文體學(xué)課堂總結(jié)

1、 Brief Summary of StylisticsGeneral Stylistics is the science which explores how readers interact with the languages of texts in order to explain how we understand and are affected by texts when we read them. The stylistic mainly concerns about the examination of grammar, lexis, semantics, as well a

2、s phonological properties and discursive devices. Its developing and not come to maturity now. According to different standards, the stylistics mainly divide into two major types ：linguistic stylistics and literary stylistics. And there are many school of stylistics such as lingvo-stylistics, litera

3、ry stylistics, applied stylistics, contrastive stylistics, applied stylistics and so on. In the basic notions of stylistics, the通述文體學(xué)是為一門教我們怎么更好的使用語言的一門學(xué)科，主要關(guān)注語法，詞匯，語義，語音特征和表達(dá)手段。文體學(xué)目前是不完善的，處于發(fā)展階段。根據(jù)不同的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，文體學(xué)分為兩大類：普通文體學(xué)和文學(xué)文體學(xué).并且文體學(xué)有許多不同的學(xué)派，如形式文體學(xué)，話語文體學(xué)，文學(xué)文體學(xué)，應(yīng)用文體學(xué)，社會(huì)文體學(xué)，認(rèn)知文體學(xué)，比較文體學(xué)等。在文體學(xué)的基本概念中，expres

4、sive means and the stylistic devices should be noticed. Expressive means of the language are units of different language levels: phonetic, morphological, word-building, syntactic, lexical, phraseological, which serve the purpose of logical and emotional intensification of the utterances. A stylistic

5、 device is a generalized pattern, which activates a conscious and intentional intensification of a certain property of a language unit, designed to achieve a particular artistic effect. Stylistics origins from the ancient classical rhetoric, especially the rhetoric of Aristotle. But the modern styli

6、stics roots in Russian Formalism and the related Prague School of the early twentieth century. In the early twentieth century, the famous person of stylistics is Charles Bally and in the late twentieth century is Roman Jakobson.值得注意的是表達(dá)方式和文體手段。表達(dá)方式是表述特定內(nèi)容所使用的特定的語言方法，手段。文體手段為達(dá)成特定的藝術(shù)效果所普遍認(rèn)可的特定組合。 文體學(xué)起

7、源于古老的經(jīng)典修辭學(xué)，特別是亞里士多德的修辭論.但現(xiàn)代文體學(xué)起源于俄羅斯的形式主義和20世紀(jì)早期的相關(guān)的布拉格學(xué)派。20世紀(jì)早期的代表人物是法國的巴特利，20世紀(jì)晚期的則是羅曼雅各布森。It is clear that the Stylistics has much contacts with Rhetoric,. Rhetoric is the art of discourse, an art that aims to improve the capability of writers or speakers to inform, persuade, or motivate particul

8、ar audiences in specific situations. Its best known definition comes from Aristotle, who considers it a counterpart of both logic and politics, and calls it “the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion.”Rhetoric About the history of Rhetoric, Rhetoric has its origins

9、 in Mesopotamia. And In ancient Egypt, rhetoric had existed since at least the Middle Kingdom period .The Egyptians held eloquent speaking in high esteem, and it was a skill that had a very high value in their society.文體學(xué)和修辭學(xué)密不可分。修辭，是依據(jù)題旨情景，運(yùn)用各種表現(xiàn)手段方法，對語言材料進(jìn)行加工，提高語言表達(dá)效果的一種活動(dòng)，而研究這種提高語言表達(dá)效果規(guī)律的科學(xué)，就叫做修辭

10、學(xué)。西方修辭學(xué)發(fā)展史上，真正將修辭界定為一門學(xué)科的人是亞里士多德，他將修辭學(xué)界定為”在每一件事上發(fā)現(xiàn)可用的說服手段的能力。”修辭學(xué)修辭起源于美索不達(dá)米亞.在古埃及，修辭學(xué)自中王國時(shí)期就存在，古埃及人關(guān)注雄辯，認(rèn)為修辭學(xué)在社會(huì)生活中具有重大價(jià)值。The “Egyptian rules of rhetoric” also clearly specified that “knowing when not to speak is essential, and very respected, rhetorical knowledge.” Their “approach to rhetoric” was

11、thus a “balance between eloquence and wise silence.” Their rules of speech also strongly emphasized “adherence to social behaviors that support a conservative status quo” and they held that “skilled speech should support, not question, society.” In ancient China, rhetoric dates back to the Chinese p

12、hilosopher, Confucius. In ancient Greece, the earliest mention of oratorical skill occurs in Homers Iliad. At the turn of the 20th century, there was a revival of rhetorical study manifested in the establishment of departments of rhetoric and speech at academic institutions, as well as the formation

13、 of national and international professional organizations.埃及的修辭原則明確定義：知道什么時(shí)候不說話是必不可少的，而且了解非常受人尊敬和修辭的知識. 古埃及的修辭手法是雄辯和智慧的沉默的平衡。他們演講的原則強(qiáng)調(diào)堅(jiān)持保持現(xiàn)狀的社會(huì)行為，并且他們認(rèn)為好的演講應(yīng)該是受人支持的，有利于社會(huì)的，而不是被人質(zhì)疑的。在古中國，修辭回溯到中國的哲學(xué)家孔子和他的追隨者。在古希臘，最早涉及的是河馬的伊利亞特。20世紀(jì)見證了修辭學(xué)的再次興起。當(dāng)代學(xué)者繼續(xù)在數(shù)世紀(jì)的修辭傳統(tǒng)上添磚加瓦，重新解釋修辭學(xué)來說明人類交流的重要性Rhetoric typically p

14、rovide heuristics for understanding discovering and developing arguments for particular situations. And we should know the Aristotles three persuasive audience appeals:logos, pathos, and ethos. And the five canons of rhetoric:invention, arrangement, style, memory, and delivery.invention (the process

15、 of developing arguments);style (determining how to present the arguments); arrangement (organizing the arguments for extreme effect); delivery (the gestures, pronunciation, tone and pace used when presenting the persuasive arguments); memory (the process of learning and memorizing the speech and pe

16、rsuasive messages.)修辭學(xué)通常提供在特定條件下，關(guān)于理解，認(rèn)知和論據(jù)的探索法.關(guān)于修辭，我們需要知道亞里士多德的修辭學(xué)三種勸說方式:邏輯訴求，情感訴求，人格訴求，以及修辭五藝:取材，布局謀篇，朗誦法，表達(dá)技巧，默記：取材建立論據(jù)的過程；表達(dá)技巧如何表述布局謀略決定如何表達(dá)論據(jù)；朗誦法手勢，發(fā)音，語調(diào)，表達(dá)論據(jù)的步驟；默記學(xué)習(xí)和記憶演講信息的過程Grammar The system of transitivity is a particular grammatical facility used for capturing experience in language is t

17、he system of transitivity. In this system, it contain six process(the participant ): Material processes (actor, goal) Mental processes (senser, phenomenon)Behavioural processes ( behaver)Processes of verbalization (sayer, verbiage, receiver)Relational processes(carrier, attribute, identified, identi

18、fier, possessed, possessor)Existential processes (existent)語法及物性系統(tǒng)是一個(gè)語義系統(tǒng)，他把人們的經(jīng)驗(yàn)表達(dá)出來，并指明過程所涉及的參與者和環(huán)境成分。在這個(gè)系統(tǒng)中，分為六個(gè)過程類型(括號內(nèi)為其參與者)：物質(zhì)過程（動(dòng)作著，目標(biāo)），心理過程（感覺者，現(xiàn)象），行為過程（行為者）, 言語過程（說話者，說話內(nèi)容，受話者），關(guān)系過程（載體，屬性，被識別者，識別者，被占有者，占有者）存在過程（存在物）。A basic model of grammar should contain: sentence (or clause complex), clau

19、se, phrase (or group), word, morpheme.Four basic elements of clause structure： the Subject (S), the Predicator (P), the Complement (C) and the Adjunct (A).an SPCA pattern。 We should notice that SPCA is the basic pattern of clause structure. But other types are existing such as Imperative clauses, In

20、terrogative clauses, and Declarative clauses. To test for the subject, complement and adjunct elements of clause structure, we can ask various questions around the verb.語法的基本模型應(yīng)該包含：句子，從句，詞組，單詞，語素。句子結(jié)構(gòu)的四個(gè)基本要素： 主語，謂語，補(bǔ)語，修飾語。值得注意的是主謂補(bǔ)修是基本結(jié)構(gòu)，但是其他類型也存在，例如祈使句，疑問句和陳述句。而且要檢驗(yàn)句子的基本要素，我們可以圍繞動(dòng)詞詢問一系列問題。Stylistic

21、 devicesStylistic devices contain : Figurative language，Sound techniques，Structure，Irony，Register。Figurative language uses figures of speech - a way of saying something other than the literal meaning of the words. Simile,Metaphor,Synecdoche,Personification,Apostrophe,Charactonym,Symbol,Imagery,Motif

22、,Metonymy,Analogy ,Paradox,Pun,Parallelism,Hyperbole and so on.文體手段文體手段包括：比喻性語言，聲音技巧，結(jié)果，諷刺，語域。 比喻性語言使用“修辭格”一種說什么而不是字面意義的方式。 明喻，暗喻，提喻，擬人，呼語，個(gè)性化諢名，象征，意向，主題，轉(zhuǎn)喻，類比，悖論， 雙關(guān)，排比，夸張 等。Sound techniques:It contains:Rhyme,AlliterationAssonance ConsonanceRhythmOnomatopoeiaStructure Formal structure (the forms of

23、 a text)Storyline and PlotPlot structureFlashbackFrame story Foreshadowing Allusion IronyVerbal IronySituational ironyDramatic irony聲音技巧包括：韻腳，頭韻，元韻，尾韻，韻律，擬聲。結(jié)構(gòu)形式結(jié)構(gòu)，故事線情節(jié)，倒敘，框架故事，伏筆，典故.諷刺言語反諷，情景反諷，戲劇反諷RegisterDiction SyntaxVoice ToneLiterary StylisticsThe modern literary stylistic is established by C

24、harles bally. Spitzer is the father of literary stylistic. It should be noticed that the foregrounding is proposed first by Mukarovsky of the Prague group.It refers to a form of textual patterning which is motivated specifically for literary-aesthetic purposes。It has two main guises, foregrounding a

25、s deviation from a norm and foregrounding as more of the same.語域措辭，句法，語態(tài)，語氣。文學(xué)文體學(xué)現(xiàn)代文體學(xué)創(chuàng)始人是法國文體學(xué)家巴利,德國文體學(xué)家斯皮澤被普遍尊為文學(xué)文體學(xué)之父.值得注意的是突出”一詞首先是由布拉格學(xué)提出的，國內(nèi)也有學(xué)者譯成“前景化”。用特定方法突出以達(dá)到某種文學(xué)審美效果。通常表現(xiàn)為與眾不同和老調(diào)重彈。And the structuralist poetician Roman Jakobson proposes a model of language which comprises six key function

26、s：The emotive functionThe conative functionThe referential functionThe poetic functionThe phatic functionThe metalingual functionStylistic analysisNarrativesPrincipal mode of narrative characterisation is the transmission of actions and events. This mode refers to the way character is developed thro

27、ugh and by the semantic processes and participant roles embodied in narrative discourse.著名詩學(xué)家雅各布森提出了話語的六大功能:表情功能意動(dòng)功能指稱功能組詩功能人際功能評釋功能文體學(xué)分析記述文敘事特征的主要模式 是行為和事件的傳送。角色是按語義過程和敘事話語中的參與者角色發(fā)展的。Planes of point of view in narrative fictionPoint of view on the ideological planePoint of view on the temporal plan

28、ePoint of view on the spatial planePoint of view on the psychological planeThe analytical procedure of narratives:Source, author (style), themenarrative perspectivelanguage feature（Sentence structure，vocabulary，）Logical characteristicsConversational featuresfigure of speech and so onPoemThe stylistic analysis of poem mainly study from two ways: the relevant information and the structure