英語(yǔ)s發(fā)音規(guī)則

1、英語(yǔ)s發(fā)音規(guī)則s發(fā)/s/的讀音規(guī)則一、s在詞首時(shí)，除了sugar，sure以及sh組合發(fā)/以外，其余一般發(fā)/s/。 例：surface，serve，seven，six，some，sign比較：design/di'zain/一般前綴，合成詞不影響其讀音。s仍讀成/s/。例：unsafe，unsatisfactory，roadside，teaspoon，snowstorm二、兩個(gè)s在詞尾時(shí)讀作/s/。 例：grass，glass，address，press，success，pass，miss，stress，across，swiss, progress，process，kiss三、詞尾s在u

2、后讀作/s/。 例：bus，us，minus，abacus，plus，status，virus四、在sis組合的弱讀中，兩個(gè)s都讀作/s/。 例：emphasis，analysis，thesis，crisisemphasise, emphasize, analyse/ analyze, criticise/criticize (criticism n.)五、s在字母c前常讀作/s/。 例：muscle，discipline，science六、s在某些前后綴中讀作/s/。1在前綴mis-，dis-中，s讀作/s/。 例：mismanage，misjudge， misbelieve，disorde

3、r，disobey2在后綴sive，sity，self，-some，-sy中，s讀作/s/。 例：expensive，intensive，decisive, yourself，handsome，troublesome，tiresome，quarrelsome七、s在清輔音前后常讀作/s/。1s在清輔音前常讀作/s/。 例：honest，newspaper，task，satisfy，grasp (grab, grip)2s在清輔音后常讀作/s/。 例：sportsman，works，stops，roofs八、詞尾se在字母r，l，n后讀作/s/。 例：horse，nurse，worse，cour

4、se， universe，pulse，else，tense，senseI couldn't find good references by Googling, and I don't know anything about British English. As I think it through, it is quite complicated! Sorry - we should really get around to some spelling reform. I hope others can help edit this list if they think of

5、 exceptions. In American English, typically· If there are any prefixes or suffixes causing an s to be in the middle of a word (either because the "s" is part of the prefix or because it is part of the root"), the "s" is always unvoiced清音/s/, e.g. subsist, substandard, m

6、ismatch, mistake, etc.· An s that is written next to an unvoiced consonant 清輔音 is always unvoiced /s/, e.g. lisp, rasp, history, etc. · When the unvoiced consonant of the above rule is t, then the /t/ is silent if the next syllable is syllabic /n/ or /l/: listen, whistle. (Otherwise it is

7、pronounced. See the comments for a more detailed description of this rule.)· An s before m is always voiced /z/: chasm, prism, plasma. However, the top rule takes precedence有優(yōu)先權(quán), so the s in mismatch is always voiceless /s/. · An s that is written doubled between vowels is also unvoiced: m

8、assive, missive, missile, etc. However, if the s would occur in the phonetic stream /s+j/ then it assimilates to /, e.g. in mission.· An s that is written as one single letter between vowels is usually /z/, e.g. laser, risible, criticise/ criticize, desert, design, reason, busy, result, reserve

9、, closer (the comparative form of the adjective "close", has an /s/ sound). In the same environment as mentioned above /z+j/ will assimilate to / e.g. in vision. · Terrible exception to the above: in dessert, the s is voiced to /z/. Many native English speakers misspell dessert for th

10、is reason. Note also that the difference between desert and dessert is not voicing, but which syllable gets the accent (it is the first in desert and the second in dessert). · Possess and its derivatives are another exception; the middle "ss" is voiced to /z/. The terminating "ss

11、" is not.· Other miscellaneous exceptions: The -ss- in the American state name Missouri is also exceptionally pronounced /z/. In raspberry, the p is silent and the s assimilates to the /b/, so is voiced to /z/.補(bǔ)充：Based on the immediately surrounding letters:· Word-internal -ns-, e.g.

12、in insist, tense, tinsel, is almost always pronounced /ns/ with unvoiced /s/. This doesn't apply to words that end in -ns, like pens or lens (these have /nz/). Exceptions: cleanse and pansy, which have /nz/. For some speakers, certain (but not necessarily all) words starting with "trans&quo

13、t; such as transit and transition have /nz/.· Word-internal -ls-, e.g. in else, pulse, is almost always pronounced /ls/ with unvoiced /s/. This doesn't apply to words that end in -ls, like eels or steals (these have /lz/). Exception: palsy, which has /lz/.· Word-internal -rs-, e.g. in

14、persist, verse, is almost always pronounced /rs/* with unvoiced /s/. This doesn't apply to words that end in -rs, like stars or yours (these have /rz/*).Based on identifying particular suffixes:· The ending -sive is usually pronounced /sv/ with voiceless /s/, even when there is a vowel lett

15、er immediately preceding the letter "s". For example, explosive, invasive, abusive, derisive are all pronounced with /s/. · The ending -osity is always pronounced with voiceless /s/.名詞復(fù)數(shù)后面s的發(fā)音規(guī)則一般來(lái)說(shuō)，s在元音或濁輔音后讀z，在清輔音后面讀成s，在t后與t在一起讀成ts，在d后與d一起讀成dz。cups 杯子 days 日子 hands 手 hats 帽子2、以s,sh,

16、ch,x結(jié)尾的詞在詞尾加es，讀izclasses 班級(jí) buses 公共汽車(chē) boxes 盒子 watches 手表3、以“元音字母y”結(jié)尾的詞，加s，讀作z；以輔音字母y結(jié)尾的詞，變y為i，再加es，讀iz。boy-boys 男孩 army-armies 軍隊(duì) story-stories 故事 factory-factories 工廠 baby-babies 寶貝4、以o結(jié)尾的詞，多數(shù)加s，讀z。kilo-kilos 公里 photo-photos 照片 tobacco-tobaccos 煙草 piano-pianos 鋼琴以元音字母o結(jié)尾的詞一律加s，讀z。zoo-zoos 動(dòng)物園 ra

17、dio-radios 收音機(jī)少數(shù)以o結(jié)尾的詞，在詞尾加-es，讀z。tomato-tomatoes 西紅柿 hero-heroes 英雄 Negro-Negroes 黑人 potato-potatoes 土豆5、以f或fe結(jié)尾的詞，多數(shù)把f,fe變?yōu)関，再加es，讀s。leaf-leaves 樹(shù)葉 thief-thieves 小偷 wife-wives 妻子 knife-knives 小刀 shelf-shelves 架子6、不規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。(1)、通過(guò)變化單詞內(nèi)部元音字母，構(gòu)成復(fù)雜形式。man-men 男子 woman-women 女人 foot-feet 腳 goose-geese

18、鵝 tooth-teeth 牙齒 mouse-mice 老鼠 child-children 小孩（2）、單數(shù)形式與復(fù)數(shù)形式相同sheep-sheep 綿羊 deer-deer 鹿 Chinese-Chinese 中國(guó)人 Japanese-Japanese 日本人規(guī)則的名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式一般是在單詞后加-s 或-es。其音法方法為：在/p/ /t/ /k/ /f/等清輔音后 /s/Cups, hats, cakes, roofs在/s/ /z/ /M/ /CM/ /DN/等音后 /iz/glasses, roses, brushes, matches, bridges在其它情況下 ：/z/Beds,

19、days, cities, knives以th收尾的詞原讀/的，加詞尾s后，多讀/z/，例如：mouth mouthspath /pa:z/- paths /pa:Iz/但也有不這樣變的，如：month /mn/ - months /mns/, length/leng/ - lengths/lengs/,另有些詞可變可不變，如：youth/ju:/ - youths/ju:s/或/ju: z/, truth/tru:/ - truths/tru:s/或/tru: z/。關(guān)于名詞復(fù)數(shù)后面s的發(fā)音規(guī)則，我相信你已經(jīng)看過(guò)了多遍語(yǔ)法書(shū)上名詞復(fù)數(shù)后面的三條發(fā)音規(guī)則了，只是看不懂，也不會(huì)用。要掌握這些復(fù)雜

20、難懂的規(guī)則，關(guān)鍵是要知道其背后的用意，從而不被表面的文字所迷惑。下面請(qǐng)你睜大雙眼，我告訴你它們的真實(shí)用意其實(shí)就是為了兩個(gè)字“順口”。      沒(méi)明白嗎，稍微解釋兩句。s為什么可發(fā)s和z兩個(gè)音呢，就為了順口，這兩個(gè)音一個(gè)弱一個(gè)強(qiáng)，一個(gè)無(wú)聲一個(gè)有聲（也就是過(guò)去所說(shuō)的，前一個(gè)是清輔音，后一個(gè)是濁輔音），那么這兩個(gè)音怎么用呢？很簡(jiǎn)單，遇到單詞尾是不響亮的清輔音字母時(shí)（如p,t,k,f）就發(fā)s；遇到單詞尾是響亮的濁輔音字母（如b,d,m,n,r）或元音字母（如a,e,o,u）時(shí)就發(fā)z，這樣做的目的就是為了順口。清輔音發(fā)音時(shí)僅氣流從嘴里出來(lái)，聲帶不振動(dòng)，發(fā)出的聲音

21、較弱，因此英語(yǔ)里認(rèn)為清輔音是一種不響亮音，而濁輔音和元音發(fā)音時(shí)聲帶要振動(dòng)，發(fā)出的聲音大，因此英語(yǔ)里認(rèn)為濁輔音和元音是響亮音。為了追求發(fā)音的順口和協(xié)調(diào)，英語(yǔ)人民普遍有一個(gè)發(fā)音傾向，并且大家都在自覺(jué)地執(zhí)行，就是讓清輔音和清輔音連在一起（如ps,ts,ks,fs），讓響亮音和響亮音連在一起（如bz, dz,mz, nz, rz, az），他們認(rèn)為這樣發(fā)音很順口協(xié)調(diào)。在他們看來(lái)，要是讓一個(gè)清輔音和一個(gè)濁輔音連在一塊，比如fz,kz,pz,tz, 就好像讓一個(gè)啞巴和一個(gè)大叫驢站在一塊，怎么看都別扭,不順口，不舒服。     因此英語(yǔ)人民在發(fā)名詞復(fù)數(shù)后面s音時(shí)就自發(fā)

22、自動(dòng)地出現(xiàn)了的兩個(gè)現(xiàn)象（也就是上面的第一條和第三條）：      1）s在p,t,k,f等清輔音后發(fā)s；     3）在其他情況下（即在濁輔音和元音后）發(fā)z。      怎么樣，這回你明白了嗎，要是沒(méi)明白的話，別急著往下看，翻回頭去再看幾遍我上面說(shuō)的話，直到徹底搞明白了再往下看。我向你保證，以上內(nèi)容絕對(duì)十分簡(jiǎn)單，只是你過(guò)去學(xué)英語(yǔ)“復(fù)雜”慣了，猛然碰到個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的，一時(shí)半會(huì)還轉(zhuǎn)型不過(guò)來(lái)。      等你看明白了上

23、面的話語(yǔ)，我再接著講。     英語(yǔ)里有一些特別討厭的單詞，它們以s,z, sh, ch為結(jié)尾，比如單詞bus, fox, dish, watch,等，這些單詞的結(jié)尾音有一個(gè)一致的特點(diǎn)，就是和s的發(fā)音一樣或特別接近，這使得若在這些單詞的后面直接加個(gè)s來(lái)表達(dá)復(fù)數(shù)的話，成為buss, foxs, dishs, watchs的話，單詞結(jié)尾的發(fā)音就出現(xiàn)了難題，因?yàn)閰^(qū)分兩個(gè)一樣或十分相近的s音十分困難，不信你念念上面單詞，看你的嘴能否區(qū)分開(kāi)。     怎樣來(lái)解決這個(gè)難題呢？英語(yǔ)人民還真很智慧，他們不知道是誰(shuí)帶了頭，想了一個(gè)辦法來(lái)對(duì)付這個(gè)難題，就是在兩個(gè)s之間塞