TheComparisonoftheTableManners

1、中西方餐桌禮儀之對(duì)比the comparison of the table manners between chinese and the westernerscontentsabstract.1key words.1i. introduction.2ii. literature review.2iii. background information about table manners.41. cultural background.42. table manners background.4iv. chinese table manners51. comprehending the et

2、iquettes.52. handling the taboos.6v. western countries table manners.71. peoples attitude towards western countries table manners.72. knowing the taboos.8vi. the relationship between the two kinds of table manners.81. cultural differences.82. establish the right attitude.9vii. arousing and developin

3、g interest91. the reasons of peoples passive attitude9viii. conclusion.10references.10the comparison of the table mannersbetween chinese and the westernersabstract: with the entrance of wto, china will hold the olympic games in 2008, the relationship between china and western in politics, economy, c

4、ulture will become more and more close. it is undoubtedly that the etiquette will play an important role in this process. to the definition of etiquette, china and western have a different understanding about it. as chinese thinks that the etiquette is the common behavior standards that all the memb

5、ers must obey, and its purpose is to keep the normal living order of the society. table manners, a part of the culture, plays an important role in the process of communication. in this thesis, the author compares these two different kinds of table manners to find the similarities and differences to

6、help the readers to understand a kind of new culture. therefore, be aware of the importance of table manners is not only for the people who always attend formal parties or have frequent contact with the foreigners, but also for the entire nation so as to improve the cultural awareness, and also impr

7、ove the communicative effects of table manners.key words: cultural background; chinese table manners; westerners table manners; differences摘 要：隨著中國(guó)加入世界貿(mào)易組織并即將在2008年舉辦奧運(yùn)會(huì)，中西方國(guó)家在政治，經(jīng)濟(jì)，文化方面的關(guān)系變得越來(lái)越密切。因此，禮儀就毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)地在這個(gè)過(guò)程當(dāng)中就扮演著一個(gè)非常重要的角色。對(duì)于禮儀這一概念，中西方對(duì)它有不同的理解。中國(guó)人認(rèn)為禮儀是共同的行為規(guī)范，所有成員必須遵守， 其目的是為了保持社會(huì)的正常生活秩序。 餐桌禮儀是

8、文化的一部份，在溝通這個(gè)過(guò)程中也就起著重要作用。在本文中，作者就這兩種不同的餐桌禮儀進(jìn)行了對(duì)比，其目的是找到她們的相似之處和不同之處來(lái)幫助讀者了解這種全新的文化。因此，了解餐桌禮儀不論對(duì)于經(jīng)常是出席正式的宴會(huì)的人，還是和外國(guó)人頻繁接觸的人來(lái)說(shuō)都是非常重要的。它也有助于提高全民族的文化意識(shí)，并提高餐桌禮儀的交際影響。關(guān)鍵詞：文化背景，中國(guó)餐桌禮儀，西方餐桌禮儀，差異i. introductionwith the development of the world and globalization, international trade became more and more popular.

9、 china, as a developing country, has enhanced the world trade with the western countries, which calls us to know and familiar with the differences in culture between china and the western countries. it includes philosophy, religion, music, art, cooking, table manners, etc. especially the table manne

10、rs, because the most frequent contact between different countries mainly focus on the daily life. so the importance of the table manners seems to be more noteworthiness.china is a vast country and it is therefore no surprise that there are many regional variations in chinese table manners and cuisin

11、e. chinese culture is quite unique, not only because it is different from that in western countries, but also from some other oriental countries. for example, in japan, south korea, india and thailand. china is a long history country, which breeds its own cultural system. for instance, philosophy, r

12、eligion, music, art, cooking, table manners, etc. all of these are all different from the western ones. it's true that every country has its own culture, which has distinguishing features. these special cultures make china attractive and also some difficult for the westerners to understand it. n

13、ow, let's go for the western countries. broadly speaking, the englishman is a quiet, reserved person who is relaxed only if the people he/she knows well. the english people require high quality of dishes. the communication at table is dainty. for instance, whom do you talk with? what do you talk

14、 about? they also give their attentions to the appearance when you are eating. there are many things for us to know. the analysis of this difference can calls more people to pay attention to the trans-culture. when we are handling with international affairs and taking part in formal parties, table m

15、anners is more and more important. it's not only something with the manners but also the culture which makes account. we should respect the others' culture, and spread our own customs to the other countries. ii. literature review most authorities researched on the differences of the table ma

16、nners between china and the western countries, mainly focus on the sequence of serving the dishes, how to behave at table, in other words, how to speak, how to greet with each others, how to use the dishware and napkin and so on. craig claiborne investigated this task in a guide to table manners in

17、an imperfect world. (1991, newyork) and found that the main difference on the chinese dinner table is the chopsticks instead of knife and fork, but that's only superficial. besides, in decent restaurants, you can always ask for a pair of knife and fork, if you find chopsticks not helpful enough.

18、 the real difference is that in the west, you have your own plate of food, while in china dishes are placed on the table and every share. the western concept of a service-oriented society contrasts significantly with the chinese concept of total view as substandard service in hotel and restaurants w

19、hen, in fact, no offense has been intended. at the same time, some may believe that backwardness evident everywhere in china (even behind the modern facade) can be overcome by applying western notion of efficiency and organization, and they are often quite vocal in expressing these beliefs, now forg

20、e on and experience the culture. in the book british society and culture (wu fei: 2001), the quality of english dishes is excellent, and there are so many for people to choose. it's true that the dairy products are so fresh and the meat is usually so tender. many traditional british dishes are a

21、s good as anything you can get anywhere. in recent years the british have become more cosmopolitan in their eating habits, and many families frequently sit down to meals whose ingredients or recipes may come from india, china, or indeed anywhere in the world. some authorities carry forward the taboo

22、s when eating with a chinese host, for example, rose v.white, he gave his own opinion on the meal time etiquette. traditionally speaking, there are many taboos at chinese tables, but nowadays people do not think it is necessary to follow these rules. the traditional customs or taboos shouldn't a

23、ppear only if the formal circumstances. however, there are still a few things to keep in mind, especially if people are guests at a private home. for instance, don't stick your chopsticks upright in the rice bowl. instead, lay them on the dish. the reason for this is that when somebody dies, the

24、 shrine to them contains a bowl of sand or rice with two sticks of incense stuck upright in it. so if you stick your chopsticks in the rice bowl, it looks like this is equivalent to whishing death upon person at the table! for the teapot, you must make sure that the about of the teapot is not facing

25、 anyone. it is impolite to set the teapot down where the spout is facing towards somebody. the spout should always be directed to where nobody is sitting, usually just outward from the table. and almost all the chinese people know the reason, but for the westerners, maybe they won't understand u

26、ntil hearing the reason. so when the westerners come to china, they should know the etiquettes at the table. for me, i will compare these two kinds of different etiquettes and find the differences and similarities, and i will try my best to find the reason why chinese people adore the western cultur

27、e and ignore their own traditional custom. we should know the others' custom but we should carry forward our own culture.iii. background information about table manners1. cultural backgroundthere are more than three hundred different definitions about culture which covers broad areas as arts, mu

28、sic, literature, values, food, traditional customs and religions and so on so forth. “culture is the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and the material objects and posses

29、sions acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving” (samovar, l.a. porter, etc.).onboard the vessel the multi-nationality crew work and live in “an isolated small floating community” where exist different cultures. it includes the ways of thinking

30、and doing things, such important values as time, sense of safety, environmental protection, co-operation, working attitudes and ways of communication which are called culture with capitalized c in culture on the on hand. on the other hand there are cultures of small c in culture such as foods style,

31、 table manners, body language, etc. for example a spanish captain will be shocked when he spotted the dog meat in the provision list arranged by a chinese chief cook. because europeans take dog as the close friend of human beings and even a part of the family while for chinese dog is connected with

32、negative persons or things. for example in chinese there are old sayings like” live a dogs life “(miserable life);”a dog will leap over a wall in desperation” (despair gives courage even to a coward); “heap of dogs droppings”(rubbish, worth nothing);”doghouse”(shabby and humble house);” “no ivory ca

33、n come out of a dogs mouth”(a filthy mouth can not utter decent language). although a culture of a nation is passed on from generation to generation it can be learnt and picked up. like language culture is everywhere. there are only different cultures and there are no bad or superior cultures. onboa

34、rd the vessel the different cultures co-exist equally and there are no good or bad cultures. the crew should develop an awareness of different cultures and respect other cultures and learn from other cultures. an international crew should be open-minded and tolerant to other cultures. 2. table manne

35、rs background table manners mainly includes: how to speak at the table, how to dress at the table, how to behave politely and place settings, etc. the attitude towards table manners changed with the times and regions. usually in an informal family klatch, people do not pay much attention to the rule

36、s. they would like to dress casually and talk loudly, it doesn't matter. in the traditional chinese party, people were particular about the clothing of attending the formal party, nevertheless, with the development and changes of the modern customs, some succeed the tradition, and some are tend

37、to break the traditional customs. in 1920s and1930s, they wore chinese tunic suits. now the people wear more casually. if you attend a party with a chinese tunic suits, the others may feel funny and strange. most of the westerners never wear a hat at the table or a casual sleeveless shirt. they do n

38、ot rock back in the dining chair and do not prop themselves up with their elbows on the table. placing the forearm on the table edge is ok. tea is preferred by the chinese as a drink during all meals less for its own taste but to clear the palate of a former dish before proceeding to the next. and a

39、s proclaimed by hong kong tourist association in their guide, "the chinese don't ruin the tea with such alien substances as milk, sugar or lemon". therefore, chinese tea culture is unique historic and abstruse. iv. chinese table manners1. comprehending the etiquettesfor many westerners

40、, the chinese dinner table is quite unique and complex. at the chinese table, you can not find forks or knives. the chinese host makes great, sweeping arm movements that go over large sections of the table passing over food. the scene is fantastic, but it leaves the foreigners at a loss for what to

41、do and how to do. as for eating, our chinese people usually did it quietly in the past. there was no eating noises allowed to make, and everything must be done as quietly as they could. therefore, people had to eat with their mouths closed. perhaps, to make a "smacking" noise was the worst

42、 offence behaves. while they are drinking soup, wine or any other kinds of liquid, "slurping" was also forbidden. if any sound whatever was created by our intake of food or beverage, it constituted bad manners! of course, it was unthinkable to speak with one's mouth full of food, so sp

43、eaking only occurred before or after one had taken in food and swallowed it. but nowadays, you can see this scene when you are attending a formal party. how one sits at the table is also prescribed. one is to sit up straight with the recessive hand (usually the left) in one's lap holding a napki

44、n while the dominant hand (usually the right) holds the fork or spoon. the only time one can have both hands on the table is when he is using a knife to cut something, but as soon as the cutting is finished, the recessive hand should go back to the lap. also, elbows are not allowed on the table. the

45、refore, one props the arm against the edge of the table just below the elbow. one should ask someone sitting near it to give it to you instead of reaching for any food on the table and stand up for the food. an american said:” in my time in china, i have come to enjoy chinese table manners far more

46、than those prescribed by my own culture, but for many it is impossible to adjust.” so, for the foreigners, the best way is to ask your guest questions to find out the differences and try your best to adjust them.2. handling the taboosall of the people know that china has a long history, traditionall

47、y speaking, there are many taboos at chinese tables, but these days not many people pay attention to them. however, there are a few things to keep in mind, especially if you are a guest at a private home. the author will list some taboos so as to help the readers to behave more properly and politely

48、.1) don't stick your chopsticks upright in the rice bowl. instead,lay them on your dish. the reason for this is that when somebody dies, the shrine to them contains a bowl of sand or rice with two sticks of incense stuck upright in it. so if you stick your chopsticks in the rice bowl, it looks l

49、ike this shrine and is equivalent to wishing death upon a person at the table! 2) make sure that the spout of the teapot is not facing anyone. it is impolite to set the teapot down where the spout is facing towards somebody. the spout should always be directed to where nobody is sitting, usually jus

50、t outward from the table. 3) don't tap on your bowl with your chopsticks. beggars tap on their bowls, so this is not polite. also, in a restaurant, if the food is coming too slow people will tap their bowls. if you are in someone's home, it is like insulting the cook.4) the napkins should be

51、 laid on the knee, the elbows should close to the body. 5) everyone should make preparation before the host or the hostess announced the beginning of the meal.6) you should let the lady on your right side begin first. 7) do not talk loudly with the people on the opposite of the table, and do not sha

52、ke your legs when you are eating.8) do not make up at the table, and do not touch your hairs.9) do not stand for the food, if it is necessary, you can ask the others to help.10) do not yawn at the table, if you cant help to, you should cover up best.11) when you are eating a buffet dinner, you shoul

53、dnt get much food on your plate, and you should queue up.there are much more rules, it is impossible for the author to list them all. anyway, what the readers should do is to pay much attention to your behavior and try your best to act more properly.v. western countries table manners1. peoples attit

54、ude towards western countries table mannersin order to do the research, the author designed a questionnaire to investigate the understanding of western countries' table manners .the author distributed 200 questionnaires in our campus; all together i collected 175 back. according to result of the

55、 research, majority of university students don't know the table manners well.50%just know some of our chinese table culture including how to behave politely at the table, how to toast .etc. but more than 70% students don't know how to lay the tables, how to use the knife and fork, and how to

56、 speak and behave properly and politely at the western countries' table. for the reason is that they think it's unnecessary to know it because they wouldn't have many chances to communicate with the foreigners, let alone eat with them. it's true that not every university student has

57、the opportunities to contact with the foreigners because the foreign teachers in one campus are limited. being university students, they prefer to pay much attention to their majors rather than learn english. for this reason, they don't think knowing the table manners of westerners matters a lot

58、. as we all know, china has entered the wto, we encounter the opportunities as well as challenges, and we should keep our pace with the development of globalization and face the challenges bravely. eating together is one of the most efficient ways for intercommunion. through the research of this subject, which entitled with "the comparison of the table manners between chinese and the westerners", we appeal chinese people treat the english subject and western culture with a right