生理學(xué)英文練習(xí)題--緒論

1、CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONSummaryPhysiology is the study of how living organisms work. It is the scienee that describe the no rmal fun cti ons and their regular patter ns of the livi ng orga ni sms. The vast field of physiology can be divided into viral physiology, bacterial physiology, cellular physiol

2、ogy, plant physiology, human physiology, and many more subdivisions. However, the Human Physiology is very importa nt and basic biomedical course for medical stude nts.The body has three fun dame ntal characteristics of livi ng orga nism which are metabolism, excitability and reproduct ion. The meta

3、bolism in clude material metabolism and en ergy metabolism. The material metabolisms of carb on hydrate, lipid, prote ins etc. have mainly bee n learned in BIOCHMISTRY . The energy metabolism will be learned in the 7th Chapter in PHYSIOLOGY. The excitability is very important physiological term, the

4、 property of living organisms that permit them to react to stimuli is defined as excitability.Since the normal functions of organs or organ systems was emphasized, homeostasis is ano ther very importa nt physiological con cept. Homeostasis sig ni fies a stable and con sta nt status of the internal e

5、nviroment in the body of living organism. It is a dynamic balance of pH, osmostic pressure, temperature, ions concen trati ons, and so on. Homeostasis is a n ecessary for the no rmal functions of cells, organs and organ systems. Therefore, homeostasis is the soul concept of PHYSIOLOGY.The living org

6、anism needs to overcome the possible disorder caused by the metabolisms, then homeostasis could be maintained and the normal functions of the living organisms could be gone on. How to maintain the homeostasis? There are mainly three mecha ni sms to maintain the homeostasis. They are n eural regulati

7、o n, humoral regulati on and auto-regulatio n. Three regulatory patter ns exhibit differe nt mecha ni sms and features.Feedback, a term borrowed from engin eeri ng, is a fun dame ntal feature of homeostasis. Feedback regulatio n an ticipates cha nges in a regulated variable, improves the speed of th

8、e body ' homeostatic responses, and minimizes fluctuations in the level of the variable being regulated. In the negative feedback system, a change in the variable being regulated brings about response that tend to push the variable in the directi on opposite to the origi nal cha nge. The homeost

9、asis could be maintained after negative feedback regulation. In positive feedback system, an initial disturba nce in the system sets off a train of events that in creases the disturba nce even further. Some special physiological activities in the living organism are carried out by the positive feedb

10、ack system such as processes of giving birth, blood coagulation, micturition.Defin iti on1. Physiology （生理學(xué)）2. Acute experiment （急性實(shí)驗(yàn)）3. Chronic experiments （慢性實(shí)驗(yàn)）4. In vitro （離體）5. In vivo （在體）6. Metabolism （新陳代謝）7. Interstitial fluid （組織間液）8. Internal environment （內(nèi)環(huán)境）9. Homeostasis （穩(wěn)態(tài)）10. Excita

11、bility （興奮性）11. Excitation （興奮）12. Inhibition （抑制）13. Stimulus （刺激）14. Neural regulation （神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)）15. Neuro-humoral regulation （神經(jīng)體液調(diào)節(jié)）16. Reflex arc （反射?。?7. Unconditioned reflex （非條件反射）18. Conditioned reflex （條件反射）19. Humoral regulation （體液調(diào)節(jié)）20. Auto-regulation （自身調(diào)節(jié)）21. Feedback （反饋）22. Negative fe

12、edback （負(fù)反饋）23. Positive feedback （正反饋）24. Feedforward （前饋）Choose the ONE best answer, then fill the corresponding letter in the blank.（ C ） 1. Which one of the following is a physiological process with negative feedback?A. Blood coagulationB. Process of passing urineC. Sino-aortic baroreceptor refl

13、exD. Na+ influx during action potentialE. Process of parturition（ D ） 2. Which one of the following is not the property of regulation by hormone?A. Slow in onsetB. Diffuse in natureC. Longer in durationD. Accurate in actionE. Action in overcorrection（ D ） 3. Which of the following is not the fundame

14、ntal characteristic of living organisms? A. MetabolismB.ExcitabilityC.ReproductionD.Passive diffusionE.Adaption（ D ） 4. The concept of homeostasisA. includes the concept of an error signal.B. refers to maintaining physiological functions in a stable condition.C. refers only to the regulation of body

15、 temperature.D. A and BE. B and C(A) 5. This term refers to the existence of a stable internal environmentA. HomeostasisB. FeedbackC. AutoregulationD. All the aboveE. None of the above(C) 6. Which one of the following provides long-term regulatory control that results in relatively unchanging intern

16、al conditions.A. Positive FeedbackB. DiseaseC. Negative FeedbackD. All the aboveE. None of the above(B) 7. Moving your hand away from a hot stove is an example of a basic function calledA. Positive feedbackB. ResponseC. RegulationD. All the aboveE. None of the above(E) 8. On the objects that Physiol

17、ogy researches and observes, which of the following is correct description ?A. Whole body levelB. Organ and organ systems levelsC. Cellular levelD. Molecular levelE. All the above(E) 9. On the methodology applied in Physiology, which of the following is correct?A. Acute experimentB. Chronic experime

18、ntC. Experiment in vivoD. Experiment in vitroE. All the above （D） 10. The acceleration of heart beat caused bycatecholamine hormones released from adrenal gland after doing exercise, it isA. Neural regulationB. Humoral regulationC. AutoregulationD. Neural-humoral regulationE. None of the aboveQuesti

19、ons:1. What are the five components of the reflex arc?2. What are fundamental characteristics of living organism?3. Explain the mechanisms of how to maintain the homeostasis in living organism.4. Contrast the properties of the neural regulation, humoral regulation and auto-regulation.5. Describe the

20、 category of the humoral regulation.Answers:Definitions:1. Physiology （生理學(xué)） : Physiology is the study of how living organisms work, the goal ofphysiology is to study the normal functions and their regular patterns of organs or organ systems of living organism.2. Acute experiment（ 急性實(shí)驗(yàn)） ：Experiment p

21、erformed is to study the physiological activities or to observe the reaction to the external interference in short time is called acute experiment. The animals used are oftenly under anesthesia, and the experiments are oftenly destructive and irreversible, even induce the death of animals. The acute

22、 experiment include experiment in vivo and in vitro.3. Chronic experiments （慢性實(shí)驗(yàn)）：Experiment performed is to study the physiologicalactivities or to observe the reaction to the external interference in long time is called chronic experiment. The Chronic experiments may be performed on conscious subj

23、ect for a long period of time after recovery from the operation.4. In vitro （離體）：Experiment is performed on an isolated tissue or organ that is taken out from the body of the animal.5. In vivo （在體）：Experiment is performed on the whole body of the animal to observe one or some physiological functions

24、 of the organ or organ systems.6. Metabolism （新陳代謝）：Metabolism is the one of basic characteristics of living organism. It means all the chemical reactions in all the cells of the body, and includes all material and energy transformations that occur in the body. The material metabolism includes catab

25、olic and anabolic reactions.7. Interstitial fluid （組織間液） ：The spaces between cells are called the interstitutium, the fluid in these spaces is the interstitial fluid.8. Internal environment （內(nèi)環(huán)境） ： It is the environment that all cells of the body live in the extracellular fluid, which is called the

26、internal environment of the body.9. Homeostasis （穩(wěn)態(tài)）：The state maintenance of a constancy and balanee in one's internal environment. It is the soul of the physiology.10. Excitability （興奮性） ： It is the ability of certain kinds of cells （excitable cell） to make response to the stimulus. Essentiall

27、y, It is the ability of cells to generate action potential. Excitability is a fundamental property to all tissues and cells.11. Excitation （興奮） ： It signifies a beginning of an activity or increase in physiological activity after stimulus, such as the acceleration of the heart beat after stimulating

28、 the sympathetic nerve.12. Inhibition （抑制）： Inhibition is a stop of an activity or a decrease in physiological activity after stimulus, such as the slowing of the heart beat after stimulating the vagus nerve.13. Stimulus （刺激） ： Any changes from external or internal environmental factors that causes

29、a response in a sense organ or an organism are called the stimulus. It includes the physical, chemical and biological stimuli.14. Neural regulation （神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)）：The functions of organs or organ systems are regulated by the central nervous system via the reflexes. The reflex is the regular response of effe

30、ctors to the stimulus based on the reflex arc.15. Neuro-humoral regulation （神經(jīng)體液調(diào)節(jié)） ： In many cases, the endocrine system is so closely related to the nervous system that it can be regarded as an extension of the efferent limb of the reflex arc . In this instance it is called neuro-humoral regulatio

31、n.16. Reflex arc （反射?。篟eflex arc is the pathway in a reflex, it is the basic unit of integrated neural activity, consisting of receptor, afferent nerve, nervous center, efferent nerve and effector.17. Unconditioned reflex （非條件反射）：A fixed reflex whose mechanism may be supposed to be inherited as its functioning does not depend on previous experience.18. Conditioned reflex （條件反射） ： A learned reflex in which the nervous system is trained to produce a new and unusual response to a stimulus.19. Humoral regulation （體液調(diào)節(jié)）：The functions of organs or organ systems are regulated by the special chem