高考英語非謂語動詞語法講解(共60張PPT)

1、 非謂語動詞 語法講解i.非謂語動詞時態(tài)、語態(tài)形式對照表： 及物與不及物 語態(tài)類別 時 態(tài) vt. vi.主動語態(tài)被動語態(tài) 主動語態(tài)ing 一般式一般式:(與謂語動詞同時與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生發(fā)生)makingbeing madegoing完成式完成式:(先與謂語動詞之先與謂語動詞之前發(fā)生前發(fā)生)having made(不作定語）不作定語）having been made(不作定語）不作定語）having gone(不作定語）不作定語）ed只有一般式只有一般式:(不強(qiáng)調(diào)時間不強(qiáng)調(diào)時間先后，只說明原因、條先后，只說明原因、條件等件等) made(表被動表被動） gone(表完成）表完成）inf一般式

2、一般式:(與謂語動詞與謂語動詞(幾幾乎乎)同時發(fā)生同時發(fā)生)to maketo be madeto go 完成式完成式:(先與謂語動詞之先與謂語動詞之前發(fā)生前發(fā)生)to have madeto have been madeto have gone進(jìn)行式進(jìn)行式:(在謂語動詞動作在謂語動詞動作發(fā)生時正在進(jìn)行發(fā)生時正在進(jìn)行)to be making to be going2. 2.非謂語動詞在句中可作的語法成份非謂語動詞在句中可作的語法成份 成份類別主主語語賓賓語語表表語語定定語語賓賓補(bǔ)補(bǔ) 狀狀 語語時時間間條條件件原原因因目目的的結(jié)結(jié)果果方方式式讓讓步步伴伴隨隨不定式 現(xiàn)在分詞 過去分詞 動名詞

3、1.非謂語動詞大都可在句中作主語、賓語、賓語補(bǔ)足非謂語動詞大都可在句中作主語、賓語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、表語、定語、狀語等語、表語、定語、狀語等.v1.to see you is glad. =its glad to see you. v2.i want to see you.v3.i want him to see you. v4.my hope is to see you.v5.he is the man to see you.v6.im glad to see you.v7.i went to see you.v8.he went so early as to see you（作主語）（作主語）

4、(作賓語）作賓語）（作賓補(bǔ)）（作賓補(bǔ)）(作表語）作表語）（作定語）（作定語）（作原因狀語）（作原因狀語）（作目的狀語）（作目的狀語）（作結(jié)果狀語）（作結(jié)果狀語）v1.swimming is his favourite sport. v2.he enjoys swimming. v3.i found him swimming in the river. v4.his favourite sport is swimming.v5.he is the man swimming in the river just now. v6. swimming in summer ,we can get cool

5、.v1.this cup is broken. v2.this is a broken cup. v3.i found the cup broken.v4.broken by tom, the cup cant be used.v過去分詞一般不作主語、賓語.v3.分詞的用法比較va.在時態(tài)上v1.china is a developing country =a country which is developing.v2.japan is a developed country =a country which has developed.v3.i found him gone. =that

6、he had gone.(表完成）ing分詞表分詞表“進(jìn)行進(jìn)行”ed分詞表分詞表“完成完成”b.在語態(tài)上，在語態(tài)上，ing分詞表分詞表“主動主動”，ed分詞表分詞表“被動被動”（多為及物動詞）（多為及物動詞）v1.i saw him writing a short novel. =that he was writing a short novel.v2.he was reading a novel written by charles dickens. =which was written by charles dichens.在概念上，ing.表“抽象抽象、習(xí)慣”,不定式表“具體具體、偶然、

7、將來”. *swimming (抽象）抽象）is my favourite sport and i like swimming(習(xí)慣）習(xí)慣）every day, but i dont like to swim(具具體）體）today, i would like to swim(將來）將來）tomorrow.c.分詞的完成式一般不用來作定語，只分詞的完成式一般不用來作定語，只能用作狀語能用作狀語.vthe platform having been built will be used to perform on. v1.the platform built will be used to per

8、form on. the platform which has been built will be used to perform on. v2. having given her opinion about the building, she left the meeting. having been used for a long time, the computer needs repairing. 作定語作狀語d.ed+主句（不強(qiáng)調(diào)時間先后）主句（不強(qiáng)調(diào)時間先后）;being ed+主句（強(qiáng)調(diào)主句（強(qiáng)調(diào)主句和從句動作同時發(fā)生）主句和從句動作同時發(fā)生）;having been ed+主

9、句（強(qiáng)主句（強(qiáng)調(diào)時間先后）如不強(qiáng)調(diào)時間先后可用調(diào)時間先后）如不強(qiáng)調(diào)時間先后可用ed,一般式來代替一般式來代替. v1.used as a means of traffic in china,the bike is very useful. written in simple english, the book is easy to readv2. being used by me now,the bike cant be lent to you.v3. having been used for many years, the bike needs repairing. having been

10、told several times, 可以寫成=told several times,he couldnt understand what i meant. 4.非謂語動詞的用法區(qū)別非謂語動詞的用法區(qū)別不定式和動名詞作賓語的區(qū)別：不定式和動名詞作賓語的區(qū)別：v.下列動詞常用不定式作賓語下列動詞常用不定式作賓語： aim ,ask, dare ,appear, arrange ,demand, help, hesitate, pay, plan, wait, fail, seek, prepare, happen, mean, prove, expect, wish, hope, decide

11、, refuse, offer, learn, agree, choose, promise, pretend, manage, care, determine, afford等。 如：he offered to help us . i didnt expect to find you here they refused to accept his invitation the little boy pretended to be asleep when his mother came in(2)下列動詞通常用下列動詞通常用ing形式作賓語形式作賓語：vadmit, report, appre

12、ciate, deny, explain, mention, resist, stand, stop, imagine, recall, suggest, mind, finish, enjoy, keep, practise, miss, avoid, delay, excuse, escape, consider, advise等。等。如 ：1）would you mind my smoking here ? 2） the girl was told to practise playing the piano for three hours every day 3）good news ke

13、eps coming. tina suggested spending the weekend on her farm (3)下列動詞接不定式與接下列動詞接不定式與接ing形式意義相近：形式意義相近：vlike，love, hate, dislike, begin, start, prefer，continue, intend，attempt等等. e.g：i prefer making (to make) an outline before i do my oral composition we all like playing (to play) table tennisv但也有細(xì)微區(qū)別區(qū)

14、別：v*指具體某次的行為常用不定式，指慣常的行為常用ing形式.v如：i like reading books of this kind(慣常行為)v i hate to say so，but really i cant go with you(具體某次行為) (4)下列動詞接不定式與接下列動詞接不定式與接ing形式意義不同形式意義不同：vstop to do 停下停下(正在做的事正在做的事)去做另一件事去做另一件事 / stop doing 停下正在做的事停下正在做的事e.g.：seeing an old man carrying a big bag, i stopped to help h

15、im hearing the bell ,the students stopped playing and ran into the classroomvforget to do忘記做某事忘記做某事(此事未做此事未做)/ forget doing忘記曾做過某事忘記曾做過某事(此事已做此事已做) he forgot to post the letter when he walked past the post office ill never forget seeing him for the first timevremember to do記得要做某事記得要做某事(此事未做此事未做)/ re

16、member doing記得某事已做過記得某事已做過(此事已做此事已做) e.g.：i remember seeing her once somewhere you must remember to take your umbrella when you leave homevgo on to do繼續(xù)做另一件事繼續(xù)做另一件事 go on doing接著做同接著做同一件事一件事e.g. ：she stood up and shook hands with me, and then she went on writing something afterifinishedmyhomework,1w

17、entontoreadthenovelvtry to do企圖想做某事企圖想做某事 try doing試著做某事試著做某事(看看看看有什么后果發(fā)生有什么后果發(fā)生) e.g. ：we tried to persuade him to go with us, but he wouldnt listen lets try doing the work some other way.vmean to do (意思是意思是) 打算做某事打算做某事 mean doing意味著做某事意味著做某事 e.g. ：revolution means librating the productive forcesor

18、ry ,i didnt mean to hurt youvregret to do遺憾地做某事遺憾地做某事(通常后接通常后接say ,tell等動詞等動詞)/ regret doing后悔做了某事后悔做了某事e.g. ：i regret to tell that you didnt pass the exam againhe regretted having told her the bad news(5)動詞如：動詞如： (permit ,allow，admit，forbid，imagine，consider) advise sb to do sthadvise doing sthvadvi

19、se sb to do sthe.g. ：the doctor advised me not to go to bed too late. please permit me to introduce myself to you first you surely cant consider him to be a selfish man my parents forbid me to stay out after mid-night i allowed the children to play in my room for another five minutes.v* 注意：v*在在imagi

20、neconsider后通常用后通常用“to be”作賓語補(bǔ)足語。作賓語補(bǔ)足語。to be有時可省略。有時可省略。e.g.：youd better imagine yourself (to be) in his placethe situation was considered (to be) pretty goodv*在consider后，作賓補(bǔ)不定式主要是to be，行為動詞to do則多用to have done 形式。 如:we all considered him to have told a lie .vadvisepermitallowadmitforbidimagineconsi

21、der doing sth.e.g. ：the little boy admitted having broken the glassvthey shouldnt allow parking in the street ; its too narrow.vcan you imagine my being so stupid ?vi forbid smoking in my housevwe do not permit smoking in the office即時鞏固練習(xí)即時鞏固練習(xí)用所給動詞的to do 或doing 形式填空：v1)little tom regretted _(waste)

22、 so much time playing computer games .v2)they were expecting _(get) the results of the examination.v3)will you advise me which of them _(buy) ?v4)on the bus the young man pretended _(not see) the old woman standing beside him.having wasted to get to buy not to see v5)we all consider john_ (be) an ho

23、nest boy.v6)our boss forbids_ (chat) during office hours .v7)the rules do not permit players _(step) out of bounds.v8)the boy begged to permit him_ (explain).v9)the young man imagined _(live) on a lonely island.v10) it was useless to forbid children _(play) here.to play living to explain to step cha

24、tting to be v11) why have they delayed _(open) the new school ?v12) she enjoys _(practise) _(dance) before the large mirror.v13) by taking the back way, he escaped _(see).v14) id prefer _(stay) here waiting for his arrival.v15) as the meeting was beginning , we all stopped _(talk).opening practicing

25、 being seen to stay talking dancing v16) this kind of car is nice but i cant afford _(buy) one.v17) im sorry i forgot _(tell) you about the meeting .v18) she tried _(comfort) me by saying some funny things v19) going on waiting here means _(waste) our time .v20) they went on _(work) in the fields in

26、 spite of the heavy rain.working wasting comforting to tell to buy 2)現(xiàn)在分詞和動名詞作表語的區(qū)別：現(xiàn)在分詞和動名詞作表語的區(qū)別：v（1）現(xiàn)在分詞用來說明主語的性質(zhì)，可用very 來修飾。v如：the news is surprising. (surprising 用來說明the news 的性質(zhì).可以說very surprising .)vhis words were encouraging .(encouraging 用來說明his words 的性質(zhì).可以說very encouraging .)v*動名詞和主語說的是同一

27、件事，不可用very 來修飾。v如：my job is teaching english.(my job=teaching english,不可說very teaching english .)vteaching is also learning .(teaching =learning ,不可說very learning.)v(2)注意現(xiàn)在分詞和動名詞作表語與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時的區(qū)別。v如：his view is very alarming (現(xiàn)在分詞作表語表示主語的性質(zhì))vwhat he likes to do is staying at home alone and reading .(動名詞作

28、表語表示的是某一件事情)vhe is watching the football game on tv.(現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時表示某動作在進(jìn)行)v*過去分詞作表語與被動語態(tài)的區(qū)別。v如：my bike is broken .(broken 形容詞作表語，表示“狀態(tài)”)。v my bike was broken by jim(動詞過去分詞構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)，表示“動作”)(3)還要注意現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作表語在意義上的區(qū)別。v *過去分詞作表語表示人的感覺，主語通常是人。現(xiàn)在分詞作表語表示事物本身的特點，主語通常是事物。v如：im interested in english(我的感覺，覺得有趣. the fil

29、m is interesting(電影本身的特點是使人有趣.)v類似情況還有：surprising surprised, exciting excited, tiring tired , disappointing disappointed, encouraging encouraged ， interesting interested ，amazed amazing , bored boring , pleasing pleased, astonishing astonished.即時鞏固練習(xí)即時鞏固練習(xí)v用所給動詞的to do或doing形式填空：v1)the journey was qu

30、ite_(tire)v2)the story is very_we are_ in it(interest)v3、the result of the exam made me _ (disappoint)v4)this was really an _moment(excite)v5)the _boy couldnt believe his ears(astonish)即時鞏固練習(xí)即時鞏固練習(xí)v6)it was a _ storywe didnt want to listen again(bore)v7)he seemed quite _at the idea(delight)v8)the pr

31、oblem was quite_(press)v9)the present situation is _(encourage)v10)i was _at what she said(puzzle)4)不定式、分詞和動名詞作定語的區(qū)別：v(1)動詞不定式作定語通常放在被修飾的名詞后面。v如：i have something important to tell youv the poor children had little to eatv它和被修飾的名詞有時有動賓關(guān)系。v如：there is some books for you to read(可看成：to read some books)v

32、id like to get something to drink(可看成：to drink something)v如果這這個作定語的不定式是一個不及物動詞，注意不可忽略不定式短語中的副詞或介詞。v如：i need a pen to write with(可看成：to write with the pen)v she now has nothing to worry about(可看成：to worry about nothing)(2)現(xiàn)在分詞和動名詞作定語的區(qū)別v*現(xiàn)在分詞和被修飾的名詞有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。單個分詞作定語放在被修飾的名詞的前面，分詞短語放在被修飾的名詞的后面。v如：a fi

33、shing boy was seen sitting at the end of the boat.v (a fishing boy =a boy who was fishing)v the soldier riding a horse was my brother v(the soldier riding a horse =the soldier who was riding a horse) v*動名詞用來說明用途，和被修飾的名詞在邏輯上無主謂關(guān)系。動名詞作定語只能放在被修飾的名詞的前面。v如：there was only one fishing boat on the riverv (a

34、 fishing boat=a boat used for fishing)v the old man needs a walking stick when he goes outv (a walking stick=a stick used for walking)(3)不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作定語有時在時態(tài)上有區(qū)別：v*不定式作定語表示將來的動作。v如：the bridge to be built next month is the third bridge across the riverv*現(xiàn)在分詞作定語表示正在進(jìn)行的動作。v如：the bridge being built now

35、 is the third bridge across the riverv*過去分詞作定語表示已完成的動作。v如：the bridge built last year is the third bridge across the river即時鞏固練習(xí)即時鞏固練習(xí)v用所給動詞的正確形式填空：v1)the man_ (question) in the police station now is a spyv2)a man_ (respect) others will be respectedv3)she can find no one _(make) friends withv4)is the

36、re anybody _ (answer) the question ?v5)half of the guests _(invite) to the conference were foreigners.v6)she would be the best _(agree) the opinion v7)the matter _(discuss) is very importantv8)that is the way _(operate) the machinev9)she was then a professor _(love) by all her studentsv10)with much

37、money _(spend)，the boy formed a bad habit5)不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)的區(qū)別：v*現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)和賓語在邏輯上有主動關(guān)系，強(qiáng)調(diào)動作在進(jìn)行。v如：i saw him falling off his bike just at that moment v (看到他時他正從自行車上掉下來。)v he found himself lying on the ground when he came to himselfv (他蘇醒過來時正躺在地上。)v*不定式作賓補(bǔ)和賓語在邏輯上有主動關(guān)系，強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的過程。v 如：i saw him fall off his

38、bike and hurt his left legv(看到他從自行車上掉下來，并且摔傷了腿。動作有先后，是全過程。)v they were made to work day and night v (他們被迫日夜干活，天天如此，不是某個時刻正在干活。)v*過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)和賓語在邏輯上有被動關(guān)系。v 如：i heard my name called by someonev (我的名字被叫，my name和called是被動關(guān)系。)v i felt a great weight taken off my mind.v (重?fù)?dān)被卸下來了，a great weight和taken off是被動關(guān)系。

39、)即時鞏固練習(xí)即時鞏固練習(xí)v用所給動詞的正確形式填空：v1)i meant to buy an evening paper, but i didnt see anyone _(sell) them.v2)i know that _(be) a fact.v3)paul doesnt have to be made _(learn). he always work hard.v4)the patient was warned _(not eat) after the examine.v5)just now i saw a man_ (walk) in the street, with a lit

40、tle girl _(seat) on his shoulderv6)the lady loved to have her luggage _(weigh).v7 )who did the teacher have _(clean) the blackboard just now?v8)businesses are beginning _ (develop) new methods of reaching customers.v9)the thief was caught_ (steal) goods in the supermarket again v10)-what happened to

41、 mr. white early this morning ?v -oh，he was seen_ (knock) down and the driver_ (drive) awayweighedcleanto developstealingknockeddrove6)不定式和現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語的區(qū)別： 不定式作狀語表示：原因，結(jié)果，目的； 分詞作狀語表示：原因，結(jié)果，時間，伴隨情況v(1)不定式和分詞表示原因時的區(qū)別：v *不定式表示原因通常跟在某些表示感情的形容詞后，用來說明產(chǎn)生這種感情的原因。v如：i was so excited to hear the news(不定式to hear th

42、e news表示激動的原因。) vwe were surprised to see such great changes in that villagev(不定式to see such great changes in that village表示驚訝的原因。)v *分詞表示原因時，它相當(dāng)于一個原因狀語從句。v如：being a monitor, she takes lead in everything v (being a monitor=as she was a monitor)v knowing some english, he offered to be an interviewer

43、for us.v (knowing some english= as he knew some english)v(2)不定式和分詞表示結(jié)果時的區(qū)別：v *不定式表示結(jié)果，含有沒有預(yù)料到的情況的意味。v如：i got up only to find it was raining outside (起來時沒有料到在下雨。)v he was too excited to say a word (太激動了說不出話，是沒有預(yù)料到的情況。)v*分詞表示結(jié)果包含著一種必然發(fā)生的情況。v如：his parents died，leaving him a lot of money(父母去世，錢留給兒子。這是自然

44、的事。)vthe output of iron decreased by 23last year, reaching 80，000 tonsv (產(chǎn)量下降，到了80，000噸，這是必然結(jié)果。)即時鞏固練習(xí)即時鞏固練習(xí)v用所給動詞的正確形式填空：v1)-why was the official meeting called?v-_(select) new officersv2)_(get) back my story, he refused the invitationv3) the beautiful girl tried to kill herself only _(save)v4)when

45、_(face)with a strong enemy, they had always retreatedv5)_(wear)out after a long walk, henry called and said he couldnt comev6)he was said to have refused a gift from her, _(know) that it meant a bribe.v7) the president expressed his satisfaction with the co-operation,_ (add) that he had enjoyed his

46、stay here v8)the president promised to keep all the board members_ (inform) of how the negotiations were going onv9)_(allow)to develop his talent, he could become an excellent artistv10)_(invite)to go to camping, paul ordered a new sleeping bagknowingaddinginformedhaving been allowedhaving been invi

47、ted4使用非謂語動詞的注意事項：v1)動詞不定式可以和疑問代詞或副詞when，what, where, why, who, whom, which, how一起構(gòu)v成不定式短語，但不說why to do (why not do?，它表達(dá)一種建議，和此部分所說的to dov無關(guān)。)“疑問代詞或副詞+to do”的作用相當(dāng)于一個名詞性從句。v如：my teacher didnt tell me what to do next(=what i should do next)vhe said he knew how to do it(=how he should do it)vthis is the

48、 first time i have come to this dryi dont know which way to go (=which way i should go)4使用非謂語動詞的注意事項：v2)形式主語和形式賓語v*形式主語：當(dāng)作主語的不定式或動名詞短語過長，謂語部分太短，常用it作形式主語，而把真正的主語放到后面，以保持句子的平衡。v如：it is easy to work out this problem vit is my duty to help the people who are in trouble v*形式賓語：當(dāng)作賓語的不定式或動名詞短語過長，賓補(bǔ)部分太短，常用

49、it作形式賓語，而把真正的賓語放到賓補(bǔ)后面，亦為保持句子的平衡。v如:i found it easy to answer this question vwe think it no good giving little children too much money3)不定式符號的省略不定式符號的省略v(1)兩個不定式并列時，后一個常省去兩個不定式并列時，后一個常省去to。 i told her to stay and wait for me to come back 但表示對比關(guān)系時，要帶to。 he hasnt decided to stay at school or to go home

50、.v(2)在下列句型中不定式符號在下列句型中不定式符號to常省去。常省去。 *why not do? * would rather dothan do *youd better do. *do nothing but do/have nothing to do but dov(3)簡短回答中的不定式符號簡短回答中的不定式符號to后的動詞常省去，有后的動詞常省去，有時時to亦省去亦省去。 -would you like to have dinner with us ? -id love to .v(4)有些動詞后面作賓語補(bǔ)足語的不定式不帶有些動詞后面作賓語補(bǔ)足語的不定式不帶to。這些。這些動詞是

51、：動詞是：see, watch, notice，look at，hear, listen to, feel，make，have, et等感官動詞和使役動詞。 這些動詞如果用于被動語態(tài)，后面的不定式要帶to。 his father made him write twenty more sentences he was made to write twenty more sentences by his father help后面作賓語補(bǔ)足語的不定式可以帶to。也可以不帶to。 i often help( to )do housework at homev(5)被省略的不定式是作助動詞用的被省略的

52、不定式是作助動詞用的have或或be時，要時，要保留這些助動詞。保留這些助動詞。 he is not what he used to be -did he tell you to attend the meeting ? -no，i ought to have beenv4)分詞作狀語時，分詞前可加連詞表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。分詞作狀語時，分詞前可加連詞表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。 when heated, ice can be changed into water though tired ,i went on with the work. while walking in the street, i saw a road

53、 accidentv5)分詞表伴隨情況，其動作和謂語動作須同時發(fā)生。分詞表伴隨情況，其動作和謂語動作須同時發(fā)生。 i had to stay in the hotel，waiting for the car to come they stood there, listening to the broadcast 但是如果是連續(xù)的有先后的幾個動作，就不能用分詞表伴隨情況。 he finished his work quickly, then went to the kitchen and began to cook supper the boy fell off the tree and bro

54、ke his left leg.v6)不定式、分詞和動名詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)：不定式、分詞和動名詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)：(1)不定式-to have done，to be done， to have been done 現(xiàn)在分詞-having done, being done， having been done 過去分詞只有一種形式-done .(2)在plan, hope, expect, would (should) like,mean等動詞后的不定式的完成時表示沒有實現(xiàn)的行為。 i hoped to have seen her(but i didnt see her) they expected to

55、 have found him in the cave(but they failed to find him) 7)不定式，現(xiàn)在分詞和動名詞的邏輯主語：不定式，現(xiàn)在分詞和動名詞的邏輯主語： (1)不定式的邏輯主語：不定式的邏輯主語：-forof sb +to do sth 如：its impossible for him to move such a big stone the question is too hard for a little child to answerv*但表示性質(zhì)的adj (good，nice, kind, rude, polite, impolite, cleve

56、r, wise, stupid,silly, foolish, right, wrong)等而用介詞of。 its clever of him to do so its polite of you to make room for the old man (2)動名詞的邏輯主語：動名詞的邏輯主語：-sbs +doing 如：little franzs being late again for the school made the teacher very angry.v *但動名詞作賓語時邏輯主語可用普通格或人稱代詞的賓格，邏邏輯主語用普通格輯主語用普通格。 i suggested him

57、(his) going there by taxi. did you enjoy zhou jielun singing at the concert?v(3) 現(xiàn)在分詞的邏輯主語：一分詞的獨立結(jié)構(gòu)當(dāng)現(xiàn)在分詞的邏輯主語：一分詞的獨立結(jié)構(gòu)當(dāng)分詞的動作執(zhí)行者和句子的動作執(zhí)行者不一致時，分詞的動作執(zhí)行者和句子的動作執(zhí)行者不一致時，分詞前必須有自己的主語，稱為分詞前必須有自己的主語，稱為分詞的獨立結(jié)構(gòu)。分詞的獨立結(jié)構(gòu)。v weather permitting, well have a field trip tomorrow v mother being in，i had to stay at home

58、 to look after herv*但有些分詞作狀語屬習(xí)慣用法，分詞的邏輯主語和句子的主語可以不一致。v如：judging from the expression on his face, he had failed the driving test againv generally speaking ,girls are more careful than boys .8)注意以下幾種情況不定式的用法注意以下幾種情況不定式的用法v*在在the first, the second，the last和和only之后，只能用之后，只能用to do。 如：he was the last to l

59、eave the classroom v*如果如果understand，realize, know用在用在begin, start, attempt, intend后，只能用后，只能用to do。 如：i began to understand the truthv*表示目的的不定式的否定式一般不用表示目的的不定式的否定式一般不用not to do,而用而用in order not to do或或so as not to do。 如：()in order not to be seen, he came into the room through the window ()not to be s

60、een, he came into the room through the window ()he came into the room through the window so as not to be seenv*so as to do一般不放在句首。一般不放在句首。 ()he get up at five this morning so as to catch the early bus (x) so as to catch the early bus，he got up at five this morning9)非謂語動詞的常用句型v*it takes+時間+to dov*spe