外研版高中英語(yǔ)選修六_1-6單元知識(shí)點(diǎn)歸納

1、高中英語(yǔ)選修六1-6 單元知識(shí)點(diǎn)歸納Module 1【詞條 1】 lack【點(diǎn)撥】 lack 動(dòng)詞 , 意為 "缺乏 ,沒(méi)有 "。如 :He is good at his job but he seems to lack confidence. What he lacks in experience he makes up for in enthusiasm. 【拓展】1. lack 的常用短語(yǔ)有 :be lacking"欠缺 ,缺乏 "；be lacking in" 缺乏 (某種品質(zhì)、特點(diǎn)等 )"；lack (for) nothin

2、g" 應(yīng)有盡有 "。如 :2. lack 還可作名詞 ,常與 of 連用 ,意為 "缺乏 ,沒(méi)有 "。for lack of " 因?yàn)槿狈?"。如: The work had to be stopped for lack of funds.The flowers withered for lack of water.【詞條 2】 reply【點(diǎn)撥】名詞 ,意為 "回答 ,答復(fù) ",常與介詞 to 連用。如 :Is it a reply to the first or the second letter?To my

3、anger, she made no reply to my question.其常用在短語(yǔ) in reply to 中 ,意為 "作為對(duì)的回答 ,回復(fù) "。如 :What did he do in reply to your challenge?【拓展】 reply 也可作動(dòng)詞 ,意為 "回答 ,答復(fù) ",reply (to . / that .) 。如 :The teacher gave me no chance to reply to her question.Lily replied that she knew nothing about it.

4、【詞條 3】 apology【點(diǎn)撥】 apology 名詞 ,意為 "道歉 ,歉意 ",常用于短語(yǔ) :offer / make an apology to sb."向某人道歉 ", accept an apology"接受道歉 "。如 :It s impolite of you to leave without a word of apology.In my judgment, we should accept their apology.You d better make an apology for your absence.【拓

5、展】其動(dòng)詞形式為 apologize,意為 "道歉 ,表示歉意 ",常用短語(yǔ)為 : apologize to sb.(for sth.)"(因某事 )向某人道歉 " 。如 :I must apologize for not being able to meet you that day.I think Tom might have apologized to Jane for what he did.經(jīng)典短語(yǔ)透視【短語(yǔ) 1】 think of【點(diǎn)撥】 think of 可意為 "想起 ,想出 " 。如 :The photo made

6、me think of my child-hood.It was Tom who thought of the good plan.【拓展】 think 的其他常用短語(yǔ) :1. think highly / much of 重視 ,高度贊揚(yáng)。如 :All the teachers think highly of John because he is very smart and kind.2. think about 考慮。如 :I was thinking about something else and missed your words.3. think over 仔細(xì)考慮。如 :Ple

7、ase think the plan over and let me know your decision tomorrow.【短語(yǔ) 2】 in addition【點(diǎn)撥】 in addition 意為 "另外 ,此外 "。如 :I write my own songs and I play the guitar in addition.You need money and time. In addition, you need diligence.【拓展】in addition to 除之外 (還有 ),to 為介詞 ,后接名詞或動(dòng)詞 -ing 形式。如: His brot

8、her can speak three foreign languages in addition to English. besides也意為 "除之外 (還有 )"。如 :The play was badly acted, besides being far too long.【短語(yǔ) 3】 leave out【點(diǎn)撥】 leave out意為 "省去 ,刪去 " 。如 :In Western countries, people usually leave out No. 13 as the number is thought unlucky.You c

9、an leave out the unnecessary words when writing down the notes.【拓展】1. leave out還可意為 "漏掉 ,遺漏 " 。如 :Decide with you partner which words have been left out.2. 與 leave 相關(guān)的常用短語(yǔ) :leave behind遺留 ,留下 It left behind a long train of problems and difficulties. leave over剩余 ,暫不解決We shall have to leave

10、 the question over till the next meeting.leave alone別管 ,不理會(huì)If I were you, I d leave this question alone.【短語(yǔ) 4】 show off【點(diǎn)撥】 show off 意為 " 炫耀 "。如 :Those boys always show off their sports skills to the girls.His brother likes to show off his knowledge in public.【拓展】與 show 相關(guān)的常用短語(yǔ) :show sb. a

11、round領(lǐng)某人參觀The headmaster showed us around the school.show up 出席 ,到場(chǎng)The party is about to begin, but Mr. Wang hasn t shown up.熱點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法聚焦didnt need to do和 neednt have done都有 "過(guò)去不必做某事 "的意思 ,但是 didnt need to 表示 "過(guò)去沒(méi)有必要做某事 ,事實(shí)上也沒(méi)做 "；neednt have done表示 "過(guò)去本來(lái)不必做某事 ,實(shí)際上卻做了 " 。如 :I

12、didn t need to take a taxi from the-portair there was a bus all the way into the city.I needn t have booked in advance; there were plenty of tickets left.此外 ,要注意 need的其它用法 :need可作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞 ,也可作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。1. 作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí) , need有人稱和數(shù)的變化 ,后可以接名詞、代詞、動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)名詞等 ,否定式要在前面加 dont (doesnt, didnt),疑問(wèn)句用 do (does, did)提問(wèn)。如 :The

13、company needs some good salesmen.His broken car needs to be repaired. = His broken car needs repairing.2. 作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí) ,need沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化 ,后接動(dòng)詞原形 ,否定式為 needn t,常用在否定句和疑問(wèn)句中。如 :You needn t worry about him. He is very mature now. Need I stay another day? Yes, you must.Module 2【詞條 1】 behave【點(diǎn)撥】 behave 用作不及物動(dòng)詞 ,意為

14、 "(舉止或行為 )表現(xiàn) "。如 :She has been behaving very politely.另外 ,behave還可意為 "舉止得體；守規(guī)矩 ",常和反身代詞連用。如 :Can t you make yourlittle child behave himself?【拓展】 well- / ill- / badly-behaved adj. 表現(xiàn)得好的 /不好的； behavior n.行為 ,舉止如 :He is thought to be a well-behaved child.She was ashamed of her child

15、ren s bad behavior.【詞條 2】 appeal【點(diǎn)撥】 appeal可用作名詞 ,意為 "吸引力 ,感染力 " 。如 :Films of this sort have lost their appeal for me.【拓展】1. appeal用作名詞時(shí) ,還可意為 "呼吁 ,請(qǐng)求 "。如 : His appeal for forgiveness went unanswered.An appeal is being made for help for those who lost their homes in the earthquak

16、e.2. appeal還可用作動(dòng)詞 , 意為 "引起興趣；呼吁 ,請(qǐng)求 ",常跟介詞 to 連用。如 : Does the idea of working abroad appeal to you?Theare appealing to the public for any information about this.police【詞條 3】 awake【點(diǎn)撥】 awake 可用作形容詞 ,意為 "醒著的 "。如 :I have lain awake all night thinking over the problem.注意 :awake 是表語(yǔ)形容

17、詞 ,不能用于名詞前作定語(yǔ)。類似的形容詞還有 asleep, alive, aware 等?！就卣埂?awake (awoke, awoken) 可作不及物動(dòng)詞 ,意為 " 醒來(lái) ",這時(shí)與 wake up 意義相近； awake 也可作及物動(dòng)詞 ,意為 "喚醒 ,叫醒；喚起 (記憶 )；激起 (情感 )"。如: I awake to the ringing of an electric bell every day.The thunder awoke me last night.His father tried to awake him to a se

18、nse of duty.Nothing can awake her interest in foot-ball.經(jīng)典短語(yǔ)透視【短語(yǔ) 1】 ahead of【點(diǎn)撥】 ahead of意為 " 在之前 "。如 :The time here is nine hours ahead of London. Ahead of us was a narrow and muddy road.【拓展】 ahead of還可意為 "勝過(guò) ,優(yōu)于； (數(shù)量、價(jià)格等 )超過(guò) " 。如 :In management, our company is well ahead of th

19、eirs.Their pay offer was well ahead of inflation.【短語(yǔ) 2】 holdout【點(diǎn)撥】 hold out 可意為 "伸出 ,拿出 "。如 :When I arrived, Mary held out her hand in welcome.【拓展】 hold out 還可意為 "維持；堅(jiān)持 (抵抗 )"。如 :We were short of water but it could hold out for another day.They held out against the enemy for two

20、 days and nights.The town was surrounded, but the citizens held out until help at last came.【短語(yǔ) 3】 putdown【點(diǎn)撥】 put down 可意為 "放下 "。如 :Put down that knife before you hurt somebody!【拓展】1. put down 還可意為 "寫下 ,記下；鎮(zhèn)壓；消滅 " 。如 : Put down your notes at the bottom of the paper.The uprising

21、was put down three days later.cant put sth. down 愛(ài)不釋手；不忍釋卷。如:It is an interesting story and he can t put it down until he has finished reading it.2. 與 put 相關(guān)的常用短語(yǔ) :put out 出版；生產(chǎn)；使熄滅 ,撲滅； put up 樹(shù)立； put off推遲； put aside 把擱在一邊； put forward 提出； put up with 容忍。如 : Be sure to put out the light before you

22、 go to bed.The building will be put up in the centre of the campus. Don t put off till tomorrow what can be done today.He put aside his work to spend more time with his family.He put forward a very good suggestion at the meeting.I could hardly put up with the child any longer.熱點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法聚焦動(dòng)詞的 -ing 形式作狀語(yǔ)可表示

23、時(shí)間、原因、條件、結(jié)果、讓步、方式、伴隨或?qū)χ^語(yǔ)加以補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明等。如 :While reading the book, he nodded from time to time. 時(shí)(間 )It rained for two weeks, completely ruining the crops. (結(jié)果 )Turning to the right at the crossing, you will see the post office right before you. ( 條件 )Being busy and exhausted, he gave us a lot of help讓.(步 )

24、We Chinese eat our food using chopsticks.方(式 )Not knowing how to deal with the problem, the boy turned to his teacher. 原(因 )Laughing and talking loudly, we left the party. (伴隨 )【難點(diǎn)點(diǎn)撥】1. 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí) ,其邏輯主語(yǔ)必須與句子的主語(yǔ)一致 ,它所表示的動(dòng)作應(yīng)該是句中主語(yǔ)所發(fā)出的動(dòng)作 ,即現(xiàn)在分詞和句子主語(yǔ)之間構(gòu)成主動(dòng)關(guān)系。如 :Seeing from the top of the hill, we can get

25、 a full view of the country.(we 與 see之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系 )2. 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí) ,其前可加 while, when, after, before, though, unless等連詞 ,on, upon 等介詞或 thus, completely 等副詞。如 :While doing the experiment, we discovered the new chemical. Take the medicine three times a day after having each meal. On hearing the news, she rushed

26、 out the room.My car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay.3. 有時(shí)用 "(with / without)+ 賓語(yǔ) + 現(xiàn)在分詞 "結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語(yǔ)。如 :4. 當(dāng)現(xiàn)在分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)與主句的主語(yǔ)不一致時(shí) ,現(xiàn)在分詞必須有自己的主語(yǔ)。如 :Weather permitting, the sports meet will be held next Friday.Module 3【詞條 1】 raise【點(diǎn)撥】 vt. 可意為 "招募 ,籌措 (金錢 )"。如 :It voted

27、 to raise 100,000 troops immediately.He asked me to write a leaflet to raise money for Hope Schools.【拓展】 raise還可意為 "舉起；增加 ,提高；提出；撫養(yǎng) ,飼養(yǎng)；引起 "。如 :The wind raised the fallen leaves from the ground.The boss has promised to raise their pay.He was so angry as to raise his voice.The question was

28、raised at the meeting. I was raised by my aunt on a farm.The discussion raised our interest.【辨析】 raise rise 兩者都可以表示 "上升；增長(zhǎng) "之意 ,不同的是 raise 是及物動(dòng)詞 ,rise 是不及物動(dòng)詞。如 :On Monday morning, we were watching the children raising the national flag and we saw it rising slowly in the wind.【詞條 2】 regret【

29、點(diǎn)撥】 regret 可用作動(dòng)詞 ,意為 "懊悔 ,惋惜；遺憾 ",后接名詞、代詞、 that 從句、不定式、動(dòng)名詞等。如 :I regret my refusal to his invitation. I regret that I canWe regret to inform you that you failed again.We have deeply regretted selling the farm. t attend the party.注意 :其后接動(dòng)詞 -ing 形式和動(dòng)詞不定式時(shí)意思有區(qū)別。試體會(huì)I regret to tell you that I

30、have no news for you. (遺憾要做某事 ):I regret telling Tom the truth. (后悔做了某事 )【拓展】 regret 也可作名詞 ,意為 "遺憾 ,后悔；歉意 " 。如 :We decided with great regret that we couldn t offer you the position.feel no regret at對(duì)不感到遺憾much to ones regret使某人非常遺憾的是express one s regret at對(duì)表示遺憾【詞條 3】 forgive【點(diǎn)撥】vt. vi. 意為 &

31、quot;原諒 ,寬恕 ",常用于結(jié)構(gòu) forgive sb. for sth. / doing sth.,也可以接雙賓語(yǔ)。如 :I will never forgive you for what you ve ever done to me.Eventually, she forgave him the bad behavior.【拓ss n.原諒 ,寬恕 ,饒恕 forgiving adj.展寬大的 ,仁慈的】forgivene經(jīng)典短語(yǔ)透視【短語(yǔ) 1】 keep in touch (with)【點(diǎn)撥】 keep in touch (with sb.)意為 "(與某人 )

32、保持聯(lián)系 ",也可寫作 stay / be in touch (with sb.)。如 :This is my card. Let s keep in touch.I ve kept in touch with most of my classmates in the middle school.【拓展】與 touch 相關(guān)的常見(jiàn)搭配還有 :get in touch with" 與取得聯(lián)系 "；lose touch with / be out of touch with"與失去 / 沒(méi)有聯(lián)系 "。如 :We have lost touch wi

33、th John since we moved to Japan.Write to me as often as you can. I don t want to lose touch with you.【短語(yǔ) 2】 knock over【點(diǎn)撥】 knock over 意為 "撞倒 ,擊倒 " 。如 :A drunken driver knocked over nine people, causing five deaths.【拓展】與 knock 相關(guān)的短語(yǔ)還有 :knock down"打倒 ,推倒 "；knock off" 停止 ,中斷&qu

34、ot;；knock out"擊敗 ,擊倒 "。如 :He knocked Tom down with one blow of his fist.We knocked off work for tea.Our team was knocked out in the first part of the competition.【短語(yǔ) 3】 make up【點(diǎn)撥】 make up可意為 "和好 "。如 :I found it hard to make up with Joan after we quarreled about the beautiful sta

35、mp.【拓展】 make up還有以下常用意思 :You shouldnt believe him. He is making the whole thing up. (編造 )Whoever attends the ball is supposed to make up化.(妝 )You must make up the work you missed. 補(bǔ)(上 )熱點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法聚焦1. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的完成式 having done的用法非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的完成式 having done 表示在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。其否定式為 not having done。如 :Having been cr

36、iticized by the teacher, he gave up smoking.Not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examinations.分詞的被動(dòng)式表示它的邏輯主語(yǔ)是 -ing 分詞動(dòng)作的承受者。根據(jù) -ing 分詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間 ,-ing 分詞的被動(dòng)式有一般被動(dòng)式 (being done)和完成被動(dòng)式(having been done)。如 :He never talked about his having been interviewed by the reporter.The question b

37、eing discussed is very important.2. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的 -ing 形式和 to do 形式的區(qū)別有些動(dòng)詞既能接不定式 ,又能接 -ing 形式 ,含義有所不同。如 :(1) forget, remember, regret 等詞后面接不定式表示不定式動(dòng)作后于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作 ,而后接 -ing 形式作賓語(yǔ)表示動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作。如:Do you remember seeing me before?你記得以前見(jiàn)過(guò)我嗎？Remember to lock the door when you leave.離開(kāi)時(shí)要記得鎖門。(2) 動(dòng)詞 mean, stop, try, go

38、on等動(dòng)詞后面接動(dòng)名詞和接不定式作賓語(yǔ)也有所不同。如 :I mean to change it for another one.我想換成另外一個(gè)。Missing the train means waiting for another hour.,意思誤了這班車就意味著再等一個(gè)小時(shí)。(3)動(dòng)詞allow,advise,forbid,permit等可直接跟-ing 形式作賓語(yǔ) ,不可以接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ),但可接不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。如:Please permit me to say a few words請(qǐng).允許我說(shuō)幾句話。We dont permit smoking here. 我們這兒不允許吸煙

39、。(4) 動(dòng)詞 need, require, want作"需要 "解時(shí) ,后面接 -ing 分詞或不定式被動(dòng)式。如 :These little children require looking after carefully / to be looked after carefully. 這些小孩需要細(xì)心地照料。(5) 動(dòng)詞 like, hate, prefer 等后面 ,如表示一般性動(dòng)作 ,多用 -ing 形式；如指特定的具體的某次動(dòng)作 ,多用不定式。如 :I like swimming, but I don t like to swim with you.我喜歡游泳 ,

40、但我不喜歡和你一起游泳。Module 4【詞條 1】 combine【點(diǎn)撥】 combine vi. / vt. 聯(lián)合 ,結(jié)合 ,合并。常用作結(jié)構(gòu) combine . with ."把與結(jié)合 "。如 :The two countries combined against their common enemy.He combined his scientific knowledge with his friend business skill and started a company.His efforts, combined with his determination,

41、 helped him achieve great success.【拓展】 combination n. 聯(lián)合 ,合作 , 結(jié)合 combined adj. 組合的 ,結(jié)合的【詞條 2】 relax【點(diǎn)撥】 relax vi. / vt. 放松 ,使輕松。如 :The doctor told him to relax a week or so before going back to work.This equipment will help relax your muscles.【拓展】 relax 還可意為 "放寬；使松弛 " 。如 : They relaxed th

42、e regulations after the reform. relaxed adj. 放松的 ,鎮(zhèn)定的 relaxing adj. 令人放松的 She had a very relaxed manner.It s really a relaxing walk.【詞條 3】 present【點(diǎn)撥】 present可用作動(dòng)詞 ,意為 "贈(zèng)送；頒發(fā) (獎(jiǎng)品等 )；提出 "。如 :When Mr. Smith left our company; our manager presented him with a golden watch.The winner was presen

43、ted with the prize by the chairman.【拓展】1. present作名詞 ,可意為 "禮物 ,贈(zèng)品；現(xiàn)在 ,目前 "。如 :I don t want all these books; I ll make you a present of them.She is busy at present, and she can t speak to you.2. present作形容詞 ,意為 "出席的 ,在場(chǎng)的；目前的 ,現(xiàn)在的 "。如 :It s unfair to discuss his case if he isn t pr

44、esent.The present situation seems to be in their favor.經(jīng)典短語(yǔ)透視【短語(yǔ) 1】 in addition to【點(diǎn)撥】in addition to 意為 "除之外 (還有 )",其中 to 為介詞 ,所以后面要跟名詞、代詞和動(dòng)名詞等。如 :In addition to giving a general introduction to computers, the course also pro-vides practical experience.【拓展】1. besides作介詞時(shí) ,和其意思和用法相同。如 : We

45、have lots of things in common besides dance.2. in addition 相當(dāng)于副詞 ,可譯為 "另外 ,加之 "。如 :You need money and time; in addition, you need intelligence.【短語(yǔ) 2】 draw upon / on【點(diǎn)撥】 draw upon / on 意為 "憑借 ,利用 " 。如 :Rereadyourprevious essays for ideas and information, which you may want to draw

46、 upon.A writer has to draw upon his imagination and experience.【拓展】 draw on / upon 還可意為 "臨近 ,(時(shí)光 )漸漸過(guò)去 "。如 :Winter is drawing on.It grew colder as night drew on.【短語(yǔ) 3】 be true of【點(diǎn)撥】 be true of 意為 "(某種情況 )適用于 ,適宜于 "。如 :This principle is true of everybody.The food is good and the

47、same is true of the service. 【拓展】根據(jù)下列例句體會(huì)與 true 相關(guān)短語(yǔ)的意義 : The picture is true to life. (逼真 )He is always true to his promise. 信(守 )My father said I should be a lawyer and it has come true.實(shí)(現(xiàn) )熱點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法聚焦一、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)由 "has / have been + 動(dòng)詞 -ing" 構(gòu)成 ,其主要用法有 :1. 表示動(dòng)作從過(guò)去開(kāi)始一直持續(xù)到說(shuō)話時(shí) ,并且還有可能繼續(xù)下去。 這一用法常和

48、表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ) ,如 :For three years, all this time, all one s life, all the morning, these few weeks.以及由 for 或 since 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如:He s been watching television all day.I have been teaching in the middle school for ten years.2. 表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻開(kāi)始一直持續(xù)到說(shuō)話時(shí)刻的動(dòng)作,在說(shuō)話時(shí)刻這個(gè)動(dòng)作剛剛結(jié)束。如:I have just been saying goodbye to my fr

49、iend.3. 表示一直到說(shuō)話時(shí)為止的一段時(shí)間內(nèi)反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如Have you been meeting him lately?二、與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的比較 :1. 從定義上來(lái)看 ,現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) (have done)表示的是已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或者狀態(tài) ,常常與 already"已經(jīng) "或 ever"曾經(jīng) "連用。如 :We have already learnt Unit2. (我們已經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)了第二單元。 )She is the most beautiful girl I have ever seen.她(是我見(jiàn)過(guò)的最漂亮的女孩。 )而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)則表示的是從

50、過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在 ,并且有可能還要進(jìn)行下去的動(dòng)作 ,具有未完成的特點(diǎn) ,一般不與 already 或 ever 等連用。如 :We have been learning Unit 2. 我們一直在學(xué)習(xí)第二單元。(沒(méi)學(xué)完 )2. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示次性,現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示動(dòng)作的重復(fù),請(qǐng)看以下句子 :I have met him at the library. (我在圖書(shū)館見(jiàn)過(guò)他。 )I have been meeting him at the library. 我(經(jīng)常在圖書(shū)館看見(jiàn)她。)3. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)都可以表示剛剛結(jié)束的動(dòng)作,但在含上有區(qū)別?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是動(dòng)作

51、的結(jié)果,而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的則是動(dòng)作的過(guò)程。如 :We are very tired. Weve been cleaning the house.我們很累 ,我們一直在打掃房子。 (強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作 )We ve cleaned the house. You may come in now我.們打掃過(guò)房子了 ,你可以進(jìn)來(lái)了。 (強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果 "房子干凈 ")4. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常只陳述事實(shí) ,而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)還可表示一種感情色彩。如 :I ha ve waited for two hours.我等了兩個(gè)小時(shí)。 (陳述事實(shí) )I have been waiting for two hou

52、rs.我等了兩個(gè)小時(shí)。 (等得好辛苦 )5. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)通常用來(lái)談?wù)撦^短暫的動(dòng)作或情況； 若要談?wù)摃r(shí)間延續(xù)較長(zhǎng)的動(dòng)作或情況或永久性情況 ,則通常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如 :He has lived in Paris他.(一直 )住在巴黎。He has been living in Paris他.(目前 )住在巴黎。 (表暫時(shí)性 )6. 不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的動(dòng)詞通常也不用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) ,但它們可以用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如 :Ive only known her for two days.我認(rèn)識(shí)她剛剛兩天。They ve been married for twenty years他.們結(jié)婚已二十年了。The

53、 war has lasted for a long time.這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)已經(jīng)持續(xù)了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。7. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)不用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) ,若要用可用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)代替。如 :The house has been painted for a month這.房子已漆了一個(gè)月。The problem has been studied for five days這.個(gè)問(wèn)題已研究了五天。Module 5【詞條 1】 refuse【點(diǎn)撥】 refuse為動(dòng)詞 ,意為 "拒絕 "。常用于結(jié)構(gòu) : refuse to do sth. refuse + n. / pron. refuse sb

54、. sth。.如 :What annoyed us was that Mary refused to talk about this matter.He refused his friend s invitation to go on an adventure.She is so enthusiastic that you can t refuse her anything.【拓展】1. 辨析 refusereject decline這幾個(gè)詞都可作 "拒絕 " 解。其區(qū)別在于 :refuse 是表示 " 拒絕 " 這一概念的最普通的用詞 ,可接不定式 ,

55、表示拒絕做某事 ,也可接名詞 ,表示不接受； reject 語(yǔ)氣比 refuse 強(qiáng),表示斷然拒絕。如果不同意一種意見(jiàn)或信仰 ,通常用 reject； decline 比較正式 ,表示禮貌、客氣地 " 婉拒 ",當(dāng)表示對(duì)于對(duì)方的邀請(qǐng)、請(qǐng)求、提議等表示 "不接受 "時(shí) ,可以用 decline 來(lái)緩和語(yǔ)氣。如 :I refused to take part in anything that is illegal.The army doctors rejected several recruits as unfit.I invited her to join

56、 us, but she declined.2. refusal 為 refuse 的名詞形式 ,意為 "拒絕 ,拒不 "。如 : Your refusal of such a good offer was very foolish.【詞條 2】 arise【點(diǎn)撥】 arise 為不及物動(dòng)詞 ,意為 "產(chǎn)生；出現(xiàn) "。常用搭配 :arise out of / from sth."由引起 "。如 :We didn t know how the quarrel arose.Disagreements have arisen from the new program.【拓展】1.