英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法名詞性從句

1、名詞性從句名詞性從句的結(jié)構(gòu)及功能總述1、名詞性從句在復(fù)合句中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞性從句。名詞性的功能相當(dāng)于名詞詞組，它在句子中擔(dān)任主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)，同位語(yǔ)，介詞賓語(yǔ)等，因此根據(jù)句子中的不同語(yǔ)法功能，可分為主語(yǔ)從句，賓語(yǔ)從句，表語(yǔ)從句，同位語(yǔ)從句。2、連接詞名詞性從句主要有四種結(jié)構(gòu)：以that引導(dǎo)的從句；以whether/if引導(dǎo)的從句；以特殊疑問(wèn)此引導(dǎo)的從句；以what或wh-ever等連接的從句。此外，as if，as though，because，as也可以引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句。主語(yǔ)從句 賓語(yǔ)從句表語(yǔ)從句同位語(yǔ)從句作及物動(dòng)詞作介詞的賓語(yǔ)that一般不省略可以省略一般不省略一般不省略一般不省略wh

2、ether/if放于句首只能用whether用whether/if均可只用whether只用whether只用whether特殊疑問(wèn)詞注意語(yǔ)序用陳述語(yǔ)序名詞性關(guān)系從句注意語(yǔ)序用陳述語(yǔ)序（1） 從屬連接詞引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的從屬連接詞主要有that，whether，if。That只起連接主句和從句的作用，在從句中不充當(dāng)任何成分，也無(wú)詞義。whether/if起連接主句和從句的作用，在從句中不充當(dāng)任何成分，本身有詞義，表示“是否”。（1） 特殊疑問(wèn)詞連接代詞：who，whom，whose，what，which。起連接主句和從句的作用，在從句中充當(dāng)成分，本身有詞義。連接副詞：when，where，how

3、，why。起連接主句和從句的作用，在從句中充當(dāng)成分，本身有詞義。（3）名詞性關(guān)系從句：連接代詞： whoever，whomever，whatever，whichever。連接副詞： whenever，wherever，however。（4）從屬連詞as if，as though，because，as引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句。連接詞的用法1、 thatThat只起連接主句和從句的作用，在從句中不充當(dāng)任何成分，也無(wú)詞義。（1）主語(yǔ)從句可用it作形式主語(yǔ)，從句本身置于句末，常見(jiàn)的句型有：A、It+形容詞+ that從句It is clear that he was telling the truth.B、It

4、+名詞詞組+that從句It is a pity that you cant go with us.C、It be+過(guò)去分詞+that從句Its said/reported/believed/thought/expected thatIts said that he has been there many times.D、It+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+that從句It worried her a bit that her hair was turning grey.It shocked me that he didnt tell anybody where he was.E、It seems/happ

5、ens/appear等不及物動(dòng)詞+that 從句It seems that he was lost something.在口語(yǔ)和非正式文體中，that?？梢允÷?，尤其實(shí)在非常短的句子中，that是不必要的；但that從句位于句首時(shí)，連詞that是不可以省略的。Its a pity（that）you are leaving.That we are invited to the concert this evening is good news to us.2、 賓語(yǔ)從句常見(jiàn)的可以接從句作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)see，say，know，discover，believe，tell，show，think，consi

6、der，sure等，在可以接復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)（賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)）的動(dòng)詞后，如 think, make, consider等，可以用it作形式賓語(yǔ)，而把真正的賓語(yǔ)從句后置，that 在這種情況下不能省略。We heart that one more person died of ill in Mexico.I made it clear that I was determined to carry out the plan.that從句一般不能充當(dāng)介詞賓語(yǔ)，偶爾可以作expect，in的賓語(yǔ)。He is a good student expect that he is a little bit careles

7、s.He differed from his classmates in that he devoted his spare time to reading.其它介詞后面需要that從句作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，必須用it作形式賓語(yǔ)。You may depend on it that I shall always you.你要相信我會(huì)一直幫著你。3、 表語(yǔ)從句that不可以省略。這種從句往往對(duì)主句的內(nèi)容起進(jìn)一步解釋作用。其基本結(jié)構(gòu)為“主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+ that從句”。 My decision is that all of us are to start at 6 oclock tomorrow.4、 同位語(yǔ)從句

8、that不可省略。如果同位語(yǔ)從句意義完整，應(yīng)用that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句。5、 whether/if（是否）起連接主句和從句的作用，在從句中不充當(dāng)任何成分，本身有詞義，表示“是否”。（1）主語(yǔ)從句若句中需要表達(dá)“是否”意思時(shí)，則用 whether/if。當(dāng)主語(yǔ)從句放在句首時(shí)，只能用whether引導(dǎo)，不用if 引導(dǎo)；當(dāng)it作形式主語(yǔ)，主語(yǔ)從句放在句末時(shí)，whether和if均可以用。Whether the meeting will be given is still a problem.Its doubtful whether/if he will come here.（2）賓語(yǔ)從句whether

9、/if引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句：作“是否”講，常用在ask，care，find out，know，wonder等動(dòng)詞之后引出帶有疑問(wèn)意義的賓語(yǔ)從句。從句仍保持陳述語(yǔ)序，whether或if 不當(dāng)成分。I wonder if/whether he can come tomorrow.。在及物動(dòng)詞后（錯(cuò)）I dont care whether he doesnt come.（whether從句不用于否定句中）（對(duì)）I dont care whether/if he comes or not.（對(duì)）I dont care whether or not he comes.（錯(cuò)）I dont care if or

10、 not he comes.（對(duì)）I dont know whether to go there.在介詞后在介詞后只用whether，不用if。It depends on whether you can work do this work well.（3）表語(yǔ)從句只能用whether，不能用if引導(dǎo)。The problem is whether the meeting will be given.（4）同位語(yǔ)從句只能用whether，不能用if引導(dǎo)。I have no idea whether the meeting will be given.6、 特殊疑問(wèn)詞（1）主語(yǔ)從句連接代詞who，w

11、hom，where，what，which等引導(dǎo)從句時(shí)，在主句中作主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)等。Which one is better will be decided by yourself.連接副詞when，where，why，how等引導(dǎo)從句時(shí)，在主句中作狀語(yǔ)。Where they will go is unknown.特殊疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，常用it作形式主語(yǔ)。It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting.It has not been decided yet who will preside over the meet.由誰(shuí)來(lái)主持會(huì)

12、議還沒(méi)有確定。（2）賓語(yǔ)從句連接代詞who，whom，where，what，which等引導(dǎo)從句時(shí)，在主句中作主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)等。連接副詞when，where，why，how等引導(dǎo)從句時(shí)，在主句中作狀語(yǔ)。能接特殊疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞（詞組）有很多，常見(jiàn)的有see，tell，ask，answer，know，discuss，imagine等。I cant imagine how he did it.They couldnt understand why I refuse it. 作介詞的賓語(yǔ)It all depends on how we solve the problem.We are w

13、orrying about what we should do next.（3）表語(yǔ)從句連接代詞who，whom，where，what，which等引導(dǎo)從句時(shí)，在主句中作主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)等。連接副詞when，where，why，how等引導(dǎo)從句時(shí)，在主句中作狀語(yǔ).The problem is where we should stay.（4）同位語(yǔ)從句連接代詞who，whom，where，what，which等引導(dǎo)從句時(shí)，在主句中作主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)等。連接副詞when，where，why，how等引導(dǎo)從句時(shí)，在主句中作狀語(yǔ)。 My question how I shall get in touc

14、h with him has not been answered.7、 名詞性關(guān)系從句名詞性關(guān)系從句實(shí)際上是先行詞與在其后的定語(yǔ)從句的結(jié)合。What是最常用來(lái)引導(dǎo)名詞性關(guān)系從句的引導(dǎo)詞，此時(shí)what=the thing（s）which/that，有時(shí)what可以用作前置定語(yǔ)，如what help，what funny stories等。此外，whoever=anyone who，whichever=anything that/anyone that（whichever也可以指人），whatever=anything that（whichever和whatever也可以作定語(yǔ)）。有時(shí)，where

15、（=the place where）和when（=the time when）也可以用來(lái)引導(dǎo)名詞性關(guān)系從句。（1）主語(yǔ)從句What they need is a good textbook.Whichever he likes will be given to him.Whichever book he bought would be paid for.Whoever did this job must be rewarded.（2）賓語(yǔ)從句She will give whoever（=anyone who）needs help a warm support.She walked up to

16、where（=the place where）he stood.（介詞賓語(yǔ)）I can judge by what（=the thing that）I know of him.（介詞賓語(yǔ)）You can write about whatever topic（=any topic that）you prefer.（介詞賓語(yǔ)）（3）表語(yǔ)從句This is where our problem lies.Tomorrow is when it would be the most convenient.（4）同位語(yǔ)從句 I gave the girl a big doll，exactly what sh

17、e longed to have.（5）名詞性關(guān)系從句還可以作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)Well make him whatever he is fit for.Ill call the baby whatever name you like.He has made the company what it is today. 注意：在以下情況一般只用whether，不用if。引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句并在句首時(shí)引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)從句作介詞賓語(yǔ)從句后有 “or not” 作discuss，decide等詞賓語(yǔ)that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句：that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)無(wú)詞義，也不充當(dāng)任何成分，且通?？梢允÷?。（常見(jiàn)的可以接從句作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)se

18、e, say, know, discover, believe, tell, show, think, consider, sure等，在可以接復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)（賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)）的動(dòng)詞后，如 think, make, consider等，可以用it作形式賓語(yǔ)，而把真正的賓語(yǔ)從句后置，that 在這種情況下不能省略。We heart that one more person died of ill in Mexico.I made it clear that I was determined to carry out the plan.注意：that作賓語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞時(shí)可以省略，但當(dāng)一個(gè)句子有兩個(gè)或多個(gè)并列

19、的賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，引導(dǎo)第二個(gè)和以后幾個(gè)從句的that不可省略。whether/if引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句：作“是否”講，常用在ask, care, find out, know, wonder等動(dòng)詞之后引出帶有疑問(wèn)意義的賓語(yǔ)從句。從句仍保持陳述語(yǔ)序，whether或if 不當(dāng)成分。I wonder if/whether he can come tomorrow.。 (2)特殊疑問(wèn)詞(這些詞都有詞義，除了引導(dǎo)從句外，還充當(dāng)一定的成分。這種賓語(yǔ)從句有疑問(wèn)意義，但不是疑問(wèn)句，不能用疑問(wèn)語(yǔ)序。連接代詞：who, whom, whose, what, which，whoever, whomever, whateve

20、r, whichever連接副詞：when, where, how, why, whenever, wherever, however2、賓語(yǔ)從句在句中的位置（1）動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)大多數(shù)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)有些“動(dòng)詞+副詞”結(jié)構(gòu)后(find out ,point out , work out, figure out, turn out)Can you figure out what the poet really means in this poem.動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ) make sure/certain（確保）,make up ones mind （下定決心）,keep/bear in mind（牢記）等后We sh

21、ould keep in mind that sports can help us develop both our bodies and characters.可以用形式賓語(yǔ)it代替的賓語(yǔ)從句A. 動(dòng)詞find, feel, think, consider, make, support, assume, clear, believe, guess等后有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，需要用作形式賓語(yǔ)，而將that賓語(yǔ)從句后置。I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water.有些動(dòng)詞帶賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)需要在從句前 hate, like, owe, have,

22、 take it for granted, see to（留意，注意）I hate it when they talk with their mouth full of food.(2)介詞的賓語(yǔ)一般情況下，只能用wh-類連接詞引導(dǎo)偶爾expect介詞后可見(jiàn)that賓語(yǔ)從句。They look very similar expect that one is a little taller.用that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí),用it替代，將that從句后置You may depend on it that I shall always help you. (3)形容詞的賓語(yǔ)(afraid, c

23、ertain, glad, pleased, happy等)3.學(xué)習(xí)賓語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：(1)賓語(yǔ)從句中的時(shí)態(tài)賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)必須與主句呼應(yīng)。如果從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，那么從句中的謂語(yǔ)不受主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的影響，可以根據(jù)需要使用任何時(shí)態(tài)。He says he is going to swim with his friend tomorrow.如果從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，那么從句中的謂語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)一般為表示過(guò)去的某種時(shí)態(tài)（過(guò)去時(shí)，過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，過(guò)去完成時(shí)，過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)）。He said that he had seen the film.如果賓語(yǔ)從句表示的是客觀事實(shí)或真理時(shí)，即使主句是過(guò)去

24、時(shí)，從句也用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。My father told me that the sun rises in the east(2)賓語(yǔ)從句中的否定轉(zhuǎn)移在I/we think(believe, suppose, guess ,expect, imagine等)后面的從句中，如果含有否定含義，往往需要把否定詞由從句中轉(zhuǎn)移到主句中，這叫做否定轉(zhuǎn)移。I dont think you are fit for the job.注意：在發(fā)生否定轉(zhuǎn)移的句子中，如果主語(yǔ)是第一人稱，反意疑問(wèn)部分與從句保持一致；如果主語(yǔ)不是第一人稱，反意疑問(wèn)部分與主句保持一致。I dont think he will come tod

25、ay, will he?You dont think he will come today, do you?（3）有一種特殊的賓語(yǔ)從句，在這種句子里，當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞是who, which, what, when, where, how, why 等時(shí)，不能按正常語(yǔ)序安排，經(jīng)常將這類引導(dǎo)詞放句首。What courses do you say I should take up this semester?Who do you think the public might choose as their favorite singer this year?這種含插入語(yǔ)的混合疑問(wèn)句與賓語(yǔ)從句的一

26、般疑問(wèn)句在結(jié)構(gòu)上是不同的。Do you know who broken the window?（不能說(shuō)成Who do you know broken the window? 因?yàn)閐o you know不是插入語(yǔ)）（4）賓語(yǔ)從句中，個(gè)別不用陳述語(yǔ)序。I dont know what is the matter/wrong with him.(5)As a new deployment, he often thinks of that he can react more appropriately on this occasion. (React vi)（6）虛擬語(yǔ)氣“wish+賓語(yǔ)從句”表示不能

27、實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望主句用法從句的謂語(yǔ)形式主語(yǔ)+wish表示現(xiàn)在不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望用一般過(guò)去時(shí)（be通常用were）表示過(guò)去不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望had+過(guò)去分詞表示將來(lái)不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望would(could)+動(dòng)詞原形I wish I were a bird flying in the sky.I wish he had visited us last night.He wishes he could become a scientist some day.表示命令，建議,要求等一類后面的從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”，可以省略。一堅(jiān)持（insist）二命令（order, command）三建議（sug

28、gest, propose, advise）五要求（require, request, demand, desire, ask）當(dāng)insist表示“堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為”，suggest表示“表明，暗示”后面賓語(yǔ)從句不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣在would rather的句型中，也可用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。表示“寧愿”“但愿”would rather+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的情況would rather+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞表示過(guò)去的情況I would rather you went tomorrow (now).I would rather I had not told him the bad news.表語(yǔ)從句1、連接詞（

29、1）從屬連詞：that, whetherthat引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句：that僅起連接作用，無(wú)詞義，也不充當(dāng)任何成分，且通常不可以省略。這種從句往往對(duì)主句的內(nèi)容起進(jìn)一步解釋作用。其基本結(jié)構(gòu)為“主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+ that從句”whether引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句：作“是否，究竟，到底”講，在句中不作任何成分。 because，as if/though because引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句“This/That/It is/was because ”結(jié)構(gòu)中。as if/though 引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句常置于系動(dòng)詞 look, seem, sound, be, become 等后面，常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，也可用陳述語(yǔ)氣。It is be

30、cause he was careless.It looks as if its going to snow.（2）特殊疑問(wèn)詞(這些詞都有詞義，除引導(dǎo)從句外，還充當(dāng)一定的成分。)連接代詞：who, whom, whose, what, which，whoever, whomever, whatever, whichever連接副詞：When, where, how, why, whenever, wherever, however2學(xué)習(xí)表語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：（1）whether不能用 if替代 （2）當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是 the reason, the result或 why引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，常用 th

31、at引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句，不用 why 。在表語(yǔ)從句中，whether 不能被 if 替代。（3）thats why 是 why 引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句，表示“那就是的原因”，the reason whyis thatwhy 引導(dǎo)的是定語(yǔ)從句， that 引導(dǎo)的是表語(yǔ)從句，表示“的原因是”Thats why I want to go there.The reason why he was so late is that it was raining hard.（4）be+表語(yǔ)從句This is how we got out of trouble then.（5）seem, look, appear, soun

32、d, taste, remain等+表語(yǔ)從句（6）主語(yǔ)是表示建議、命令、要求、計(jì)劃(suggestion, advice, order, request, proposal, plan)等的名詞，那么表語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)該用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，即should 后接動(dòng)詞原形，should可以省略。My suggestion is that we (should) go and help him.三、主語(yǔ)從句1、關(guān)聯(lián)詞（1）連接詞that, whetherthat引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)無(wú)詞義，也不充當(dāng)任何成分若句中需要表達(dá)“是否”意思時(shí)，則用 whether（2）連接代詞who, whom ,whose, what, whi

33、ch whoever, whatever, whichever（3）連接副詞when, where, how, why, whenever, wherever, however2.學(xué)習(xí)主語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn):(1)當(dāng) it充當(dāng)形式主語(yǔ)的句子中，真正的的主語(yǔ)若用whether引導(dǎo)，whether與if可互換。若 whether 引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句置于主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前（即置于句首）或者 whether與 or not連用時(shí)，不能互換。Whether they will sell the house is not yet decided. (不能互換)=Its not decided whether they will sell the house. (可互換)(2) (3)從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，主語(yǔ)往往比較長(zhǎng)，出現(xiàn)了頭重腳輕的現(xiàn)象。為了避免這種現(xiàn)象，就用it作形式主語(yǔ)，則將