duì)4as_long_as 只要5make_up_for

51、彌補(bǔ)即時(shí)演練單句語法填空1he took a deep breath，desperately(desperate) trying to keep calm.2we searched the surrounding neighbourhood(neighbour) for the missing boy.3please ensure(sure) that all lights are switched off.4nothing could weaken(weak) his resolve to continue.5if there is something else i can do for y

52、ou, please dont hesitate to_contact (contact) me.6she managed to calm him down and seek help from a neighbour.7i really object to being charged for parking.8we set off for london just after ten.熟詞生義(寫出句中黑體詞的漢語意思)1whenever you move to a new area, you should locate the fire alarm pull stations and the

53、 two exits near your room.拉桿式火警站2this was so unexpected because i had put the handbrake on when i jumped out.拉起；拉上.似易實(shí)難(將句中黑體詞部分譯成漢語)1the numbers might sound small, but they are the leading edge of a dangerous trend.譯文這些數(shù)字聽起來可能不大，但卻是危險(xiǎn)趨勢(shì)的預(yù)兆。2when some refuse vaccination and seek a free ride, immunit

54、y breaks down and everyone is in even bigger danger.譯文如果有人拒絕接種疫苗，還想坐享其成，免疫力就會(huì)崩潰，所有人都面臨著更大的危害。.復(fù)雜晦澀(分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)并譯成漢語)1this is called “herd immunity”， which protects the people who get hurt easily, including those who cant be vaccinated for medical reasons, babies too young to get vaccinated and people on

55、whom the vaccine doesnt work.分析本句是復(fù)合句。主句結(jié)構(gòu)為this is called “herd immunity”，which引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾先行詞herd immunity，其中第一個(gè)who引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾先行詞the people，第二個(gè)who引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾先行詞those，on whom引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾先行詞people。譯文這被稱為“群體免疫”，保護(hù)易感染人群，包括那些因醫(yī)學(xué)原因無法接種疫苗的人，那些太小而不能接種疫苗的嬰兒，以及那些疫苗不起作用的人。2thats exactly what is happening in small neighborh

56、oods around the country from orange county, california, where 22 measles cases were reported this month, to brooklyn, ny., where a 17yearold caused an outbreak last year.分析本句是復(fù)合句。主句是主系表結(jié)構(gòu)，thats.，what引導(dǎo)的從句作表語。在表語從句中，orange county, california和brooklyn, ny.后面都跟了where引導(dǎo)的定語從句。譯文這正是美國(guó)各地的小社區(qū)里正在發(fā)生的事情：加州橘縣本月

57、報(bào)告了22例麻疹病例，去年一名17歲的少年引發(fā)了紐約布魯克林區(qū)的疫情。3making things worse are state laws that make it too easy to opt out of what are supposed to be required vaccines for all children entering kindergarten.分析本句是復(fù)合句。主句屬于倒置結(jié)構(gòu)，主語是state laws；are making things worse是謂語部分。之所以倒置是方便state laws后面跟定語從句，從句由that引導(dǎo)，it形式賓語，真正的賓語是不定式結(jié)構(gòu)to opt out of.，what引導(dǎo)賓語從句，作介詞of的賓語，entering kindergarten現(xiàn)在分詞短語作定語，修飾c