(英語)高考專題講義【閱讀理解(2)】

1、高考英語專題講義【閱讀理解（2）】主旨大意題我們閱讀一篇文章, 首先是要了解其大意, 明確其主旨。因此, 主旨大意題是常考題。主旨大意題包括：主要內(nèi)容(main idea, mainly about)型、文章標(biāo)題(title)型、 寫作目的(purpose)型。八年來共考了15道題，其中mainly about只考過3題（2008，2012，2013），title題考了6題（2007，2010，2011，2012，2013，2014），purpose題考了6題（2007，2008，2009，2011，2013，2014）。主要內(nèi)容型這類題，近兩年廣東高考每年考兩小題。技巧點撥 弄清文章的大意,

2、 關(guān)鍵是找到主題句。 主題句的位置：主題句通常在文首、文末或首尾呼應(yīng), 有時也在文中, 或沒有主題句,需根據(jù)文章所述內(nèi)容進(jìn)行歸納。各段的主題句也常在該段的首句或尾句。議論文和說明文一般有主題句, 但記敘文通常沒有主題句, 需要歸納。 找主題句的方法：用瀏覽法(skimming), 即快速閱讀文首、文尾, 或每段的首句和尾句等, 搜索主題線索和主題信息。 找主題句的四個小竅門：1. 段落中出現(xiàn)表轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語(如however, but, in fact, actually等)時, 該句很可能是主題句。 2. 首段出現(xiàn)疑問句時, 對該問題的回答很可能就是文章主旨。 3. 作者有意識地反復(fù)重復(fù)的觀點,

3、 通常是主旨; 反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語, 一般為體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞。 4. 表示總結(jié)或結(jié)論的話常有therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion等。 經(jīng)典例題 閱讀下列文段，從題中所給的A、B、C和D項中，選出最佳選項。（2014重慶）It's generally believed that people act the way they do because of their personalitiesand attitudes. It's undeniable that behavior comes from our inner d

4、ispositions (性情), but in many instances we also draw inferences about who we are, as suggested by the social psychologist Daryl Bem, by observing our own behavior. Actually, we often need to look to our behavior to figure out who we are. Moreover, we don't just use our behavior to learn about ou

5、r particular types of character-we infer characters that weren't there before. Our behavior is often shaped by little pressures around us, which we fail to recognize. We should not mistakenly believe that we always behave as a result of some inner disposition. Whatever pressures there can be or

6、inferences one can make, people become what they do, though it may not be in compliance (符合) with their true desires. Therefore, we should all bear in mind Kurt Vonnegut's advice: "We are what we pretend to be, so we must be careful about what we pretend to be. "55. What does the autho

7、r mainly discuss in the passage? A. Personalities and attitudes. B. Preferences and habits. C. Behavior and personalities. D. Attitudes and preferences. 解析：本文的第一段提出普遍觀點“行為來自個性和態(tài)度”，第二段含but的首句才是本文要提出的觀點，“行為來自個性這是不可否認(rèn)的，但在許多情況下，我們會作出推論：我們是誰”，第三段和第四段說“我們的行為還來自于我們周圍人的壓力，可能并不是我們真實的愿望”即“行為不一定來自個性”，因此，全文是說“行

8、為與個性之間的關(guān)系”，故選C。 另外，文中不斷復(fù)現(xiàn)的詞即為本文的關(guān)鍵詞，是討論的中心。behavior（行為）共出現(xiàn)了8次（act一次，behavior六次，behave一次），personalities（個性）以近義的形式復(fù)現(xiàn)了6次（inner dispositions，character，characters，inner disposition，true desires），因此，本文主要討論的是behavior和personalities，故選C。即時練習(xí) 閱讀下列文段，從題中所給的A、B、C和D項中，選出最佳選項。（2014浙江）Here is some must-know inform

9、ation from a handbook on how people hehave in doing business in some countries. In Brazil Brazilians are warm and friendly. They often stand close when talking and it is common for them to touch the person on the shoulder. In Singapore Singaporeans shake hands when they meet and often also greet eac

10、h other with a small, polite bow. Business cards should be offered and received with two hands. In the United Arab Emirates In the UAE, status is important, so the most senior or oldest should be greeted first with their titles. In Switzerland The Swiss tend to be formal and address each other by la

11、st name.It is polite to finish the food on your plate.46. The passage is mainly about_. A. communication types B. the workplace atmosphere C. customs and social manners D. living conditions and standards答案：C文章標(biāo)題型技巧點撥 文章標(biāo)題就是對文章的主要意思的概括, 因此, 解答這類題的方法與解答主旨要義題 的方法基本相同, 都是尋找主題句, 或歸納主要內(nèi)容。但主要內(nèi)容題(main idea,

12、 mainly about) 題的選項多用句子的形式, 而標(biāo)題多用短語 (特別是名詞短語)的形式, 且具有以下3個特點： (1)概括性: 準(zhǔn)確而又簡短。 (2)針對性: 內(nèi)容范圍相符, “帽子”不大不小。 (3)醒目性: 新穎奇特, 能引發(fā)讀者急迫的閱讀欲望。 推敲選項正誤的6個小巧門： 1. 正確選項一般不出現(xiàn)細(xì)節(jié)信息。 2. 正確選項一般不含過分肯定或絕對意義的詞。 3. 正確選項一般含有抽象名詞或概括性詞語。 4. 概括全面、范圍一致、說明道理的選項一般是正確答案。 5. 四個選項中, 內(nèi)容相近或完全相反的兩個選項中往往有一個是正確答案。 6. 干擾項特點：(1)概括范圍太窄, 只含局部

13、信息或某個細(xì)節(jié);(2)概括范圍太寬, 所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容超出或多于文章闡述的內(nèi)容; (3)無關(guān)信息：即文章中未提到、或找不到語言依據(jù) 的信息。 經(jīng)典例題 閱讀下列文段，從題中所給的A、B、C和D項中，選出最佳選項。（2011廣東） In the animal kingdom, weakness can bring about aggression in other animal. This sometimes happens with humans also. But I have found that my weakness brings out the kindness in people. F

14、rom my wheelchair experience, I see the best in people.Often, we try every way possible to avoid showing our weakness.But only when we stop pretending were brave or strong do we allow people to show the kindness thats in them.30. Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A. A Wheelch

15、air Experience B. Weakness and Kindness C. Weakness and Strength D. A Driving Experience 解析：在第一段中, 出現(xiàn)了表轉(zhuǎn)折的But.可知, But I have found that my weakness brings out the kindness in people便是主題句, 再根據(jù)第二段最后一句可以確定, 這句的確是主題句。 又因標(biāo)題要簡明、醒目, 故選B。 即時練習(xí) 閱讀下列文段，從題中所給的A、B、C和D項中，選出最佳選項。（2014新課標(biāo)）Arriving in Sydney on his

16、 own from India, my husband, Rashid, stayed in ahotel for a short time while looking for a house for me and our children. During the first week of his stay, he went out one day to do some shopping. He came back in the late afternoon to discover that his suitcase was gone. He was extremely worried as

17、 the suitcase had all his important papers, including his passport. He reported the case to the police and then sat there, lost and lonely in a strange city, thinking of the terrible troubles of getting all the paperwork. Late in the evening, the phone rang. It was a stranger. He was trying to prono

18、unce my husband's name and was asking him a lot of questions. Then he said they had found a pile of papers in their trash can (垃圾桶) that had been left out on the footpath. My husband rushed to their home to find a kind family holding all his papers and documents. Their young daughter had gone to

19、 the trash can and found a pile of unfamiliar papers. Her parents had carefully sorted them out, although they had found mainly foreign addresses on most of the documents. At last they had seen a half-written letter in the pile in which my husband had given his new telephone number to a friend.4. Wh

20、ich of the following can be the best title for the text? A. From India to Australia. B. Living in a New Country. C. Turning Trash to Treasure. D. In Search of New Friends.答案：C寫作目的型 這類題的題干中常有purpose，或者后面接有表示目的的動詞不定式，如：intend to，meant to，(in order) to等。技巧點撥 我們可以根據(jù)文章的主旨和體裁來推斷作者的寫作目的。因此, 文章的首尾段或每段的首尾是閱讀

21、的重點, 作者的寫作意圖往往就隱含在其中。 作者寫文章的目的通常有三種, 與之對應(yīng)的文章如下： 1. to entertain readers(使讀者愉悅、發(fā)笑)：常見于個人經(jīng)歷或故事類的文章。 2. to persuade readers(說服讀者接受某種觀點)：常見于廣告或議論文。廣告是作者要推銷一種產(chǎn)品或一種服務(wù)：吸引更多的游客、讀者或訂戶、觀眾等; 議論文是為了說服讀者接受或贊同某一觀點。 3. to inform readers (告知讀者某些信息)：多見于新聞報道類、科普類、文化類或社會類的文章, 以及勸告性或建議性的文章。 經(jīng)典例題 閱讀下列文段，從題中所給的A、B、C和D項中，

22、選出最佳選項。（2014安徽）Should we allow modern buildings to be built next to older buildings in a historic area of a city? . In my view, new architectural styles can exist perfectly well alongside an older style. Indeed, there are many examples in my own home town of Tours where modern designs have been plac

23、ed very successfully next to old buildings. Yet people still speak against new buildings in historic areas. I think this is simply because people are naturally conservative (保守的) and do not like change. Although we have to respect people's feelings as fellow users of the buildings, I believe tha

24、t it is the duty of the architect and planner to move things forward. If we always reproduced what was there before, we would all still be living in caves. Thus, I would argue against copying previous architectural styles and choose something fresh and different, even though that might be the more r

25、isky choice.5. What is the main purpose of the passage? A. To explain why people dislike change. B. To warn that we could end up living in caves. C. To admit how new buildings have ruined their surroundings.D. To argue that modern buildings can be built in historic areas. 解析：本文為一篇議論文，作者首先提出話題，現(xiàn)代建筑是否

26、該建在有古建筑的地方？第二段首句（主題句）作者表明自已的看法：In my view，new architectural styles can exist perfectly well alongside an older style，接下來就此進(jìn)行了論證，故選D。即時練習(xí) 閱讀下列文段，從題中所給的A、B、C和D項中，選出最佳選項。（2014四川）In 1943, when I was 4, my parents moved from Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, to Fairbanks,Alaska, where adventure was never very fa

27、r away. Dad was a Railway Express agent and Mom was his clerk. That left me in a mess. I usually managed to find some trouble to get into. Once I had a little fire going in the dirt basement of a hotel. I had tried to light a barrel (桶) of paint but couldn't really get a good fire going. The smo

28、ke got pretty bad, though, and when I made my exit, a crowd and the police were there to greet me. The policemen took my matches and drove me home. Mom and Dad were occupied in the garden and Dad told the police to keep me, and they did! I had a tour of the prison before Mom rescued me. I hadn't

29、 turned 5 yet. As I entered kindergarten, the serious cold began to set in. Would it surprise you to know that I soon left part of my tongue on a metal handrail at school? As for Leonhard Seppala, famous as a dog sledder (駕雪橇者), I think I knew him well because I was taken for a ride with his white d

30、og team one Sunday . In 1950, we moved back to Coeur d'Alene, but we got one more Alaskan adventure when Leonhard invited us eight years later by paying a visit to Idaho to attend a gathering of former neighbors of Alaska.38. What is the author's purpose of writing the text? A. To look back

31、on his childhood with adventures. B. To describe the extreme weather of Alaska. C. To express how much he misses Leonhard.D. To show off his pride in making trouble.答案：A（1）If you have ever wondered what Noah's Ark，the huge boat that saved Noah，his family and two specimens of every animal genus t

32、hat inhabited the earth，may have looked like，you are in luck.That's because a Dutchman has created a lifesize replica，with a slight modernday twist!Johan Huibers says he was inspired to build the boat after he dreamt that his native country of Netherlands was completely flooded! The carpenter be

33、gan by creating a smaller version of what he likes to call Johan's Ark in 2004.Not surprisingly，it was an instant hit with tourists，both local and foreign.Encouraged by the success，he used the funds generated from ticket sales of the smaller version，and in 2009 recruited(招聘) his two children and

34、 some friends，to build a version the same size as the one specified in the Bible.Johan and his team ended up with an Ark that measures an impressive 427 feet(130 meters) long，95 feet(29 meters) across and 75 feet (23 meters) high.As for the animals? While the area inside is big enough to allow two r

35、eal elephants，Johan has restrained that impulse! Instead，he has populated it with plastic substitutes of the mammal and also giraffes，zebras and even buffalosAll lifesize of course! But smaller species like chickens，sheep and rabbits got luckierThey are all alive and seem to be enjoying their life i

36、nside the Ark's “petting zoo”Johan's Ark is also home to an array of exotic birdsAll alive and chirping(鳴叫聲)!The only issue with this amazing replica that docks in a small river in Dordrecht，Netherlands is the ability to actually sail off! That's because unlike the biblical version，this

37、one is made from steel and weighs 3，000 tons.Still，it is pretty cool and the best news is that Johan is hoping to take it to other parts of the world too，if he can find a bigger boat to transport it on.1Why did Johan Huibers create Johan's Ark?ABecause he wanted to make a lot of money.BBecause h

38、e meant to raise animals in the Ark.CBecause he dreamed his motherland was flooded.DBecause he intended to travel around the world.2The first sentence of Paragraph 3 means _AJohan's Ark was attacked by some touristsBbuilding Johan's Ark proved a failureCthe visitors were surprised by his cra

39、zy ideaDJohan's Ark was very popular with tourists3Which of the following can replace the underlined word“restrained” in Paragraph 4?Aimproved Bstopped Cdeveloped Dindicated4What can you infer from the last paragraph?AThe boat was created just for entertainment.BThis Ark was designed for sailing

40、 in the river.CThis amazing replica can't sail in the sea.DJohan was going to sell the replica overseas.5Which of the following is the best title of the passage?AThe Tale of Noah's Ark BHow to Avoid DisastersCThe Functions of Noah's Ark DModernday Version of Noah's Ark（2）While I was

41、in my 4th month of pregnancy (妊娠期) with my second child, we were preparing for a trip to Louisiana, where Marshalls family live, to celebrate Janes 2nd birthday. Two days before we were to leave, we got the shocking news that I was going to lose the baby. Not knowing when this would happen, we decid

42、ed to continue with our trip.Since Marshalls family lives on a 600-acre cattle farm, you often find that you have a lot of time to yourself to think when you are there. That is precisely what I did not want to do at this time. I told Marshall that I needed to get a good book to get lost in while I w

43、as there. I told him I heard the Harry Potter books were good, so he went out and got the first one for me.During that trip, I totally got lost in the book, which was of great help during a time when I needed a distraction to forget about the sadness. In the book, I noticed the name “Seamu

44、s”. I vaguely remembered it was pronounced “Shamus” and I liked the sound of that. I mentioned it to Marshall and he liked it too. Toward the end of the trip, I had just 5 chapters left and I knew I was about to finish the first book, which I was pretty excited about.Soon after we put Jane down to b

45、ed, I had started labor (分娩), so I was unable to read. The labor lasted 5 and 1/2 hours, but Marshall stayed there with me, sitting beside me and reading aloud the last 5 chapters of Harry Potter. I can never fully explain how much that helped me through the experience. And ever since then, Mar

46、shall and I both have been fans of the Harry Potter books. We remember how they helped us get through that time of our lives.We were sad to have lost the baby, but the name Seamus started our journey toward adoption. And we gave this name to our adopted son. Though our Seamus doesnt have a

47、 drop of Irish blood in him, the name fits him perfectly.1. Why did the writer want a good book during the trip?A. Because the trip to Louisiana would take a long time.B. Because she didnt want to think of losing her baby.C. Because she had nothing else to do except reading.D. Because a good book co

48、uld help her enjoy her trip.2. According to the story, we can know that the Harry Potter books _.A. made the familys trip more exciting       B. include five books all togetherC. have someone called Seamus in them        

49、; D. can help people deal with their problems3. The writer named her son Seamus because _.A. she wanted to keep her trip in memory         B. she loved this name very muchC. her son doesnt have Irish blood       

50、60;      D. it is a perfect name for a boy4. Which of the following is TRUE about the couple?A. They planned their trip after getting the shocking news.B. They thought the cattle farm was too large to do anything on.C. They felt excited when they almost finished the trip.D.

51、They liked reading Harry Porter very much after the trip.5. Which is the best title for the passage?A. Funny Stories Of My Family           B. Seamus And Harry PotterC. How We Got To Louisiana      &#

52、160;       D. How My Son Got His Name（3）Most American schools have boys and girls in the same classroom. But a public high school in the small, rural town of Boonsboro, Maryland, offers a special program called the Academy. Top students in the ninth and tenth grade

53、s can attend single-sex classes for math, science, English and social studies.The aim is to help teenagers keep their mind on their work by keeping males and females apart. What they really want to do is take that top group of kids and take them to the very highest level they can achieve there, so t

54、hat theyre prepared for college.Students are invited to enter this program after they finish middle school, and placement in the Academy is voluntary. However, they need high marks and test scores and strong teacher recommendations. They also need to be involved in activities.Almost 350 students hav

55、e taken part in the Academy. It began as an experiment in 2010.Michael Bair has been at Boonsboro High for twenty years and directs the Academy. His ninth-grade English class for boys centers on books that he believes boys find interesting. He says that the novels the students are reading now are ve

56、ry manly (男子氣概的) novels. These novels deal with the arrogance (傲慢) of man and the pride of man which finally leads to mans downfall.One of those books, for example, is The Call of the Wild by Jack London. This classic story tells of a dog stolen from his home and sold to work as a sled dog in Canada

57、s Klondike Gold Rush.Morgan Fleet, a senior at Boonsboro High, likes being in the Academy. She says boys and girls act differently when they are together in a classroom. She believes this difference seems to prevent her from developing herself because shes more focused on thoughts like “Oh, I wish t

58、hey would shut up. Oh, what do they think of me? instead of focusing on “Whats the homework? Whats going on in this class? Whats the lesson?”.There is one activity that girls and boys in the Academy do together. At the end of the day, many of them stay and help tutor students who are having trouble in school.1. What is the purpose of the Academy program? ATo offer a special program in high school.BTo help students concentrate on study.CTo strengthen sex education for teenagers.DTo start learning college cours