主旨大意題的解題技巧.docx

1、.主旨大意題的解題技巧主旨大意題主要考查考生對(duì)文章主旨大意的概括和歸納能力。主要有主題型和標(biāo)題型兩類，題干中一般有main idea, topic, title, mainly about等字眼。1、快速解題法此類題的閱讀文章多屬于議論文和說(shuō)明文，其結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)常表現(xiàn)為：提出問(wèn)題論述問(wèn)題得出結(jié)論或闡明觀點(diǎn)?？忌鷮?duì)這一結(jié)構(gòu)的掌握，有助于迅速掌握文章的主題，把握文章的脈絡(luò)，從而快捷而準(zhǔn)確地抓住文章或段落的中心思想。解答此類題目的關(guān)鍵在于迅速抓住閱讀文章的主題句。考生只要找準(zhǔn)了主題句，對(duì)于閱讀理解中的主旨大意題就迎刃而解了。主題句的顯著特點(diǎn)：主題句所表達(dá)的意思具有明顯的概括性；句子結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單精練；文章或段

2、落中的其他句子都是對(duì)主題句的進(jìn)一步解釋、說(shuō)明、論證或擴(kuò)展。主題句的五種位置： 文首； 文尾； 首尾呼應(yīng)； 文中； 沒(méi)有主題句。主題句的確定方法：用瀏覽法（ skimming ），即只需選讀文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等，重點(diǎn)搜索主題線索和主題信息。2、辨認(rèn)主旨小竅門(mén) 段落中出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折時(shí)，該句很可能是主題句。 作者有意識(shí)地反復(fù)重復(fù)的觀點(diǎn)通常是主旨。 首段出現(xiàn)疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，對(duì)該問(wèn)題的解答可能就是文章主旨。 提出文章主旨時(shí)常伴有的文字提示：therefore, thus, but, however, in short等。3、答題基本步驟 閱讀文章開(kāi)頭幾句和最后幾句，以便獲得有關(guān)主題和中心思想的信息。 瀏

3、覽文章的其余部分，尋找能支撐和論證主題、中心思想的關(guān)鍵詞。 仔細(xì)推敲各個(gè)選項(xiàng)，排除有明顯錯(cuò)誤或無(wú)關(guān)信息的選項(xiàng)，從而選出最佳答案。4、推敲正誤小竅門(mén) 正確選項(xiàng)常含有抽象名詞或概括性詞語(yǔ)。 正確選項(xiàng)一般不出現(xiàn)細(xì)節(jié)信息，不含過(guò)分肯定或絕對(duì)意義的詞。 那些概括全文、容全面、含義深刻、說(shuō)明道理的選項(xiàng)一般是正確答案。 四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，容相近或完全相反的兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)中往往有一個(gè)是正確答案。 干擾項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)：細(xì)節(jié)信息明顯，容片面，以偏概全，只含局部信息，或是一句沒(méi)有展開(kāi)論述的話，概括圍太寬或太窄，或是此選項(xiàng)沒(méi)有具體的容。詞義猜測(cè)題的解題技巧這類題包括詞義猜測(cè)和句意猜測(cè)兩類；詞義又包括單詞和短語(yǔ)意義。近幾年的高考閱讀理解題

4、中一般有 2 至 3 個(gè)小題是直接考查詞句意義猜測(cè)的。對(duì)詞義考查主要有對(duì)生詞詞義的推測(cè)和對(duì)熟詞生義的推測(cè)或是在特定場(chǎng)合下對(duì)詞或句子的理解。這里著重談一談如何猜測(cè)詞的意思。1、根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系.根據(jù)上下句之間表示轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系的連接詞，如but,however,otherwise,though等就可以看到前后句在意義上的差別，從而依據(jù)某一句的含義，來(lái)確定另一詞的含義。另外，分號(hào)也可以表示轉(zhuǎn)折，對(duì)比或不相干的意義。如：例 1： Any fool can make soap, but it takes a genius to sell it.（卷）例 2：A child s birthdaypartyd

5、oesnthave to be a hassle;itcan be a basketof fun,accordingto Beth Anaclerio,an Evaston mother of two,ages 4 and 18 months.(全國(guó)卷)·What does the underlined word“hassle ” probably mean?A. A party designed by specialistsB. A plan requiring careful thoughtC. A situation causing difficulty or troubleD

6、. A demand made by guests2、根據(jù)對(duì)比關(guān)系表示對(duì)比關(guān)系的標(biāo)志詞有：unlike, not, while, on the other hand, in spite of,in contrast等。如：例 3：If you agree, say“Yes”; if youdissent, say“No”.3、根據(jù)同類關(guān)系同類關(guān)系表示意義上的相似關(guān)系。表示同類關(guān)系的詞和短語(yǔ)有：similarly,like,justas, also等。如：例 4： Mr Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.

7、4、根據(jù)因果關(guān)系表示因果關(guān)系的詞有： because, so that, so / suchthat等。如：例 5： The flowers in the vase withered because they had no water.5、根據(jù)同位關(guān)系閱讀中出現(xiàn)的難詞有時(shí)后面會(huì)緊跟一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)對(duì)其進(jìn)行解釋或進(jìn)一步補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，這時(shí)可利用同位關(guān)系對(duì)前面或后面的詞義或句意進(jìn)行猜測(cè)。如：例 6： Yes, that is the Tai Mahal, one of the most famous buildings in the world. （全國(guó)卷）6、根據(jù)并列關(guān)系當(dāng)詞或短語(yǔ)之間有關(guān)列連詞 and 或

8、 or （或者、否則）時(shí)，其連接的兩項(xiàng)容在含義上是接近的或遞進(jìn)的，由此確定同等關(guān)系中的某個(gè)生詞所屬的義域，推辭其大致意思。如：例 7：In the ancientcityof Rome, we visitedevery mansion, battlesite,theatreand other public halls.例 8：And ifyouve gatheredyour friendsaround you to rebuilda happy familyatmosphere( 氣氛 ),you may frearthatsayingno willbringback the kindof c

9、ounflictyou grew up with or destroy the nice atmosphere you now enjoy.·The underlinedword “conflict” in the second letter means.A. dependent lifeB. fierce fightC. had mannersD. painful feeling7、根據(jù)比喻關(guān)系.一般由 asas, like等表示。如：例 9： The hot-airballoontook off.Itwas as buoyantin the airas a rose leafin

10、 water.8、根據(jù)定義關(guān)系定義句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多為 be, mean, be considered, refer to, be called, be known as 等。如：例 10： Sociology is the term used to describe the scientific study of human society.9、根據(jù)所舉實(shí)例一般由 for example, such as, like等來(lái)表示舉例。如：例 11：Many United Naitonsemployees are polyglot.Ms White,forexample, speakssix lang

11、uages.10、根據(jù)同義關(guān)系根據(jù)生詞所處語(yǔ)境中的同義詞或近義詞的意思來(lái)推測(cè)它的意思。如：例 12： Doctorsbelievethatsmoking cigarettesisdetrimentalto yourhealth.They also regard drinking as harmful.11、根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換說(shuō)法插入語(yǔ) that is, that is so say, in other words以及 namely, i. e. , or等都可以用來(lái)對(duì)前面的容進(jìn)行解釋，意為“也就是說(shuō)”“即”。如：例 13： The cinema is only open to adults, i. e.

12、 people over 18.12、根據(jù)標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)冒號(hào)、破折號(hào)、括號(hào)等都可表示對(duì)前文的解釋或說(shuō)明。如：例 14： Withoutexaminations,employerswill look foremployeesfrom the highlyrespectedschoolsand from families known to them a formof favoritismwillreplaceequality.（卷）·The word “favoritism ” is used to describe the phenomenon that.A. bright children

13、 also need certificates to get satisfying jobsB. children from well-respected schools tend to have good jobsC. poor children with certificates are favoured in job marketsD. children attending ordinary schools achieve great success13、根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句由生詞后起修飾限制或起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用的定語(yǔ)從句推測(cè)其意思。如：例 15：Jack is now a florist,who

14、keeps a shop for sellingflowers in our district.14、根據(jù)邏輯推理根據(jù)生詞前后的搭配關(guān)系和上下文的意思等來(lái)推測(cè)其意思。如：例 16： Although the fisherman was wearingwouwester , the storm was soheavythat he was wet through.15、根據(jù)單詞發(fā)音有的英語(yǔ)詞匯是通過(guò)音譯進(jìn)入漢語(yǔ)詞匯中的我們可以根據(jù)其讀音來(lái)理解其意思。如：aspirin(阿司匹林 ), nylon(尼龍 ), Olympic(奧林匹克 ), sofa(沙龍 ), typhoon(臺(tái)風(fēng) ) 等。.1

15、6、根據(jù)生活常識(shí)有時(shí)根據(jù)生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)和基本常識(shí)可以推測(cè)出生詞的意思。如：例 17： The snake slithered through the grass.17、根據(jù)構(gòu)詞方法根據(jù)前綴、后綴、合成、轉(zhuǎn)換等構(gòu)詞法來(lái)推測(cè)生詞的意思。如：例 18： Afterjusta few days on the job,I began noticingthatthe otherfellowswere overcharging passengers. (卷 )例 19： Exceptionalchildrenare differentin some significantway from othersof the

16、 same age. For these children to develop their full adult potential, theireducation must be adapted(適應(yīng) ) to those differences.· What does the underlined word“exceptional ” mean in the passage?A. foolishB. unusualC. extremely giftedD.clever18、根據(jù)文章語(yǔ)境猜測(cè)任何詞義都離不開(kāi)上下文的語(yǔ)境，所以可借助文章語(yǔ)境對(duì)需要猜測(cè)的詞或短語(yǔ)進(jìn)行合乎邏輯的推測(cè)。如

17、：例 20： Being considered a leader in our society is indeed of high praise.Leadershipmeans power,commands,respectand,mostimportant,encouragesachievement.UnlikevitaminC, leadershipskillscantbe easilyswalloweddown.They must be carefully cultivated.Differentfrom popularbelief,most good leadersare made, n

18、ot born.They learntheir skills in their everyday lives. But which do they develop? How do they (andhow can you) get others to follow? (卷 )·The underlined word“cultivated” (Paragraph 1) roughly means.A. encouragedB. comparedC. examinedD.developed此外，根據(jù)語(yǔ)境要求考生理清某些代詞所指，也是閱讀中的一個(gè)?？键c(diǎn)。英語(yǔ)中代詞使用得比較頻繁，文章中的代

19、詞 one, it, that, he, him 或 them 等可以指上文提到的人或事物。有時(shí)代詞與指代的對(duì)象相隔較遠(yuǎn)，要認(rèn)真查找，有時(shí)需要對(duì)前面提到的容進(jìn)行總結(jié)，才能得出代詞所指代的事。如：例 21：The Presidenthas startedusing lookalikesduringsome publicappearances.Dave is offered a chance to“serve his country” by becoming one.·The underlined word“one” in the third paragraph refers to.A.

20、 the PresidentB. the directorC. an actorD. alook-alike詞義推測(cè)的兩個(gè)原則：不管這個(gè)詞多超綱，根據(jù)上下文都能得出其意思；不管這個(gè)詞多熟悉，都要通過(guò)上下文得出其在特定場(chǎng)合下的意思。.推理判斷題的解題技巧閱讀理解中的推斷題主要考查學(xué)生透過(guò)文字表層信息， 根據(jù)上下文邏輯關(guān)系進(jìn)行推理、分析，挖掘文章的真正涵，推斷出材料中沒(méi)有直接交代，而需要加以闡述的概念與結(jié)論。推斷隱含意義、推斷下文容、猜測(cè)作者態(tài)度等，屬較高層次的閱讀。近幾年來(lái)，這類題所占比例不斷加大，考生對(duì)此感到棘手，現(xiàn)按不同類型來(lái)談?wù)劯髯缘拇痤}誤區(qū)及技巧點(diǎn)撥。1、如何推斷隱含意義 提問(wèn)方式 題干

21、中常含“ infer, suggest, imply, conclude, indicate, intend,purpose, be likely to”等詞語(yǔ)。常見(jiàn)的提問(wèn)方式有：It can be inferred from the text that. / We may infer that.From the text we know thatis most likely.When the writer talks aboutwhat the writer really means is.The writer suggests that.The story implies that.We

22、can see / infer / conclude from the passage that.干擾選項(xiàng) 文章中直接表達(dá)的信息。 無(wú)關(guān)緊要或片面推出的結(jié)論。 完全相反的結(jié)論等。答題誤區(qū) 考生易誤選文章中直接表達(dá)的信息的選項(xiàng)或片面的結(jié)論選項(xiàng)。技巧點(diǎn)撥 全面分析所有相關(guān)信息，切忌片面思考， 得出片面結(jié)論。 忠實(shí)于原文，切忌脫離原文，憑空臆斷。 切忌選擇表層信息選項(xiàng)，應(yīng)該立足由已知推斷未知。2、如何推斷作者觀點(diǎn)提問(wèn)方式 The writer s attitude towardis.The writer thought that.According to the author.干擾選項(xiàng) 自己的某種看

23、法或觀點(diǎn)。 社會(huì)普遍的一種傾向。 與本文無(wú)關(guān)或與作者相反的觀點(diǎn)等。答題誤區(qū) 考生易誤選吻合自己看法的選項(xiàng)。技巧點(diǎn)撥 注意作者在文中的措辭，尤其是表達(dá)感情色彩的形容詞、副詞、動(dòng)詞以及所舉的例子，推斷作者的弦外之音。例 1： My father, at the death of his father, was six years old, and he grewup without education.He moved from Kentucky toIndiana when Iwas seven.Wereachedour new home about thetime the state came

24、 intothe union. Itwas a wildarea, withmany bears and other wild animals still in the woods. I grew up there. There weresome so-called schools. But what was required of a teacher never went beyond“reading, writing, and adding”. If a stranger supposed to understand Latinhappened to live for a time, he

25、 was looked upon as a wizard( 奇才 ). There was simply nothing to excite a desire for education. Of course, when I grew up, I did not knowmuch. Still, somehow, I could read, write, and add, but that was all. The advance I have now made is upon this store of education, which I have picked up under the.

26、pressure of necessity.()1.Itcanbe inferredfromthepassagethattheschoolsinthearea.A. were of poor qualityB. offered many kinds of subjectsC. respected those who knew Latin D. hired teachers good at reading, writing, and adding()2.From the passage we know thatthe writeratthe timehe wrote.A. had to lear

27、n to read, write and addB. found it necessary to receive advanced educationC. was probably fairly well-educatedD. was dissatisfied with his level of education3、如何推斷寫(xiě)作目的作者寫(xiě)一篇文章或在文章中安排某些細(xì)節(jié)，總想達(dá)到某種目的。自從 1992 年全國(guó)卷高考英語(yǔ)試題中首次出現(xiàn)對(duì)作者的寫(xiě)作目的的考查以來(lái)，這類題目成了歷年高考閱讀理解的一個(gè)考點(diǎn)。 提問(wèn)方式 考查整篇文章的寫(xiě)作目的The writer writes this passage

28、 in order to.The writers purpose of writing this passage is to.What is the purpose of writing this article?In writing the passage, the author intends to. 考查某處細(xì)節(jié)的寫(xiě)作意圖The writer uses the example ofto show that.The writer uses the two questions at the beginning of the passage to.are mentionedin the fir

29、st paragraph to. 三大目的 不同的文章可能有不同的寫(xiě)作目的，但寫(xiě)作目的通常有以下三種： to entertain readers（娛樂(lè)讀者，讓人發(fā)笑） to persuade readers（說(shuō)服讀者接受某種觀點(diǎn)） to inform readers（告知讀者某些信息）例 2：“ Have you ever been out on a boat and felt it lifted up by a wave? Orhave you ju mped in thewater and felt the rushof energyas waves came over you? ”ask

30、ed Jamie Taylorof the Wave Energy Group at the Universityof Edinburgh.“Thereis certainly a lot of energy in waves,” he said（卷）·The writer uses the two questionsat the beginning ofthe passage to.A. test the readers knowledge about wavesB. draw the readers attention to the topicC. show Jamie Tayl

31、ors importanceD. invite the readers to answer them例 3： “Millionsofanimalsdieeach year on the U. S. roads, ” the Federal.Highway Administrationreports.In fact,only about80 ocelots,an endangered wildcat, exist in the U. S. today. The main reason? Roadkill（卷）·The writer uses the example of“ocelots

32、 ” to show that.A. wild animals have become more dangerousB. the driving conditions have improved greatlyC. the measure for protecting wildlife fails to workD. an increasing number of animals are killed in road accidents例 4： As fish grow, so do their otoliths. Each day, their otoliths gain aringof c

33、alciumcarbonate.By lookingthrougha microscopeand countingthese rings,Thorrold can determine the exact age of a young fish. As a fish gets older, itsotolithsno longerget dailyrings.Instead,theyget yearlyrings,which can alsobe countred, giving information about the fishs age,just like thegrowth ringso

34、f a tree.（卷）·Why does the writer compare the fish to trees?A. Because trees gain a growth ring each day.B. Because trees also have otoliths.C. Because their growth rings are very small.D. Because they both have growth rings.4、如何推斷下步行為 技巧點(diǎn)撥 答此類題時(shí)應(yīng)把握作者的寫(xiě)作思路，預(yù)測(cè)下文可能發(fā)展的容。文章可能按事件發(fā)展的經(jīng)過(guò)描寫(xiě)，也可能按因果關(guān)系、對(duì)比關(guān)系

35、等描寫(xiě)。例 5： We are in the computer age. We often see computers at work. They areespecially useful in automatic control, data processing(數(shù)據(jù)處理 ) and solvingcomplicated problems. And they are finding their way into the home. The part played by computers is becoming even more important with each passing da

36、y.More and cleverercomputerswillcontinueto appear.They willrun faster,havemore functions and work much more skillfully. They will take over more tasks fromus, helpingto change the faceof our world.Some peopleeven thinksooner or latercomputers will replace us.However·Which of the following state

37、ments will best continue the third paragraph?A. Computers will soon stop developing.B. Many people like computers very much.C. Computers are as clever as man.D. I do not think computers will replace us completely.例 6： George had worked for the Bank of Ruritania for ten years and was still only a cle

38、rk. He was not satisfied with the position and wanted to find somethingbetter. Yet he didnot want tolosethispositioninthebank before he had anotherone. So he prepareda letter abouthimself,withthewords “ HELP! IAMA PRISONEROF THE BANKOF RURITANIA!” inbigletteracrossthetop.Then he sentit to several.ot

39、her banks, asking them for a job.A few days later, one of these letters came into the hands of Georges bossatthe bank.Someone had givenitto him at the party.The nextmorning,George sboss asked him tocome to hisofficeand said,“George.I have some verygood newsfor you. The Bank of Ruritania is setting y

40、ou free!”·What probably happened in the end?A. George lost his job.B. George was no longer a prisoner.C. George was very happy to get a better job.D. George s boss gave him better position.5、如何推斷文章出處 提問(wèn)方式 推斷文章出處的設(shè)題形式有：The passage is most likely to be taken from.Where would this passage most pro

41、bably appear?The passage is most likely a part of. 解題技巧 解這類問(wèn)題應(yīng)從文章的容或結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)判斷其出處： 報(bào)紙：前面會(huì)出現(xiàn)日期、地點(diǎn)或通訊社名稱。 廣告：因其格式特殊，容易辯論。 產(chǎn)品說(shuō)明：器皿、設(shè)備的使用說(shuō)明會(huì)有產(chǎn)品名稱或操作方式，而藥品的服用說(shuō)明會(huì)告知服用時(shí)間、次數(shù)、藥量等。如：例 7： Do you always understand the directions on a bottle of medicine? Do youknow what ismeant by “takeonlyas directed ”? Read the fol

42、lowing directionsandsee if you understand them.To reduce pain,taketwo tabletswithwater,followedby one tabletevery eighthours, as required. For nighttime and early morning relief take two tablets atbedtime. Do not take more than six tablets in twenty-four hours.For childrensixto twelveyears old,givehalfthe amount. For childrenundersix years old, ask your doctors advice.Reduce the amount if you suffer from restlessness or sleeplessness after taking the medicine.·This text is most probably taken from a.A. textbookB. new