雅思閱讀技巧專題介紹參考word

1、 雅思閱讀技巧 趙曙明(華師7分精品班) 一雅思閱讀猜詞常用詞綴（在我的信箱里）常用前綴（Prefixes）: a-, an- not, without, hackin ultra- beyond, excessive, extreme常用詞根（Stems）:-anthro-, -anthropo- man -metr-, -meter- measure -morph- form -pathy- feeling, suffering常用后綴（Suffixes）:-phobia , -mania , scope, -cide二 雅思閱讀技巧篇 第1節(jié) 尋找3種語言重現(xiàn) 同其他考試的閱讀部分相比，

2、雅思考試閱讀部分最大的特點(diǎn)是文章篇幅長?？忌?一個(gè)小時(shí)內(nèi)完成8種類型共計(jì)40道題目(這個(gè)要求近乎苛刻)。因此，閱讀目的就從單純的“信息獲取轉(zhuǎn)變成”尋找答案”。在這個(gè)過程中，原文涉及的大部分細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容對(duì)于完成題目是無意義的，無需字斟句酌。只有在閱讀中準(zhǔn)確把握題干的關(guān)鍵詞，才能區(qū)分哪些字句與題目(答題點(diǎn))有關(guān)。 所謂“關(guān)鍵詞是指題干中的核心詞或者決定答案性質(zhì)或位置的詞。典型的關(guān)鍵詞是句子的主干、人名、地名、時(shí)間、數(shù)字和生詞。由于它們會(huì)在原文重現(xiàn)，因此產(chǎn)生了一種答題方法：回原文找關(guān)鍵詞。這往往給考生一種印象：只要在題干中劃出關(guān)鍵詞就一定能找到 原詞。那么關(guān)鍵詞一定會(huì)“原型”重現(xiàn)嗎?請(qǐng)看下面這道判斷

3、題：Example: While it is acknowledged for many years that an increasing number of animals are bound to become extinct，it is only recently that the problem has been addressed by politicians題目: We have known for along time that more species of animals will disappear(判斷題)AA語言重現(xiàn) 關(guān)鍵詞在原文中以原詞形式出現(xiàn)。AA語言重現(xiàn)在試題中占

4、的比例最大，也是最簡單的一類考法。它以特殊關(guān)鍵詞為主，包括人名、地名、時(shí)間、數(shù)字和生詞。Example: At precisely 4:20 am on Friday the 24th of September 1993 it was announced that Sydney had beaten five other competing cities around the world，and Australians everywhere，notonly Sydney-siders，were justifiably proud of the resultBut，if Sydney had l

5、ost the bid，wouldthe taxpayers of NESW and of Australia have approved of government's spending millions of dollars in a failed and costly exercise?題目：How many cities were competing in 1993 for the right to hold the 2000 Games? (簡答題)AB語言重現(xiàn)定義：關(guān)鍵詞A在原文中以同義詞B的形式出現(xiàn)。AB語言重現(xiàn)題考察考生的單詞量，主要憑理解力去定位。Sea fishin

6、g grew rapidly in the decades after the Second World War. Mechanisation increased the fishermen's catch in traditional grounds and then carried them to distant waters for more.題目: Technological developments contributed to the higher fish catches after the Second World War. ( 判斷題 )關(guān)系重現(xiàn)定義：所謂“關(guān)系重現(xiàn)”

7、是把定位對(duì)象從“詞”上升到“句子結(jié)構(gòu)”，從而越過生詞造成的閱讀障礙。這是最關(guān)鍵的一類語言重現(xiàn)，是閱讀技巧的完美體現(xiàn)。推薦精選例：Paper is also biodegradable, so it does not pose as much threat to the environment when it is discarded.題目：Paper is less threatening to our environment when we throw it away because it is _(填空題)再比如，有一道簡答題這樣問：Name TWO reasons for loss of

8、 farmland. Use NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS in both of your answers.Although the world regards Asia as the focus of an economic and industrial miracle, without adequate supplies of food, Lampe says, chaos could easily result in many countries. And the impact will be felt widely throughout the region. In t

9、he 1990s alone, he says, the cities of Asia will be swollen by a further 500 million people_nearly equal to the population of the United States and European Community combined. "The only growing population in Asia is that of the poor. Prime productive land is being used for city expansion and b

10、uilding roads, while thousands of hectares are being taken out of production each year because of salinity and alkalinity." 第2節(jié)發(fā)現(xiàn)文章中的信號(hào)詞一篇雅思閱讀文章的主體是實(shí)詞(名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞等)，但一些表面上不起眼的虛詞卻往往成為答案的信號(hào)，我們稱之為“信號(hào)詞”，并建議讀者給予它們特別的關(guān)注。轉(zhuǎn)折信號(hào)詞轉(zhuǎn)折信號(hào)詞的作用是否定前項(xiàng)肯定后項(xiàng)，使前后兩句話的方向或意思相反。表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的信號(hào)詞有：but，yet，however，whereas，in fact，o

11、n the contrary，conversely, on the other hand等。公式: A （正/負(fù)）， but B (負(fù)/正)應(yīng)用: 在閱讀前半句時(shí)就可以預(yù)測(cè)后半句的大意，使接下來的閱讀過程變成求證，如同把文章讀了兩遍。另外，在有生詞的情況下，只要理解了半句話的意思，就可以推測(cè)另一半句子的含義。例如1：The second flaw in the reasoning of the WZCS ( The World Zoo Conservation Strategy )document is the naive faith it places in its 1,000 core z

12、oos. One would assume that the caliber of these institutions would have been carefully examined, but it appears that the criterion for inclusion on this select list might merely be that the zoo is a member of a zoo federation or association. This might be a good starting point, working on the premis

13、e that members must meet certain standards, but again the facts don't support the theory.題目 Zoos in the WZCS select list were carefully inspected(判斷題)例如2：The Aborigines made no use of Leptospermum or Dodonaea as food plants, yet the early settlers found that one could be used as a substitute for

14、 tea and the other for hops.例如3：From the mid-1960s when 'the Green revolution began, Asian food production doubled through a combination of high-yielding crops, expanded farming area and greater intensification. However, a mysterious threat is emerging in the noticeably declining yields of rice.

15、讓步信號(hào)詞讓步信號(hào)詞的作用與轉(zhuǎn)折信號(hào)詞相同，讓前后兩句話的方向或意思相反。表示讓步關(guān)系的信號(hào)詞有：though，although，while，albeit，despite，in spite of，nevertheless，nonetheless等。公式： although A （正/負(fù)）， B (負(fù)/正)應(yīng)用 讓步信號(hào)詞具有同轉(zhuǎn)折信號(hào)詞相同的用法，可在閱讀的過程中根據(jù)前半句的方向或意思判斷后半句的方向或意思。例如1：Although the world regards Asia as the focus of an economic and industrial miracle，without

16、 adequate supplies of food，chaos could easily result推薦精選分析 前半句是正面積極的意思，后半句話峰一轉(zhuǎn)，表述負(fù)面消極的意思。例如2：While ducks offer many advantages over hens, they must be given greater quantity of food.分析 while是個(gè)含義豐富的連詞，它在雅思閱讀中最常見的意思是a，though”盡管，雖然”。前半句說鴨子的好處，后半句說壞處。試分析下列句子的前后方向：1. While some students are able to suppl

17、ement their funds with money from part-time or vacation work, such work is not always regular even when available.2. For many previously inexperienced young women, the opportunity to gain financial independence, albeit limited and possibly temporary, has helped break down some of the taboos of their

18、 societies.3. Despite the importance of tomorrow's test, Hans still decided to begin to study next morning.4. This year's fall in profits was not unexpected. Nevertheless, it is very disappointing.并列信號(hào)詞閱讀中碰到復(fù)雜的大并列時(shí)，先看連詞后面的內(nèi)容。如果連詞后面是動(dòng)詞，回上文找并列的動(dòng)詞；如果是形容詞，就回上文找形容詞性的并列成分，包括_ing分詞和_ed分詞。表示并列關(guān)系的信號(hào)詞

19、有：and，or，as well as，either-or; neither -nor; not only-but also; rather than 等。例1：The modern city consists of monstrous edifices and of narrow, dark streets full of petrol fumes and toxic gases, torn by the noise of the taxicabs lorries and buses, and thronged ceaselessly by great crowds.例2：Many peop

20、le stay at jobs they are too old for rather than meet possible rejection.分析 rather than 的后項(xiàng)是動(dòng)詞meet，因此并列的前項(xiàng)也是動(dòng)詞，即stay.特殊關(guān)鍵詞特殊關(guān)鍵詞(人名、地名、時(shí)間、數(shù)字和生詞)是最好的定位標(biāo)志，多以AA的形式重現(xiàn)。 比較信號(hào)詞 比較分為類比和對(duì)比兩種。做題時(shí)要理解比較的雙方(誰同誰比較)、比較點(diǎn)(比較什么)和比較的方向(結(jié)果怎么樣)。類比_比較相同點(diǎn)，信號(hào)詞有asas，like，similar，parallel等。1. These two detectives are as jealo

21、us as a pair of professional models.2. Like his father President Bush is a republican.3. Scribner and Cole regard classroom learning as parallel to learning in daily life.對(duì)比_比較不同點(diǎn)，信號(hào)詞有more than, unlike, on the other hand, in contrast with 等。1. It is far easier for a camel to go through the eye of a

22、needle than for a rich man to enter the kingdom of God.2. Unlike the minerals and oil used to make plastics and metals, trees are replaceable.3. In contrast with your belief that we will fail, I am confident we will succeed.另外，還可通過時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)的差異造成強(qiáng)對(duì)比。1. Between11 and l5 million salmon once spawned in the

23、Columbia river systemNow there are only 3 million，分析 兩個(gè)時(shí)間副詞體現(xiàn)出大馬哈魚現(xiàn)在和過去產(chǎn)卵情況大相徑庭(時(shí)間對(duì)比)。如果這里有判斷題The number of salmon in the Colombia river system has dropped dramatically答案應(yīng)選那一個(gè)？（True/False/Not Given）2. Those Aborigines living in the dry inland areas were largely dependent for their vegetable foods on

24、 seed such as those of grasses, acacias and eucalypts. They ground these seeds between flat stones to make coarse flour. Tribes on the coast, and particularly in the vicinity of coastal rainforests, had a more varied vegetable diet推薦精選 with a higher proportion of fruits and tubers.分析 既然內(nèi)陸(dry inland

25、 area)土著人的蔬菜主要由植物種子構(gòu)成，那么與之構(gòu)成地點(diǎn)強(qiáng)烈對(duì)比的海岸地區(qū)(coast)土著人的蔬菜品種肯定不止于此。接下來的精讀不過是求證的過程。試分析下列句子中比較的雙方、比較點(diǎn)和比較的方向：1. As a general rule, international students should expect to spend at 1east as much on monthly living expenses during the summer as they do during the academic year.2. "The extra money that tour

26、ism brings in more than makes up for the inconvenience of its citizens," said the chairman.舉例信號(hào)詞 舉例信號(hào)詞是對(duì)上文的解釋說明，信號(hào)詞前后的內(nèi)容意思相同。可用做舉例的信號(hào)詞有：for example，for instance，like，such as等。英語里的破折號(hào)和冒號(hào)也有相同的作用。1. In general, those Aborigines living in the dry inland areas were largely dependent for their vegeta

27、ble foods on seed such as those of grasses, acacias and eucalypts.2. When the car comes to a river, it turns amphibious two hydrojets power it along by blasting water under its body.因果信號(hào)詞 大因果表示原因或結(jié)果的成分都是句子的，叫大因果。表示原因的信號(hào)詞：because，in that，as，since 等。1. I am in a slightly awkward position, in that my s

28、ecretary is on holiday at the moment.2. There are occasions when giving a gift surpasses spoken communication, since the message it offers can cut through barriers of language and cultural diversity.表示結(jié)果的信號(hào)詞: so (that), therefore, thus, hence, as a result, consequently 等。1. The first of the new free

29、doms is in design. Powerful computer-aided design (CAD) systems can replace with a click of a computer mouse hours of laborious work done on thousands of drawing boards. So new products, no matter how complicated, can be developed much faster. For the first time, Boeing will not have to build a gian

30、t replica of its new airliner, the 777, to make sure all the bits fit together. Its CAD system will take care of that.2. In a five-year period between 1983 and 1988 the community's female workforce grew by almost six million. As a result, 51% of all women aged 14 to 64 are now economically activ

31、e in the labour market compared with 78% of men.小因果表示原因或結(jié)果的成分都是動(dòng)詞(詞組)或介詞(詞組)的，叫小因果。1. Increased air temperature has brought about higher sea levels分析 本句的意思是氣溫的增加導(dǎo)致海平面上升。bring about在這里表示前因后果關(guān)系，即“因?yàn)闅鉁卦黾铀院Ｆ矫嫔仙薄?. Necessity led to experimentation分析 需要導(dǎo)致實(shí)踐，需要和實(shí)踐之間是因果關(guān)系。需要注意的是，thus等小詞有時(shí)也可構(gòu)成小因果關(guān)系。例如：As o

32、ur roads become more dangerous, more parents drive their children to more places, thus contributing to increased levels of danger for the remaining pedestrians.試?yán)斫庀铝芯渥又械囊蚬P(guān)系：1.One of London Zoo's recent advertisements caused me great irritation.2. The high cost of oil poses serious problems for

33、industry.3. The advertising campaign has contributed significantly to the success of the new car.4. His illness resulted from eating contaminated food.推薦精選5. Cutting the hefty subsidies that go to the world's coal producers would help tilt the world's energy balance towards natural gas.6. Hi

34、s success can be attributed to hard working.7. The border incident precipitated the two countries into war.8. I think a lack of confidence underlies his aggressive manner.9. A higher price greatly affected demand for electricity.10. Governments could take advantage of today's low oil prices to b

35、uild up their own stocks.11. Population aging is mainly due to a decline in fertility.12. Elderly women outnumber elderly men because of gains in female longevity.分析 除去第4，6，11, 12句，其余句子都是前因后果。當(dāng)然，除了上述7種信號(hào)詞之外，各段首句也能傳遞很多信息，需引起注意。三 Sentence Completion句子填空題 題型概述： 句子填空題的特點(diǎn)和后面要講的Summary填空相似，是用原文當(dāng)中的細(xì)節(jié)信息把題目中

36、的句子補(bǔ)充完整。解決方案：1。做題前要理解整個(gè)句子的含義并判斷空格所缺詞的詞性，并確定關(guān)鍵詞，然后回原文找重現(xiàn)。2。如果題目中有特殊的關(guān)鍵詞：人名、地名、時(shí)間、數(shù)字和生詞，可以直接回原文找它們；如果沒有類似信息，大多數(shù)情況下原文只會(huì)重現(xiàn)題干的含義。當(dāng)題干很復(fù)雜或含有生詞時(shí)，要留意其中是否存在可以利用的關(guān)系，例如比較關(guān)系和因果關(guān)系。3。找到關(guān)鍵詞的語言重現(xiàn)后精讀原文，并找到題目需要的詞語作為答案。個(gè)別時(shí)候可能原文中的單詞或結(jié)構(gòu)做出部分改動(dòng)，或用自己的語言表述。另外需注意語態(tài)、時(shí)態(tài)、名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)問題。注意 1所填答案必須符合語法。2絕大多數(shù)的答案來自原文原詞。3答案字?jǐn)?shù)不會(huì)很長。4答案絕大多數(shù)是名

37、詞，名詞短語，形容詞（短語）和副詞（短語）。5要特別注意順序性。Example:1 "It is better to give than to receive" "Never look a gift horse in the mouth" "Beware of Greeks (ancient, of course) bearing gifts". Gifts are a fundamental element of culture and our lives as social creatures. They are also an

38、important part of our business relationships.2 There are occasions when giving a gift surpasses spoken communication, since the message it offers can cut through barriers of language and cultural diversity. Present a simple gift to your host in a foreign country and the chances are he or she will un

39、derstand you perfectly, though you may not understand a single word of each other's languages. Its can convey a wealth of meaning about your appreciation of their hospitality and the importance you place upon the relationship. Combine the act of giving with some knowledge of and sensitivity to t

40、he culture of the recipient and you have an invaluable chance to earn respect and lay the foundations of a durable and mutually beneficial business relationship.3 For all countries, take account of climate, especially in regard to clothing. Some gifts can be ruined by extremely hot or humid climates

41、, possibly causing their receiver considerable anguish. Consider the kinds of products that are abundant in the country concerned and try for something that is uncommon there. Think about the level of language skills: a book with hundreds of pages of English text may be at best useless, at worst emb

42、arrassing, to a person with limited English. Inform yourself as much as possible about local customs, rules and etiquette, especially to do with wrapping, presenting, superstitions, taboos and, importantly, customs and quarantine regulations. The following is a brief account of the etiquette of gift

43、-giving in some countries of Asia and the Middle East.推薦精選Questions 1-4Statements 1-4 are based on the Reading Passage above. Complete the statementsby using ONE word from the Reading Passage for each answer.1. Differences in culture and _ can be overcome by gifts.2. Overseas visitors are advised to

44、 give gifts to their _.3. _should be considered when giving gifts such as thick clothing.4. To present a gift of chocolates in a tropical country might create _.四 判斷題 rue/False/Not Given解題步驟：Step 1：定位，找出題目在原文中的出處。 1找出題目中的關(guān)鍵詞，最好先定位到原文中的一個(gè)段落。將題目中的關(guān)鍵詞與原文各段落的小標(biāo)題或每段話的第一句相對(duì)照。有些題目能先定位到原文中的一個(gè)段落，這必將大大加快解題時(shí)間，

45、并提高準(zhǔn)確率。但并不是每個(gè)題目都能先定位到原文中的一個(gè)段落的。2從頭到尾快速閱讀該段落，根據(jù)題目中的其它關(guān)鍵詞，在原文中找出與題目相關(guān)的一句話或幾句話。 確定一個(gè)段落后，答案在該段落中的具體位置是未知的。所以，需要從頭到尾快速閱讀該段落，找出該段落中與題目相關(guān)的一句話或幾句話，通常是一句話。3仔細(xì)閱讀這一句話或幾句話，根據(jù)第二大步中的原則和規(guī)律，確定正確答案。4要注意順序性，即題目的順序和原文的順序基本一致。 題目是有順序性的。第一題的答案應(yīng)在文章的前部，第二題的答案應(yīng)在第一題的答案之后。這個(gè)規(guī)律也有助于同學(xué)們確定答案的位置。Step2：根據(jù)下列原則和規(guī)律，確定正確答案 筆者盡可能將規(guī)律總結(jié)得

46、詳細(xì)些，使同學(xué)們能夠?qū)μ?hào)入座，加快解題的速度和準(zhǔn)確率。但請(qǐng)同學(xué)們不要僵化理解。 1. TrueSituation 1. 題目是原文的同義詞例1原文：Few are more than five years old譯文：很少有超過五年的。題目：Most are less than five years old譯文：大多數(shù)都小于五年。解釋：題目與原文是同義結(jié)構(gòu)，所以答案應(yīng)為True。例2原文：Frogs are losing the ecological battle for survival，and biologists are at a loss to explaintheir demise譯

47、文：青蛙失去了生存下來的生態(tài)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力，生物學(xué)家不能解釋它們的死亡。題目：Biologists are unable to explain why frogs are dying譯文：生物學(xué)家不能解釋為什么青蛙死亡。例3原文：Women could not take part and were forbidden，on pain of death，even to attend the Games譯文：婦女不能參加甚至被禁止出席這個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)。推薦精選題目：The spectators，as well as the participants, of the ancient Olympics were

48、male譯文：古代奧運(yùn)會(huì)的觀眾和參加者都是男的。Situation 2 題目是根據(jù)原文中的幾句話推斷或歸納而成。例1原文：Compare our admission inclusive fares and see how much you saveCheapest is not the best and value for money is guaranteedIf you compare our bargain Daybreak fares beware _ most of our competitors do not offer an all inclusive fare譯文：比較我們包含

49、的費(fèi)用會(huì)看到你省了很多錢。最便宜的不是最好的。如果你比較我們的價(jià)格，會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)絕大多數(shù)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手不提供一攬子費(fèi)用。題目：Daybreak fares are more expensive than most of their competitors.譯文：Daybreak的費(fèi)用比絕大多數(shù)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手都昂貴。例2原文：For example，it has been demonstrated that rapid response leads to a greater likelihood of arrest only if responses are in the order of l-2 minut

50、es after a call is received by the policeWhen response times increase to 3-4 minutesstill quite a rapid responsethe likelihood of an arrest is substantially reduced譯文：例如，只有反應(yīng)時(shí)間在警察接到電話之后l2分鐘，快速反應(yīng)才會(huì)使抓住罪犯的可能性更大。當(dāng)反應(yīng)時(shí)間增加到34分鐘，仍然是非?？斓姆磻?yīng)，抓住罪犯的可能性就實(shí)質(zhì)性地降低。題目：A response delay of l一2 minutes may have substanti

51、al influence on whether or not a suspected criminal is caught譯文：l2分鐘的反應(yīng)延遲會(huì)對(duì)嫌疑犯是否被抓住產(chǎn)生實(shí)質(zhì)性的影響。 2. False Situation 1: 題目與原文直接相反。通常用反義詞，not加同義詞及反義結(jié)構(gòu)。例1原文：A species becomes extinct when the last individual dies.譯文：當(dāng)最后一個(gè)個(gè)體死亡時(shí)，一個(gè)物種就滅亡了。題目：A species is said to be extinct when only one individual exists譯文：當(dāng)只

52、有一個(gè)個(gè)體存活時(shí)，一個(gè)物種就被說是滅亡了。例2原文：It has been successfully used in the United States to provide input into resource exploitation decisions and assist wildlife managers and there is now enormous potential for using population viability to assist wildlife management in Australia's forests譯文：在美國它已經(jīng)成功地用于支持資

53、源開發(fā)和幫助野生生命研究管理者?，F(xiàn)在，在使用它對(duì)澳大利亞的森林中的野生生物管理上有巨大的潛力。題目：PVA has been used in Australia for many years譯文：PVA已經(jīng)在澳大利亞使用多年了。例3原文：You may qualify for the Common Interest Group system，if you are one of at least ten adults who are traveling together譯文：如果你是至少10個(gè)一起旅行的成人中的一個(gè)，你可能會(huì)適合Common Interest Group模式。題目：The Com

54、mon Interest Group scheme does not apply if there are 11 adults in the group譯文：如果一個(gè)組里有11個(gè)成人，Common Interest Group 模式就不適用。Situation 2: 原文是多個(gè)條件并列，題目是其中一個(gè)條件（出現(xiàn)must或only）。原文是兩個(gè)或多個(gè)情形 (通常是兩種情形)都可以，常有bothand、and、or、及also等詞。題目是推薦精選“必須”或“只有”其中一個(gè)情況，常有must及only等詞。例1原文：Booking in advance is strongly recommended

55、 as a11 Daybreak tours are subject to demandSubject to availability，stand-by tickets can be purchased from the driver譯文：提前預(yù)定是強(qiáng)烈建議的，因?yàn)樗械腄aybreak旅行都是由需求決定的。如果還有票的話，可直接向司機(jī)購買。題目：Tickets must be bought in advance from an authorized Daybreak agent譯文：票必須提前從一個(gè)認(rèn)證的代理處購買。例2原文：Since the Winter Games began，55 o

56、ut of 56 gold medals in the men's Nordic skiing events have been won by competitors from Scandinavia or the former Soviet Union譯文：自從冬奧會(huì)開始，在男子越野滑雪項(xiàng)目中的56塊中的55塊金牌被來自北歐和前蘇聯(lián)的選手獲得。題目：Only Scandinavians have won gold medals in the men's winter Olympics譯文：只有北歐人獲得了冬運(yùn)會(huì)男子越野滑雪項(xiàng)目中的金牌。例3原文：Apart from the Second World War period the Winter Olympics were held every four years，a few months before the summer OlympicsBut in 1986 the IOC changed the schedule so that the summer and winter games would be held in different yearsThus，for the only time in history，