表23外語學院論文規(guī)范

1、Promoting Dynamic Interplay between Study and Research in ELT Practice編號：河南中醫(yī)學院外語學院2010屆本科學位論文頁：1論文的組成部分：共10個基本部分：1）封面、2）原創(chuàng)性聲明、3）英文摘要(Abstract)與關鍵詞(Key words)、4）中文摘要與關鍵詞、5）目錄6）英文引言(Introduction)、7）正文、8）結語、9）文獻目錄(Works Cited)、10）致謝。頁：1頁碼設置：頁碼需分兩部分設置。第一部分（即正文之前部分）用羅馬數(shù)字（即i, ii, iii, iv 等）第二部分（即正文及以后部分）

2、用阿拉伯數(shù)字（即1, 2, 3, 4 等）。第一部分的頁碼設置：用“插入”“頁碼”“對齊方式”選“居中” “首頁顯示頁碼”撤選在“格式”中“數(shù)字格式”選“i, ii, iii”在“頁碼格式”中“確定” 再在“頁碼”中“確定” 設置完成。第二部分的頁碼設置：先在正文的起始處用“插入”“分隔符”在“分節(jié)符類型”中選“下一頁”，然后用“插入”“頁碼”“對齊方式”選“居中” 勾選“首頁顯示頁碼”在“格式”中“數(shù)字格式”選“1, 2, 3”在“頁碼格式”中“確定” 再在“頁碼”中“確定” 設置完成。論文英文題目：Promoting Dynamic Interplay between Study and

3、Research in ELT Practice論文中文題目：在英語教學中力求學習與研究的相互促進作 者 姓 名作 者 學 號所 在 院 系所 學 專 業(yè)導 師 姓 名論文完成時間河南中醫(yī)學院外語學院本科學位論文原創(chuàng)性聲明和使用授權說明原創(chuàng)性聲明本人鄭重聲明： 所呈交的學位論文，是本人在導師的指導下，獨立進行研究工作所取得的成果。除文中已經(jīng)注明引用的內(nèi)容外，本論文不含任何其他個人或集體已經(jīng)發(fā)表或撰寫過的作品或成果。對本文的研究做出重要貢獻的個人和集體，均已在文中以明確方式標明。本聲明的法律結果由本人承擔。論文作者簽名： 導師簽名：簽名必須完備且為親筆簽名 年 月 日 學位論文使用授權說明本人完

4、全了解河南中醫(yī)學院關于收集、保存、使用學位論文的規(guī)定，即：按照學院要求提交學位論文的印刷本和電子版本；學院有權保存學位論文的印刷本和電子版，并提供目錄檢索與閱覽服務；學院可以采用影印、縮印、數(shù)字化或其它復制手段保存論文；在不以贏利為目的的前提下，學?？梢怨颊撐牡牟糠只蛉績?nèi)容。論文作者簽名： 導師簽名： 年 月 日Acknowledgements本文只作參考，在論文撰寫過程中應避免雷同。My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to Professor Wang, my supervisor, who has spent her invalua

5、ble time and energy guiding me through the writing of this thesis. Without her help and encouragement, this paper would never have been made possible. Thanks should also go to all the professors and teachers who guided me into the field of culture and context and offered me full support in my study

6、in Hanna College of Traditional Chinese Medicine.Second, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my classmates and roommates, who are always ready to help me whenever I am in trouble both in study and in daily life.Last but not least, I would like to extend my special gratitude to my belov

7、ed parents for their love, support and encouragement.A4紙打印，兩端對齊，行間距1.25倍頁：4行間距的設置：選“格式”“段落”在“段落”的“行距”中選“多倍行距”并在其右邊框內(nèi)輸入“1.25”。，左邊距3厘米，右邊距2.5厘米，上下邊距2.5厘米。Promoting Dynamic Interplay between Studyand Research in ELT Practice左頂格，Times New Roman小四號，黑正體。居中，Times New Roman三號，黑正體。如有副標題，用冒號將主、副標題隔開。Wu Benhu居

8、中，Times New Roman四號，正體。左頂格，Times New Roman小四號，正體。Abstract: This paper first explores the significance of research in comparison to the other two sources of human knowledge (i.e. experience and reasoning) in the context of ELT practice in China. It then elaborates the four kinds of study: receptive s

9、tudy, productive study, critical study and creative study, and proposes a practice of ever-advancing integration of various types of study with different levels of depth of information processing. It finally discusses possible relationships between study and research and suggests research-based stud

10、y and study-oriented research as two potential approaches to mutual stimulation between study and research in ELT practice in China.Key words: study; research; English language teachingTimes New Roman小四號，正體。關鍵詞以35個為宜，中間以分號隔開左頂格，Times New Roman小四號，黑正體。居中，宋體三號，黑正體。如有副標題，另起一行，居中，前加破折號。在英語教學中力求學習與研究的相互促

11、進居中，宋體四號，正體。吳本虎摘要: 本文首先結合中國英語教學實際探討了研究在教學中的重大作用，指出它是人類知識三大來源中最重要的一項；然后闡述了學習的四個層次，即接受性學習、運用性學習、評析性學習和創(chuàng)造性學習，還提出英語學習的全過程應當是一個在學習層次上包容性不斷提高的實踐，即能夠融匯越來越多高層次學習的過程；最后討論了學習與研究間的關系，并提出了在英語教學中實現(xiàn)學習研究相互促進的兩種途徑，即以研究為基點的學習和以學習為前導的研究。宋體小四號，正體。關鍵詞以3-5個為宜，中間以分號隔開關鍵詞：學習；研究；英語教學 左頂格，宋體小四號，黑正體。 Contents頁：6目錄的生成步驟：1、在正文

12、中對各級標題根據(jù)級別設置章節(jié)目錄：先選定一個標題，然后在“樣式”中選定相應級別的“標題”。2、在目錄頁選定位置上生成論文目錄：在“插入”中選“索引和目錄”，再在其中選“目錄”后確定即可。（注意：1、在生成目錄之前，“Abstract” 和 “摘要”必須單獨占一行，否則所有的摘要內(nèi)容都會出現(xiàn)在目錄中）。2、如果生成的目錄中的字體、字號等跟規(guī)定不符，只要將所有目錄項目選中后作相應調(diào)整即可。）頁：6頁眉的設置：先在“視圖”中選“頁眉和頁腳”，然后輸入論文題目，輸入完了之后“關閉”。居中，Times New Roman 三號，黑正體。1. Introduction72. Three sources o

13、f knowledge72.1 Experience72.2 Reasoning82.3 Research93. Four types of study103.1 Receptive study103.2 Productive study103.3 Critical study113.4 Creative study114. Promoting dynamic interplay between study and research134.1 Some possible ways of ELT practice concerning study and research134.2 Two ap

14、proaches to mutual stimulation between study and research in ELT135. Conclusion13Works Cited14居中，Times New Roman三號，黑正體。如有副標題，用冒號將主、副標題隔開。Promoting Dynamic Interplay between Study and Research in ELT Practice居中，Times New Roman四號，正體。Guangdong University of Foreign Studies 2001 XXX章節(jié)標題或一級小標題單獨占一行，左頂格，T

15、imes New Roman小四號，黑正體。Tutor: Professor YYY1. Introduction兩端對齊，Times New Roman小四號，正體。Study and research are two of the most confusing terms used in educational settings because they can sometimes use quite interchangeably while on other occasions they may refer to something remarkably different. When

16、 we say, “Were doing a study into how much time middle school students spend learning English”, we mean that we are doing research into this issue. However, in the sentence “After six years of study in school, he successfully entered Zhejiang University at the age of 17”, the “study” used here is ge

17、nerally not interpreted as “research”.Nowadays, it is reasonably acceptable to say that students can not only study but also research. Researchers need to study in the course of research. To be teachers, they should do some research while continuing their study of what they are teaching in further e

18、ducation. In order to promote English language teaching (ELT) in schools and colleges in China, this paper will first discuss the role of research in the acquisition of knowledge, then examine the kinds of study, and finally explore the dynamic interaction between study and research in terms of educ

19、ational theory and practice in ELT settings.2. Three sources of knowledge二級及以下各級小標題單獨占一行，左頂格，Times New Roman小四號，正體。Research is one of the three major means for human beings to acquire knowledge of the environment including the natural world and our human society. The other two are “experience” and “

20、reasoning”(Cohen and Manion 1)頁：7夾注的格式要求：所引文獻的作者在正文中不出現(xiàn)的情形：根據(jù)MLA格式，“作者的姓”加上“引文出現(xiàn)的頁碼”，不加文獻的出版年份。所有夾注必須跟“參考文獻目錄”中的文獻篇目完全對應。（見MLA科研論文寫作規(guī)范第212-213頁。）. The role of research in the acquisition of human knowledge can hardly be understood fully without being studied in connection to that of experience and r

21、easoning. For the purpose of achieving a better understanding of research, the role of experience and reasoning will be considered before that of research.2.1 ExperienceExperience is a kind of development of personal knowledge of the world. It is regarded as an individually accumulated body of knowl

22、edge (Cohen and Manion 1). In a problem-solving situation, people tend to resort to personal experience first. However, where solutions to problems clearly lie beyond this body of personal experience, it is often helpless to resort to personal experience. In the case of foreign language learning, th

23、e learners native language often interferes with or facilitates the learning of the target language. This can be considered as a clear indication of the learners reliance on the personal experience in his or her first language. It is arguable that the personal experience is by no means reliable alth

24、ough it is sometimes helpful because it cannot guarantee smooth progress and success in foreign language learning.As for English language teaching, our experience of English examinations can be resorted to when we help our students prepare for the college entrance examination of English. However, it

25、 is difficult for us to resort to our previous personal experience when we are facing the problem of how to motivate middle school students in communicative language teaching as many of them can hardly see any chance to communicate directly with native speakers of English.2.2 ReasoningReasoning is t

26、he act of forming conclusions, judgements or inferences by thinking in a logical manner. There are two basic types of reasoning: one is inductive reasoning and the other is deductive reasoning.Inductive reasoning begins with observations and evidence of empirical regularities or empirical relationsh

27、ips (Howard 8). This is a mental process from a number of specific cases to a general idea underlying them. When a learner of English comes across expressions such as “three books”, “many ships”, “two minutes”, he or she may form a hypothesis that “-s” is used to indicate the idea of “two or more”.

28、It is not difficult to see that inductive reasoning in foreign language learning often leads to hypothesis formation.Deductive reasoning begins with basic beliefs, theories, assumptions, propositions, and so on, the validity of which is assumed and untested (Howard 8)頁：8夾注的格式要求：所引文獻的作者在正文中不出現(xiàn)的情形：根據(jù)M

29、LA格式，“作者的姓”加上“引文出現(xiàn)的頁碼”，不加文獻的出版年份。所有夾注必須跟“參考文獻目錄”中的文獻篇目完全對應。（見MLA科研論文寫作規(guī)范第212-213頁。）. This is a mental activity from a general idea to specific cases. In foreign language learning, if we learn a grammatical rule or a word-formation rule first, then we apply it to make a sentence or to coin a new word

30、. For example, according to the English word-formation rule that the prefix “un-” and an adjective may combine to form another adjective with negative or opposite force in it: “un-” and “happy” go together to form “unhappy” with the meaning of “not happy”.There is an obvious limitation in reasoning

31、as an activity. According to Cohen and Manion, “it reasoning was no longer related to observation and experience and became merely a mental exercise” (3).頁：8夾注的格式要求：所引文獻的作者在正文中出現(xiàn)的情形：根據(jù)MLA格式，只要列出“引文出現(xiàn)的頁碼”就可，不用加文獻的出版年份，也不用再列上作者的姓。（見MLA科研論文寫作規(guī)范第212-213，64頁。） That is to say, the credibility of reasoning

32、, whether inductive or deductive, will be questionable once reasoning is not connected to the reality. Now consider the hypothesis that “-s” used with a countable noun indicates the idea of “two or more” again. As noted by Quirk and his co-authors, “unlike some languages where plural implies two or

33、more, English makes the division after more than one: one half day, one day But: one and a half days, two days, one or two days” (297).頁：9夾注的格式要求：所引文獻的作者在正文中出現(xiàn)的情形：根據(jù)MLA格式，只要列出“引文出現(xiàn)的頁碼”就可，不用加文獻的出版年份，也不用再列上作者的姓。（見MLA科研論文寫作規(guī)范第212-213頁。） Here, it is clear that reasoning itself cannot guarantee its self-

34、correction. Similarly, the application of the word-formation rule in the previous paragraph cannot prevent learners from making unacceptable adjectives such as “*unhonest”, “*unactive”. When such errors occur, they are considered as cases of overgeneralization reflecting the limitation of inductive

35、reasoning.Although reasoning has its weaknesses, its contributions to the human knowledge are enormous. As Cohen and Manion state, the role of reasoning in the acquisition of human knowledge is threefold: 1) the suggestion of hypotheses; 2) the logical development of these hypotheses; and 3) the cla

36、rification and interpretation of scientific findings and their synthesis into a conceptual framework (4). The implication of their remarks hints that reasoning not only directs but also constructs the development of human knowledge, including our knowledge of language and language learning and teach

37、ing.2.3 ResearchResearch can be defined from different perspectives. From the view of information processing, research refers to the process of obtaining and analysing information (Hitchcock and Hughes 5). Considering its design features, research “has been defined by Kerlinger as the systematic, co

38、ntrolled, empirical and critical investigation of hypothetical propositions about the presumed relations among natural phenomena (Cohen and Manion 4).Cohen and Manion elaborate the three advantages of research in comparison to experience and reasoning: First, research is systematic and controlled be

39、cause its operations are based on reasoning whereas experience cannot be systematic and self-correcting because of its haphazard manner in dealing with a problem. Second, research is empirical because it resorts to experience for validation whereas reasoning is not empirical because of its subjectiv

40、e nature. Third, only research is self-corrective. This self-corrective functioning is guaranteed in two ways. On the one hand, the scientific method of research has built-in mechanisms to protect researchers from error. On the other hand, the researchers procedures and results are open to public ex

41、amination by fellow professionals (Cohen and Manion 4). (See Table 1)頁：9在正文中引述表格應稱為“Table 1”、“Table 2”等，應避免用“this table”、“the following table”等說法。 Cohen and Manions elaboration reveals that research combines the strengths of both experience and reasoning while avoiding their weaknesses. Therefore, r

42、esearch can be regarded as the most powerful means to acquire new knowledge. It is beneficial for both teachers and students to integrate research into their study and teaching of English.Table 1.頁：10把表格保持在同一頁：先選中表格標題和表格本身，用“格式”“段落” “換行和分頁”勾選“與下一段同頁”即可。（注意：表格的標題在表格的上面，而插圖的標題在插圖的下面。） A Comparison bet

43、ween Experience, Reasoning and ResearchExperienceReasoningResearchSystematic and controlled×Empirical×Self-correcting××When we combine experience and reasoning through research, we can reflect on experience to form hypotheses through reasoning and, at the same time, obtain empiri

44、cal evidence through experience to test and modify the hypotheses derived from reasoning. For example, when a learner first resorts to inductive reasoning to form the hypothesis that “-s” indicates the idea of “two or more”. Later, the learner may happen to produce output such as “*one and a half ho

45、ur” through deductive reasoning on the basis of the existing hypothesis and get the corrective feedback from the teacher. With such feedback as negative empirical evidence, he or she would modify the existing hypothesis to reach the conclusion that “English makes the division after more than one” (Q

46、uirk et al. 297).3. Four types of studyIn a generally accepted sense, study refers to the mental activities in acquiring knowledge. According to The Random House Dictionary of the English Language, “study” means “application of the mind to the acquisition of knowledge, as by reading, investigation,

47、or reflection” (“Study,” def. 1888).頁：10詞典詞條的夾注：將詞條在雙引號中列出，后加 “def.”，再加頁碼。（參見詞條的參考文獻條目。） From this definition, we can identify two kinds of study: one is receptive study mainly through reading and the other is critical study through investigation or reflection. More types of study can be recognised

48、when we make reference to different educational theoretical sources. “Productive study” is proposed here to develop the educational idea “Use what you have just read to learn what you have just read” (Biehler and Snowman 438). “Creative study” can be a potential direction in education when we accept

49、 Sternberg and Williamss advice “You can learn and teach creative thinking” and “develop creativity in yourself, in your students, and in your colleagues and staff members” (1). In this section, these ideas will be tentatively developed in the ELT context.3.1 Receptive studyReceptive study occurs wh

50、en you receive information from the outside world. In the case of foreign language learning, successful receptive study is expected to be based on Krashens “more comprehensible input” (39) and Ausubels “meaningful reception learning” (Hohn 224). Here, meaningful communication is the key to success.

51、In receptive study, you select and take in what is new and meaningful to you.3.2 Productive studyProductive study occurs when you use what you have learned. This is more demanding because it results from your recalling what you have learned. For example, if you want to retell a story in English, you

52、 have to memorise enough words and sentence patterns as well as the plot of the story. In receptive study, you may try some informed wise guesses with the help of the context of communication. However, guessing techniques are of little use in language production.In foreign language learning, there i

53、s a kind of special production for memorisation rather than for communication: it occurs when you recite a new text by repeating it again and again silently or aloud to yourself or when you write it for several times.Productive study can help learners consolidate the knowledge of the target language

54、 and develop fluency and accuracy. However, it is not very helpful for the development of learners analytical skills and creative potentials if the learners are satisfied with such reproductive fluency and accuracy. In the classrooms of many middle schools, it is not difficult to see a student flip

55、through the pages to find out the answer to the teachers question and read it aloud. Table 2 Comparing the Components of Study Plans between Successful and Unsuccessful Learners of English (Adapted from 文秋芳 58頁：11中文參考文獻的夾注：用漢字列出作者的姓名，后面加上頁碼，以便跟后面的參考文獻篇目相對應，不要用拼音形式，以便跟參考文獻中的篇目相對應。)Components of a stu

56、dy planSuccessful learners (5)Unsuccessful learners (5)What55When42How51Why51Answer:Difference between themspecific/concrete/cleargeneral/abstract/vague3.3 Critical studyCritical study comes from your analysis of what you have learned. Your analysis is essentially characterised by critical thinking.

57、 As elaborated by Wood, critical thinking does not mean to criticise or find fault. It means “to use a variety of mental activities to acquire greater understanding and insight” and “these mental activities include asking why, making comparisons and contrasts, analyzing causes and effects, or looking for problems and solutions” (Wood 305). In a class of study skill training, the teacher presented the research findings as shown in Table 2 and then asked the students to use a pair of adjectives opposite in meaning to describe the major difference between