語(yǔ)言學(xué)第一章ppt

1、 Why Study Language?n1.Language is an integral part of our life humanity.n2.Language is a tool for access to other fields of knowledge rather than as a subject in and itself.What Is Language?nWebsters New World Dictionary offers several most frequently used sense of the word languagen1) human speech

2、n2) the ability to communicate by this meansn3) a system of vocal sounds and combination of such sounds to which meaning is attributed, used for the expression or communication of thoughts and feelingsn4) the written representation of such a system a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human

3、communication. Design Features of Languagen Arbitrarinessn Dualityn Productivity/Creativityn Displacementn Cultural transmission Arbitrarinessn Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no logical connection between meaning and sounds.n For instant, we cant explain why a book is n called a bk

4、 and a pen a pen. DualitynDuality is meant the property of having two levels of structures,such that units of primary levels are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization (Lyons,1981)n primary level-word(meanling but can not be furt

5、her divided into elements)n secondary level-sounds(meaningless) Productivity/Creativityn Language is productive or creative or generative in that makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.n Language is not unique to human, if it is defined merely as a system of c

6、ommunication. birds, bees, crabs, and most other creatures communicate in some way, but the information imparted is severely limited confined to a small set of messages. DisplacementnDisplacement is meat that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined

7、matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. Cultural Transmission Signification of Displacement Origin of Language n1.The bow-wow theroy(擬聲說(shuō)/咆哮說(shuō))n2.Thepooh-pooh theroy(

8、感嘆說(shuō)/啵啵說(shuō))n3.Theyo-he-ho theroy(吆嘿嗬說(shuō)/喘息說(shuō))n4.TheDing-dong theroy(丁咚說(shuō)/聲象說(shuō)) Function of Language Informative(Ideational): record the information about the facts .Interpersonal: establish and maintain their status in a society.Performative:change the social status of person. Emotive(Expressive): express f

9、eelings and attitudes of the speaker. Phatic Communion: maintain a comfortable relationship between people without involving any factual content.Recreational: purpose is restrictive and supposedly so limited in usefulness.Metalingual: our language can be used to talk about itself. What Is Linguistic

10、s?nLinguistics is usually defined as the science of language or, alternatively, as the scientific study of language.nLinguistics is a rich and exciting field. Main Branches of Linguisticsn Phonetics 語(yǔ)音學(xué)n Phonology 音韻學(xué)n Morphology 形態(tài)學(xué)n Syntax 句法學(xué)n Semantics 語(yǔ)義學(xué)n Pragmatics 語(yǔ)用學(xué)PhoneticsnPhonetics stud

11、ies speech sounds, including the production of speech, that is, how speech sounds are actually made, transmitted and received, the description and classification of speech sounds, words, and connected speech.nArticulatory phonetics發(fā)音語(yǔ)音學(xué)-how speakers produce the sounds by organs.n Auditory phonetics聽(tīng)

12、覺(jué)語(yǔ)音學(xué)-how sounds are perceived and heard.n Acoustic phonetics聽(tīng)覺(jué)發(fā)音學(xué)- sounds are transmitted from one to another.Phonologyn Phonology -studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.n It deals with the sounds system of a language by t

13、reating phoneme as point of departure.n A phoneme is the smallest linguistic unit of sound that can signal a difference in meaning.Morphologyn Morphology- is concerned with the internal organization of words. It studies the minimal units of meaning-morphemes and word-formation process.Syntaxn Syntax

14、- is about principles of forming and understanding correct English sentences. The form or structure of a sentence is governed by the rules of syntax. The rules specify word order, sentence organization, and the relationships between words, word classes and other sentence elements.Semanticsn Semantic

15、s -examines how meaning is encoded in a language.nIt is not only concerned with meanings of words as lexical items, but also with levels of language below the word and above it,e.g.meanings of morphemes and sentences. nThe key concepts: semantic component(語(yǔ)義成分), denotation of words(詞的外延),，sense rela

16、tions between words such as antonymy(反義關(guān)系) and synonymy（近義關(guān)系），sense relation between sentences such as entailment(蘊(yùn)涵) and presupposition（預(yù)設(shè)）and more.Pragmatics Pragmatics- the study of meaning in context. Macrolinguisticsn Lingusitics is not the only field concerned with language. Other disciplines

17、such as psychology, sociology, ethnography(人類(lèi)學(xué))，the science of law and artificial intelligence. Four Branches of Mcrolinguisticsn Psycholinguistics-Psycholinguistics investigates the interrelation of language and mind.n Sociolinguistics-That language varieties come to have symbolic or symptomatic va

18、lue, in and of themselves, is an inevitable consequence of their functional differentiation.n Anthropological linguistics-They typically ask such questions as: Did two or more contemporary language diverge from a common ancestral language? If they are related, how far back in time did they begin to

19、differ?nComputational linguistics-It centers around the use of computers to process or produce human language. Important distinction in linguisticsnDont say X. 不要說(shuō)X。（prescriptive）n People dont say X. 人們不說(shuō)X 。（descriptive）n The distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how

20、things are.n There are obvious administrative and education advantages, in the modern world , in standaradizing the principle dialect that is employed within a particular country or region.Synchronic vs. diachronicnSynchronic description takes a fixed instant as its point of observation.n Diachronic linguistics is the study of a language through the course of i