HowtoResearch如何開展研究工作

1、how to research?how to choose object: how to obtain reference: how to collect data: how to analyze the data: how to interpret the data: how to conclude: how to write bibliography:how to choose objecto choose the topic from your interests, experience, readings, topical issues and etc.o specify the re

2、search question: put the objective into a concrete proposition. significant, feasible, neither broad nor narrowpossible topicson-campus topicso opinions of both students and staff about the cafeteria/ library etc. service o opinions and suggestions on courses offered in our department and collegeo r

3、ate of successful campus love that results in marriageo qualities of a most attractive college studento off-campus topicswdemand for english tutors in societywwhat qualities are attractive to potential employers?ware interns welcomed?whelp readers see what the questionnaires are about.questionnaires

4、 on the tv showsurvey on hotel service qualityask questions open v. closedclosed format1.easy for respondents2.easy to calculate percentages3.save time and moneyopen format1.invite subjective data2.invite wider response3.truly reflect the opinions of respondents4.proper when the range of responses i

5、s not tightly defined.do you own a color tv? y/nare you going to register for the business member this year? y/nhow do you rate this car:excellent good fair poori am a trend-setter: strongly agree strongly disagree 1 2 3 4 5 list questionswhich of the following have you attended in the past six mont

6、hs? (check all that apply)art exhibitionballetcinemaoperaplayother performance (please specify):3. can accommodate all possible answers. for example, consider the question: what brand of computer do you own? _ a. ibm b. apple 4. has mutually exclusive options. an obvious example is: where did you gr

7、ow up? _ a. country b. farm c. city 5. produce variability of responses. what do you think about your looks? _ a. its the worst b. its somewhere between the worst and best c. its the best since almost all responses would be choice b, very little information is learned. design your questions so they

8、are sensitive to differences between respondents. as another example: are you against murdering? (circle: yes or no)again, there would be very little variability in responses and wed be left wondering why we asked the question in the first place. are you satisfied with your current auto insurance? (

9、yes or no)dont you think the congress is spending too much money?1. do you currently have a life insurance policy ? 2. how much is your annual life insurance premium ? _13. non-specific questions do you like orange juice? do i like what? taste, texture, nutritional content, vitamin c, the current pr

10、ice? what suggestions do you have for improving tomato juice? the respondent may offer suggestions about texture, the type of can or bottle, mixing juices, or something related to use as a mixer or in recipes. it gives respondents excessive latitude. will you smoke in public?how to analyze the data

11、(with excel)a. to generate diagramstable: numeric valuepie chart: proportion line graph: trend; contrast; correlation bar graph: contrast tree diagram: process, organization table 1997199819992000grain11%47%46.5%45%milk10%11%11%12%meat17%20%22.5%23%fruit&veg24%22%20%20%function: store the data l

12、ook up the data introduction to data (in the report) requirement: classified into dimensions numerical value pie chart function: proportion between variables contrast in proportion single line graphfunction: trend up and down maximum & minimum correlation: positive negative non-correlationpositi

13、veincomeincome3434676779799999113113148148happiness happiness indexindex131324243535474757576565negative success success 676779799999113113148148pressure pressure 1651651441441221221091098989non-correlationweightweight3434676779799999113113148148strengstrengthth5325321131139789786767452452213213mult

14、i-line graphfunction: trend maximum & minimum up and down correlation contrast bar graphfunction: contrast between variables maximum & minimumtree diagramfunction: sequence, succession, classification, organization, etc. central tendency (集中): average, median(中數(shù)), mode(眾數(shù)), etc. dispersion (

15、離中): range(兩極差), mean average(平均差), variance(方差), etc. b. to take statisticsaverage class 1 class 2class 1798286849184.484.4class 2478789959883.283.2median class1: 84 class 2: 89 class 2 class 1class 179828484869184.4class 24747878989959883.2modei am a trend-setter: strongly disagree strongly agree

16、1 2 3 4 5 boyboygirlgirl1 11852 2292953 36104 4427275 5313 rangeincome￥averagerangerangegroup 1279279282284290290283.751111group 2227227287295318318281.759191economic situation: group 1 group 2so, different diagrams and statistic methods reflect different aspects of the object, we can make full use

17、of the data by analyzing it by various means. organization of researchresearch on x 1. introduction a. the reason/significance of your research b. the objectives: the concrete questions to be answered by this research. e.g. in this research, we are going to answer the follow questions: 1. when do th

18、e students 2. which part is the most 2. data collection how do you distribute and collect questionnaires? how many valid questionnaires out of the total handed out? information about the respondents: such as who, when, where and etc.3. data analysis a. present the data: description of data and diagr

19、ams the brand people use38%16%6%10%8%2%0%8%2%10%nokiamotorolasamsungsimenssony ericssonnecpanasonicphilipstclothersas can be seen from the pie chart , nokia still possesses the first place on cell phone market. b. analyze the data (with statistics) 1. contrast: the change or difference 2. find out the hidden information/rule, for example, the averagec. draw generalization of the findings or predict the trend,e.g., the popu