非限定性定語從句

1、Grammar and usageFinish the attributive clauses below:1. The lesson _ we studied yesterday was hard to understand. 2. You can take any book _ interests you best.thatwhich / that Practice 3. People like to live in a place _ theres fresh air and little noise.4. The girl _ you saw at the meeting is a w

2、ell-known swimmer. 5. He is the very worker _ picture we saw in the newspaper yesterday. 6. He was very happy on the day _ he entered the university.where whom / thatwhoseon whichwhen / 7. I never really understand the reason _ he made such a serious mistake.8. Dont read such books _ you cannot unde

3、rstand. 9. Is that the student _ you lent your dictionary? to whomwhyas10. Is this the new novel _ you have talked so much? 11. The little hero, _ has given his life for his country, will always live in the heart of the people.whoabout which Whats the difference between No. 10 and No. 11? No. 10 is

4、a restrictive clause while No. 11 with a comma is a non-restrictive clause.Question:1.定語從句定語從句(attributive clauses)通常由關(guān)系通常由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引出。常見的關(guān)系代詞代詞或關(guān)系副詞引出。常見的關(guān)系代詞有有: which(指物指物), that(既可指人又可指既可指人又可指物物), who(指人，在定語從句中作主語或指人，在定語從句中作主語或賓語賓語), whom (指人，在定語從句中作賓指人，在定語從句中作賓語語),whose(指人或物，作定語指人或物，作定語)等。關(guān)系等。關(guān)系

5、副詞有副詞有: when(指時間指時間),where(指地指地點點),why(指原因指原因)等。等。Explanation2. 定語從句分為限制性定語從句定語從句分為限制性定語從句(restrictive )和非限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句(non-restrictive)兩種。限制性定語兩種。限制性定語從句緊跟先行詞從句緊跟先行詞,與先行詞之間一般與先行詞之間一般不加逗號；非限制性定語從句與主不加逗號；非限制性定語從句與主句之間通常用逗號分開。句之間通常用逗號分開。Try to find the attributive clauses in the Reading section on

6、page 42-43 and tell their functions.restrictive attributive clauses:1. They contain a harmful chemical that caused my liver to fail.Practice2. We shouldnt be ashamed of the way we look, should we?3. This is really a touching storya stranger who donated part of his liver to a girl he doesnt even know

7、!1. Im taking weight-loss pills called Fat-Less, which are quite popular among young women here.2. My mother, whom you met last year, keeps telling me not to take them because they are dangerous.non-restrictive attributive clauses:3. Then the doctor found someone in your country, whose name is Li Do

8、ng, was an exact match for me. 4. Its the same in Chinamany people, some of whom are not overweight at all, are always going on diet or taking weight-loss pills, which are often dangerous.Differences between the restrictive and non-restrictive attributive clauses.DiscussionLook at the following exam

9、ples and tell the differences between the sentences.1. His father, who works in Beijing, came back yesterday.2. Shanghai, which is in East China, is developing quickly.Example 1Conclusion 1當(dāng)先行詞是地名、人名、世界上獨當(dāng)先行詞是地名、人名、世界上獨一無二的事物或家庭唯一成員時，一無二的事物或家庭唯一成員時，通常只用非限制性定語從句修飾。通常只用非限制性定語從句修飾。1. I have a sister wh

10、o / that works in a hospital. 我有一位在醫(yī)院工作的姐姐。我有一位在醫(yī)院工作的姐姐。2. I have a sister, who works in a hospital.我有一位姐姐，她在醫(yī)院工作。我有一位姐姐，她在醫(yī)院工作。Example 2不只一位姐姐不只一位姐姐只有一位姐姐只有一位姐姐3. The magazines here have nice pictures in them were written by him. 里面有漂亮圖畫的那些雜志是他寫的。里面有漂亮圖畫的那些雜志是他寫的。4. The magazines here, which have n

11、ice pictures in them, were written by him. 所有的雜志都是他寫的所有的雜志都是他寫的, 里面都有漂亮里面都有漂亮的圖畫。的圖畫。雜志有兩類雜志有兩類雜志只有一類雜志只有一類Conclusion 21. 限制性定語從句與先行詞關(guān)系密切限制性定語從句與先行詞關(guān)系密切,是先行詞不可缺少的部分是先行詞不可缺少的部分,如果去掉如果去掉它，主句意思往往不明確。它，主句意思往往不明確。 2. 非限制性定語從句是對先行詞的補非限制性定語從句是對先行詞的補充或說明充或說明,去掉它也不會影響主句的去掉它也不會影響主句的意思。意思。This is the house (wh

12、ich/ that )we bought last month. 這是我們上個月買的那幢房子。這是我們上個月買的那幢房子。2. The house, which we bought last month, is very nice. 這房子很漂亮這房子很漂亮,是我們上個月買的。是我們上個月買的。Example 3限制性定語從句限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句3. He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他他似乎沒領(lǐng)會我的意思似乎沒領(lǐng)會我的意思, 這使我心煩。這使我心煩。非限制性定語從句

13、非限制性定語從句Conclusion 31. 限制性定語從句可以由關(guān)系代詞限制性定語從句可以由關(guān)系代詞,關(guān)關(guān)系副詞來引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系代詞作賓語時系副詞來引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系代詞作賓語時可以省略?？梢允÷?。2. 非限制性定語從句既可修飾先行詞非限制性定語從句既可修飾先行詞,又可修飾整個主句又可修飾整個主句,不可用不可用that引導(dǎo)且引導(dǎo)且關(guān)系代詞不可以省略。關(guān)系代詞不可以省略。1. The famous basketball star, _ comes from America, will visit our school soon.2. In those days, she used to go to Mr

14、black,with _ she had a wonderful time.3. I bought a car yesterday, _ cost me a lot.whichwhomwho Practice4. Xian, _I visited last year, is a nice old city.5. He will come to see me next July, _ he wont be so busy.6. The school, _ I once studied, was built thirty years ago.whichwherewhen7. John said h

15、ed been working in the office for an hour, _ was true.8. _ we all know, he is good at English.Aswhich非限制性定語從句考點歸納：非限制性定語從句考點歸納： as 和和which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句, 代代替整個主句。替整個主句。1. As everyone knows,China is a country with a long history. 眾所周知，中國是一個眾所周知，中國是一個歷史歷史悠久的國悠久的國家。家。Example:2. She is a teacher,

16、as is clear from her manner. 她是個教師她是個教師, 這一點從她的舉止可以清這一點從她的舉止可以清楚地看出。楚地看出。3. He missed the show, which was really a great pity. 他他錯過了演出，這真是很大的遺憾。錯過了演出，這真是很大的遺憾。4. He invited me to dinner, which made me very happy. 他請我吃飯，這使我很高興。他請我吃飯，這使我很高興。Conclusion1. as 和和which在引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句在引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時時, as和和which可代替

17、整個主句，相當(dāng)可代替整個主句，相當(dāng)于于and this或或and that。這兩個關(guān)系代。這兩個關(guān)系代詞都可指代主句所表達(dá)的整個意思詞都可指代主句所表達(dá)的整個意思,且在定語從句中都可以作主語和賓語。且在定語從句中都可以作主語和賓語。2. as和和which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的不引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的不 同之處在于：同之處在于：(1) as 引導(dǎo)的定語從句可置于句首引導(dǎo)的定語從句可置于句首,而而which引導(dǎo)的定語從句不可放在句首。引導(dǎo)的定語從句不可放在句首。(2) as 代表前面的整個主句并在從句中作代表前面的整個主句并在從句中作主語時主語時,從句中的謂語必須是系動詞從句中的謂語必須是系動詞

18、;若若從句中的謂語為行為動詞，則從句中的從句中的謂語為行為動詞，則從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用關(guān)系代詞只能用which。另外。另外,as引導(dǎo)非引導(dǎo)非限制性從句限制性從句,常帶有常帶有“正如正如”的意思。的意思。 Practice Alice received an invitation from her boss, _ came as a surprise. 2. The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect. 3. _ is expected, the England team won the foo

19、tball match.Aswhichwhich4. It rained hard yesterday, _ prevented me from going to the park.5. _ we can see, the smoke came from the little dustbin.whichAsII. all / some/ of + whom / which引導(dǎo)非引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句限制性定語從句Example: He has told us many stories, all of which are about the famous Long Match.2. The stu

20、dents of Class 1, some of whom came from Japan, went camping yesterday.Conclusion 在非限制性定語從句中在非限制性定語從句中,一些表達(dá)數(shù)量一些表達(dá)數(shù)量或定位的數(shù)詞或代詞如或定位的數(shù)詞或代詞如 all/ some/ one/ both/ neither/ none/ any/ either/ any 等可等可與與 of 構(gòu)成介詞詞組修飾限制先行詞構(gòu)成介詞詞組修飾限制先行詞,此時先此時先行詞在其后的定語從句中作介詞的賓語行詞在其后的定語從句中作介詞的賓語,關(guān)關(guān)系代詞不可用系代詞不可用that。如先行詞指人則用。如先行詞

21、指人則用whom，如先行詞指物則用，如先行詞指物則用which引導(dǎo)從句。引導(dǎo)從句。1. Many students in this school, some of which are not overweight, are going on diets.2. There are 54 students in my class and ten of whom come from US.whomCorrection:them3. Half a million pairs of shoes are produced by the workers here every year, 80% of who

22、m are sold abroad. 4. I have many friends in this town, some of which are businessman. 5. I am doing different types of exercises, all of them are quite helpful to my health.whichwhich 或或 all 前加前加andwhomPractice time Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, _, of course, made th

23、e others envy him. A. who B. that C. what D. which2. The English play, _ my students acted at the New Years party ,was a great success. A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on which3. There were dirty marks on her trousers _ she had wiped her hands. A. where B. which C. when D. that4. Great chang

24、es have taken place in that school. It is no longer what it was 20 years ago, _ it was so poorly equipped. A. when B. which C. what D. that5. The British are not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things, _is often the case in other countries. A. it B. that C. as D .so6. Rec

25、ently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, _was very reasonable. A. which price B. the price of which C. its price D. the price of whose7. Mr. Smith will move into his new house next Sunday, _ it will be completely finished. A. by the time B. on that time C. on which D. by which time8. Have you seen th

26、e film “Titanic”, _ leading actor is world-famous? A .its B .its C. whose D. which9. Is there a department store around _ I can get a birthday present for my daughter? Yes, just across the street. A. here B which C. where D. it10. Jiuzhaigou Valley is a most famous place of interest,_ I will never f

27、orget in my life. A. it B. that C. one D. what1. This is one of the most interesting films _ shown last week. This is the very one of the most interesting films _ shown last week. A. which was B. that was C. which were D. that wereBDComparison2. He has two sons, _ are college students. He has two so

28、ns, and _ are college students. A. both of which B. both of whomC. both of them D. both of itCB 3. He still lives in the room _ window faces to the east. He still lives in the room, the window _ faces to the east. He still lives in the room _ is in the north of the city. He still lives in the room _

29、 there is a beautiful table. A. which B. whose C. where D. of whichCADB4. _ we all know, China is rich in natural resources. _ is well-known that China is rich in natural resources. _ is well-known, China is rich in natural resources. A. Which B. As C. It D. ThatBCB5. Is this museum _ he visited las

30、t month? The teacher tells us that _ cleans the blackboard is to be praised. A. that B. the one C. which D. the one whoBD 1. Go over the restrictive and non-restrictive attributive clauses.2. Finish the exercises of Part A and B on p48-49 in your textbook.3. Finish Part C1 on P96 in your workbook.Ho

31、mework Do you often say “I love you” to your parents? How do you say that?Sometimes you may ask them:You love me, dont you?1. What are question tags?Question tags are short questions that come at the end of statements. Discussion2. Look at the following examples and tell in what different situations

32、 the question tags are used. Example 1: Its a lovely day, isnt it?Situation 1: to start a conversationExample 2: Neither of you has heard the news, have you? Situation 2: to request information in a more polite way.Example 3: Pass the knife on the table to me, will you? Situation 3: to soften an ord

33、er or a request for someone to do something.Situation 4:1. to ask for agreement, using a falling tone. (The speaker is sure about what is said.)2. to ask for confirmation, using a rising tone. (The speaker is not sure about what is said.)Example 4:1. Youre a high school student, arent you? 2. Youre

34、a high school student, arent you?Try to find the question tags in the Reading section on page 42-43 and tell the situations and tones.Practice:1. Looking good is important to women, isnt it? I was lucky, wasnt I?2. We shouldnt be ashamed of the way we look, should we?ExamplesAll the question tags ab

35、ove are used to ask for agreement by the writer and they should be read in a falling tone.Conclusion:DiscussionPair work 1. What are the two kinds of question tags? Positive question tags and negative question tags.2. How are question tags formed? Usually a negative question tag is used at the end o

36、f a positive statement; a positive question tag is used at the end of a negative statement.Formation of question tags:Neither of you will have coffee, will you?No one has found my CD, have they?Nobody understood his speech, did they?His sister seldom argues with people, does she?Example 1When the ma

37、in clause uses negative words like neither, none, nobody, nothing, few, little, never, hardly or seldom, it is followed by a positive question tag.Conclusion 1e.g. There are a group of little children in the museum, _ ?arent thereWhat does the word “l(fā)ittle” mean here? “Small or young” rather than “a

38、lmost no”.AttentionQuestionIm late, arent I?Peter often helps the old man, doesnt he?Everyone has advised you not to go on a diet, havent they?We use a personal pronoun like I, we, you, he, she, it or they in a question tag.Example 2Conclusion 2Example 3Conclusion 3You like traveling, dont you?You c

39、ant speak Italian, can you?There is something wrong, isnt there?We use an auxiliary verb, model verb or be in a question tag.Example 4Conclusion 4Post a letter for me, will you?Lets have a break, shall we?Let us go home now, will you?After an imperative clause, we use will you. After Lets, we use sh

40、all we.Example 5I think everyone will be interested in these books, wont they?I guess they havent heard about the plan, have they?I dont suppose Tom went back home yesterday, did he?Conclusion 5When the main clause of the sentence begins with I think / suppose / guess / believe / imagine and is foll

41、owed by an object clause introduced by that, the question tags are formed according to the object clause.1. I told him that you had finished the work, _?2. You think he comes from Japan, _?3. He doesnt guess you are right, _?4. We dont imagine that he has lied to us, _?do wedoes hedont youdidnt IPra

42、cticeExample 6Conclusion 6Hes a very good teacher, isnt he?Youd watch the football match rather than go to the party, wouldnt you?Remember s= is or has, and d=had or wouldTips about using question tags:Take note of:the kind of verb (auxiliary / modal verb / other verbs ) the tense of the verb / verb

43、 agreement1. Why does she always ask you for help? There is no one else she can turn to,_? A. is there B. is it C. can she D. does she2. There was a loud scream from the backstage immediately after the concert ended, _? A. wasnt there B. was there C. didnt it D. did itPractice3. There is no light in

44、 the dormitory. They must have gone to the lecture, _? A. didnt they B. dont they C. mustnt they D. havent they4. Bills aim is to inform the viewers that cigarette advertising on TV is illegal, _? A. isnt it B. is it C. isnt he D. is heLanguage points1. considerNow he is considering taking some pill

45、s,which he thinks will make him become stronger. ( Page 49, line 7 )釋義：釋義： a. think about 考慮考慮, 思考思考 b. be of the opinion, regard as 認(rèn)為認(rèn)為,以為以為c. take into account 顧慮顧慮, 體諒體諒consider (doing ) sthconsider sb as / to beconsider it +adj./ n + for sb. to doconsider的常見用法的常見用法consider sb that clause / wh-c

46、lause 我們已經(jīng)考慮了今天下午去科技館。我們已經(jīng)考慮了今天下午去科技館。 We have _ _this afternoon.2. 我認(rèn)為你不該為之受責(zé)備。我認(rèn)為你不該為之受責(zé)備。 I consider _ _. considered going to the science museum that you are not to blame for it完成下列句子的英文翻譯：完成下列句子的英文翻譯：3. 他們認(rèn)為你很熱心。他們認(rèn)為你很熱心。 They consider _ _.4. 我們認(rèn)為這件事不重要。我們認(rèn)為這件事不重要。 We consider _ _. this matter (

47、as) unimportant you to be warm-hearted5. 這個科學(xué)家被認(rèn)為發(fā)明了一種新型電這個科學(xué)家被認(rèn)為發(fā)明了一種新型電話。話。 This scientist_ _.6. 我們認(rèn)為他這樣做是自私的。我們認(rèn)為他這樣做是自私的。 We consider _. is considered to have invented a new type of telephone it selfish for him to do soaffecteffecteffortofferresult, impressionhold out, put forwardtrying hardhave

48、 an influence on2. affect / effect / effort / offer1. All the people there were _ to tears.2. Kate was much _ by the sad news.3. The book had a great _on his future.affectedaffectedeffectaffect / effect / effort / offerPractice4. He used to _ me black bread for lunch.5. Jim will make more _ to learn

49、 English well.offerefforts3. recognize / realize釋義：釋義：know, identify again; 認(rèn)識認(rèn)識,認(rèn)出認(rèn)出 be willing to accept . as in the past; 承認(rèn)承認(rèn),認(rèn)可認(rèn)可 be prepared to admit;自認(rèn)自認(rèn),知道知道 acknowledge; 公認(rèn)公認(rèn),賞識賞識常見用法常見用法: recognize sb/ sth. recognizeas/ to be recognize thatrecognize釋義釋義: be fully conscious of, understand 完全認(rèn)識完全認(rèn)識, 了解了解 convert into a fact 使使(計劃、希望等計劃、希望等)實現(xiàn)實現(xiàn) exchangefor money 變賣變賣(財產(chǎn)、股票等財產(chǎn)、股票等) obtain as a price or profit 賣賣得得、獲得獲得常見用法常見用法: realize sb. / sth. realize that realize recognize / realize1. Has he _ his mistake yet?2. Dog