初中英語從句知識點總結(jié)歸納3

1、賓語從句一定義：賓語從句是指在一個句子中充當賓語的句子如： he said that he wanted to be a teacher when he grew up.二賓語從句有三種類型 ：1由從屬連詞 that 引導的賓語從句表示陳述意義，連詞that 常可被省略；例如： i hope that they will have fun. mary said that she felt sleepy.can t you see that im a bird.留意：（1）當主句的謂語動詞是think,believe 等時，賓語從句盡管要表示否定意義， 卻不用否定形式， 而將 think 等動詞

2、變?yōu)榉穸ㄐ问剑?如：i dont think he will come. 我認為他不會來；（ 2）兩個表示陳述意義的賓語從句并列時，有時省去第一個從句的連詞that， 但其次個從句的連詞that 一般不行以省略；如：he told me thatthey could not decide what to do and that they asked my advice.2.由從屬連詞 if 或 whether 引導的賓語從句表示 “是否（有，能，已經(jīng)）”等一般疑問句的含義；例如： i wonder whether if he lives here.3.由連接代詞 who,whom,whose,

3、what,which 和連接副詞 when,where,how,why 等引導的賓語從句表示“誰，誰的，什么，哪（個，些），何時，何地，怎樣，為什么” 等等特殊疑問句的意義； 除了連接詞及被修飾的詞提前以外，賓語從句用陳述句語序；例如： to masked who could give the message to her mother.do you know what he said just now. i wondered how old his brother was.三.賓語從句的時態(tài)呼應 ：“主現(xiàn)就從任，主過就從過，客觀真理一般現(xiàn)”1當主句是現(xiàn)在時或?qū)頃r的時候，賓語從句可以用所需要

4、的任何時態(tài)；2主句是過去時，賓語從句一般只能用過去時的某種形式；當從句表達的是客觀事實或一般真理時，賓語從句仍舊用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)；3情態(tài)動詞 must 一般不用于過去時， 但卻可以用于主句是過去時的賓語從句中；四.賓語從句的語序1 賓語從句的連接詞后加陳述語序（主語在前，謂語在后）如： i want to know if he can come tomorrow2 當連接詞本身又是賓語從句的主語時，后面直接加謂語動詞如： she asked me who had helped him狀語從句英語中 ,修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞等的句子成分叫狀語；狀語的功用：狀語說明地點、時間、緣由、目的、結(jié)果、條件、方

5、向、程度、方式和相伴狀況等， 依據(jù)狀語的功能狀語從句可分為：時間狀語從句、 緣由狀語從句、目的狀語從句、結(jié)果狀語從句、條件狀語從句；一時間狀語從句：在一個句子中作時間狀語的句子；時間狀語的連接詞： when（當時候）while（當時候） as（當時候）after（在以后）before（在以前）as soon a（s 一就）since（自從到現(xiàn)在）till /until （直到才）by the time（到為止）照舊是連接詞后加陳述語序；1. when當?shù)臅r候（一般情形下：主將從現(xiàn)）i will become a teacher when i grow up2. while當時he visite

6、d a lot of places while he was traveling.3. as在的同時；一邊一邊he smiled as he stood up.4. after在之后he left the classroom after he had finished his homework the other day.5. before在之前mr. brown had worked in a bank for a year before he came here.6. as soon as一就一般情形下：主將從現(xiàn) we began to work as soon as we got the

7、re.i will write to you as soon as i get home.7. since自以來到現(xiàn)在表示自過去的一個起點時間到目前說話時間 為止的一段連續(xù)時間；主句一般用現(xiàn)在完成時，從句用一般過去時；mr green has taught in that school since he came to china three years ago仍. 可以用作介詞，本句從句仍可以用短語：since three years ago 自8till /until直到三年前以來 表示； 都可以作連詞，連接時間狀語，也可以作介詞，與其它詞構(gòu)成介詞短語，在句中作狀語；they walked

8、 till /until it was dark.xiao ming didn t leave home till / until his father came .back9.by the time到為止所在句子的主句應用現(xiàn)在或過去完成時 by the time he gets there , his father has already gone.by the time i got to school, the class had already began.用法辨析： 1.when, while 和 as的區(qū)分when引導的從句的謂語動詞可以是連續(xù)性的動詞，又可以是瞬時動詞；并且when

9、 有時表示“就在那時” ；例如： when she came in, i stopped eating.她進來時，我在吃飯； 瞬時動詞來了；when i lived in the countryside, i used to carry some water for him.當?shù)淖≡谵r(nóng)村時，我經(jīng)常為他擔水； （連續(xù)性的動詞）we were about to leave when he came in.我們就要離開，就在那時他進while引導的從句的謂語動作必需是連續(xù)性的，并強調(diào)主句和從句的動作同時發(fā)生（或者相對應） ；并且 while 有時仍可以表示對比；例如：while my wife wa

10、s reading the newspaper, i was watching tv.i like playing football while you like playing basketball. 我喜愛踢足球，而你喜愛打籃球；（對比）as表示“一邊一邊” ，as 引導的動作是連續(xù)性的動作，一般用于主句和從句動作同時發(fā)生； as 也可以強調(diào)“一先一后；例如： we always sing as we walk. 我們總是邊走邊唱；（ as 表示“一邊一邊”） as we was going out, it began to snow.當我們出門時，開頭下雪了； （as強調(diào)句中兩個動作緊接

11、著先后發(fā)生，而不強調(diào)開頭下雪的特定時間）as when while 都表示主、從句動作同時發(fā)生，三者差異如下： as表示“一邊；一邊的意思when1、仍可以表示從句動詞的動作在主幾句動詞的動作之前或之后發(fā)生；2、whenand then; at that moment 正3.常用于常見搭配中while1、 用于時間較長時在那個時候 2、 強調(diào)兩個動作同時進行，并表示對比時有時這三個連詞可以互換，有時不行以；lt was raining hard when as i got there.我到那里時， 正在下大雨； 動作同時發(fā)生， when 可換為 as, 但不能換為 while ，由于 get

12、是點動詞 .when i had read the article, he called me.我看完這篇文章之后，她給我打了電話；從句動作發(fā)生在主句之前，留意時態(tài)表達，只能用 when when i got to the cinema, the film had begun.當我到了電影院時，電影已經(jīng)開演了；從句的動作發(fā)生在主句之后，只能用when,并要留意時態(tài) he was about to leave, when the telephone rang.他剛要離開，突然電話響了；此時不能放在句首；主句動詞一般表達“正在” “即將” .while, as 不能代替she thought i

13、was talking about her daughter, while, in fact, i was talking about my daughter.他以為我在談她女兒，然而，實際上在談論我女兒；表轉(zhuǎn)折，對比， when, as都不能代替它 while the alien was buying a souvenir, the girl called the police.外星人買紀念品時，那女孩給警察打了電話；表示主句，從句的動作同時發(fā)生，while 后引導的狀語從句的動詞必需是連續(xù)動詞不能是點動詞，由于它表示較長時間mother was worried becauselittlea

14、licewas ill,especially as when/ whilefather was away.媽媽擔憂，由于小愛麗絲病了， 特殊是他父親不在家的時候； 此時 as ,when, while可通用 2. 由 till 或 until 引導的時間狀語從句；till 和 until 一般情形下兩者可以互換，但是在強調(diào)句型中多用 until ；并且要留意的是：假如主句中的謂語動詞是瞬時動詞時， 必需用否定形式； 假如主句中的謂語動詞是連續(xù)性動詞時，用確定或否定形式都可以，但表達的意思不同；例如：i worked until he came back我.工作到他回來為止；i didn'

15、;t work until he came back.他回來我這才開頭工作；3. 由 since 引導的時間狀語從句；since 引導的從句的謂語動詞可以是連續(xù)性的動詞，又可以是瞬時動詞；一般情形下，從句謂語動詞用一般過去時，而主句的謂語動詞用現(xiàn)在完成時，表述為： 現(xiàn)在完成時 +since+一般過去時；但在it is 時間 since 從句的句型中，主句多用一般現(xiàn)在時；例如：it is five months since our boss was in beijing我.學問擴展1. it issince從.以來多長時間了 it is five years since we met last

16、time.2. it is+before；才； it was a long time before i went to sleep again. it was an hour before until the police arrived. 二.們老板離開北京有五個月了；緣由狀語從句：在一個句子中作時間狀語的句子；連接詞：由連詞because, since, a引s 導, 也可由 for, now that 等詞引導1.i didn t go to school yesterday because i was ill.2. since everybody is here, let s begi

17、n ou既r m然e；e；ti；ng.3. as you are in poor health, you should not stay up late.既然；4.i asked her to stay to tea, for i had something to tell her.用法辨析： because , since , as , fo辨r析1）because語勢最強，用來說明人所不知的緣由，回答why 提出的問題；當緣由是顯而易見的或已為人們所知，就用as 或 since ；i didn t go, because i was afraid.since /as the weather

18、 is so bad, we have to delay our journey.2）由 because引導的從句假如放在句末，且前面有逗號，就可以用for 來代替；但假如不是說明直接緣由，而是多種情形加以推斷，就只能用for ；he is absent today, because / for he is ill. he must be ill, for he is absent today.三、條件狀語從句連接詞： if 假如, unless =if not假如不、除非 讓步1. if it doesn t rain tomorrow, wegowhililking.2. i will g

19、o to the party unless he goes there too.3. you will be late unless you leave immediately.=if you dont leave immediately, you will be late.條件狀語從句：主將從現(xiàn).he will not leave if it isn t fine tomorrow.四、目的、結(jié)果狀語從句目的狀語從句是指在一個句子中充當目的狀語的句子；結(jié)果狀語從句是指在一個句子中充當結(jié)果狀語的句子目的狀語從句連接詞so that, sothat , in order that 引導；結(jié)果狀語

20、從句連接詞sothat, suchthat, so much/manythat 引導；1. sothat如此以至于he always studied so hard that he made great progress.2. so that以至于 , 以便于ill run slowly so that you can catch up with me. 目的i opened the window so that fresh air might come in. 目的3. suchthat如此以至it s such nice weather that all of us want to go

21、to the park.4. in order that=so that為了we shall letyou knowthe details soon inorder that youcan/may make your arrangements.5.比較： so 和 such其規(guī)律由 so 與 such 的不同詞性打算； such 是形容詞，修飾名詞或名詞詞組，so 是副詞，只能修飾形容詞或副詞；so 仍可與表示數(shù)量的形容詞many, few, much, little 連用，形成固定搭配；so nice a flowersuch a nice flowerso many / few flowe

22、rssuch nice flowers so many peoplesuch a lot of people（ so many 已成固定搭配， a lot of雖相當于many，但 a lot of為名詞性的，只能用 such搭配；）難 點 so+形容詞或副詞so+形+aan+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞 so +many /few+復數(shù)可數(shù)名詞so +much/ little+不行數(shù)名詞sothat 與 suchthat 皆可引導目的地狀語從句和結(jié)果狀語從句；the boy is so young that he can t go to school.he is such a young boy that

23、he can t go to schoolso +adj/adv.+ tha，tsuch +n.+ that 以上兩種句型都表示結(jié)果so 為副詞,后接形容詞，副詞原型，可數(shù)名詞前有many, few；不行數(shù)名詞前有 much, little 修飾時，應采納句型： so many few, much, little +n.such 為形容詞 , 后只能接名詞；這名詞既可以地可數(shù)的，也可以是不行數(shù)的；假如這名詞是可數(shù)的,就必需在名詞前加不定冠詞aan. 常見的形式是 :such a beautifulgarden, suchnicepeople.五、讓步狀語從句讓步狀語從句是指在句子中作讓步的狀語

24、的句子連接詞：though, although.， whetheror not難點： though, although 當“雖然”講 , 都不能和 but 連用. although/thoughbut的格式是不對的 .但是他們都可以同yet still連用. 所以 thought althoughyetstill 的格式是正確的 .wrong: although he is rich but he is not happy. right : although he is rich, yet he is not happy.雖然他很富有 , 然而他并不歡樂 .right : although w

25、e have grown up, our parents treat us as children right : although we have grown up, our parents still treat us as children.盡管我們已經(jīng)長大了 ,可是我們的父母仍把我們看作小孩.although, though 辨析although 不能作并列連詞， although 不能作副詞，放在詞尾表示強調(diào)時要用even though.1、even though i didn t under a word, i kept smiling.盡管典型例題1） she is young,

26、 she knows quite a lot.a. whenb. howeverc. althoughd. unless2) ever if, even though.即使we ll make a trip even though the weather is bad.3) whetheror not不管都whether you believe it or not, it is true.no matter 從句結(jié)構(gòu)："no matter +特殊疑問詞疑問詞 +陳述語序 "或" 特殊疑問詞 +后綴 ever+陳述語序"no matter what hap

27、pened, he would not mind. whatever happened, he would not mind.替換： no matter what = whateverno matter who = whoeverno matter when = wheneverno matter where = wherever no matter which = whicheverno matter how = however留意： no matter 不能引導主語從句和賓語從句；（錯） no matter what you say is not useful now.（對） whatev

28、er you say is not useful now. 你現(xiàn)在說什么也沒用了；whatever you say是主語從句 （錯） prisoners have to eat no matter what they re given,（對） prisoners have to eat whatever they定語從句re given.囚犯們只能給什么吃什么定語是指在句子中用來修飾名詞、代詞的成分定語從句是指在一個句子中作定語的句子，定語從句要放在所修飾的詞后如： i have met the doctor who is in the no.1 hospital.定語從句的連接詞：1.連接代

29、詞： who、which 、whom、whose、that2.連接副詞： when、where、why選用連接詞的關鍵是看先行詞定語從句所修飾的名詞或代詞一、連接代詞的選用：1. who指人，先行詞為人 ,在從句中做主語 yesterday i helped an old man who lost his way.2. whom指人，先行詞為人 ,在定語從句中充當賓語，?？墒÷裕?mr. liu is the person whom you talked about on the bus.留意：關系代詞whom 在口語和非正式語體中常用who 代替，可省略；3. which指物，先行詞為物 ,

30、在定語從句中做主語或者賓語，做賓語時可省略 this is the pen which he bought yesterday.4. that指人時，相當于 who 或者 whom；指物時，相當于which；在定語從句中做主語或者賓語，做賓語時可省略；the number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million. where is the man that/whom i saw this morning.5. whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定語從句中做定語,譯成 ". 的&

31、quot;he has a friend whose father is a doctor.指物時，常用以下結(jié)構(gòu)來代替do you like the book whose cover is yellow. = do you like the book the color of which is yellow.介詞+連接代詞引導的定語從句連接代詞在定語從句中做介詞賓語時,從句常由介詞+連接代詞引導the school that/which he once studied in is very famous. the school in which he once studied is very

32、famous.留意： 1. 含有介詞的動詞短語一般不拆開使用，如：look for, look after, take careof 等this is the watch which/that i am looking for. t this is the watch for which i am looking. f2. 如介詞放在連接代詞前，連接代詞指人時用whom，不行用 who 或者 that；指物時用 which，不能用 that；連接代詞是全部格時用whose the man with whom you talked is my friend.the plane in which

33、we flew to canada is very comfortable. t3. “介詞 +連接代詞”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代詞或者數(shù)詞he loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.in the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. there are forty students in our class in all, most

34、 of whom are from big cities二、連接副詞的選用：1. when 指時間，在定語從句中做時間狀語i still remember the day when i first came to the school.2. where 指地點，在定語從句中做地點狀語shanghai is the city where i was born.3. why 指緣由，在定語從句中做緣由狀語please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.留意：關系副詞引導的從句可以由“介詞+關系代詞”引導的從句替換the reason why/

35、for which he refused the invitation is not clear,from the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.great changes have taken place in the city in which./where i was born.三、判定關系代詞和關系副詞的方法: 精確判定先行詞在定語從句中的成分主、謂、賓、定、狀 例 1. is this the museum you visited a

36、few days ago.a. whereb. thatc. on whichd. the one例 2. is this the museum the exhibition was held.a. whereb. thatc. on whichd. the one關系詞的挑選依據(jù)在從句中所做的成分，先行詞在從句中做主、定、賓語時，挑選關系代詞who, whom, that, which, whose；先行詞在從句中做狀語時， 應挑選關系副詞 where 地點狀語，when 時間狀語，why 緣由狀語 四、介詞 +連接詞用法說明1）介詞后面的關系詞不能省略； 2）that 前不能有介詞；3）某

37、些在從句中充當時間， 地點或緣由狀語的 "介詞+關系詞 "結(jié)構(gòu)可以同關系副詞 when ,where和 why互換如： this is the house in which i lived two years ago.this is the house where i lived two years ago.do you remember the day on which you joined our club.do you remember the day when you joined our club.this is the reason why he came la

38、te.this is the reason for which he came late.五限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句限制性定語從句舉例：china is a country which has a long history.非限制性定語從句舉例：his mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.要留意區(qū)分以下幾個句子的不同his brother who is now a doctor always encourages him to go to college.他那當醫(yī)生的哥哥常勉勵他要考上高校；（他仍有其他的哥哥）his

39、brother, who is now a doctor, always encourages him to go to college.他的哥哥是當醫(yī)生的，常勉勵他要考上高校；（他只有一個哥哥）關系代詞 as 和 which引導的定語從句as和 which 引導非限制性定語從句，有相同之處也有不同之處；詳細情形是：1as 和 which 都可以在定語從句中做主語或者賓語，代表前面整個句子；(1) he married her, as/which was natural.(2) he was honest, as/which we can see.2. as引導非限制性定語從句， 可放在主句之

40、前， 或者主句之后， 甚至可以切割一個主句；which 引導的非限制性定語從句只能放在主句之后；另外， as 有“正如，正像”的意思as is known to all, china is a developing country.he is from the south, as we can see from his accent. john, as you know, is a famous writer.he has been to paris more than several times, which i don't believe.留意：當主句和從句存在規(guī)律上的因果關系時，

41、常用whichtom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.3. 當先行次受 such, the same修飾時，常用as i have never heard such a story as he tells.he is not such a fool as he looks.this is the same book as i lost last week.留意：當先行次由 the same修飾時，有時也用 that 引導定語從句， 但是和由 as 所引導的定語從句意思不同she wore the same dre

42、ss that she wore at mary's wedding.她穿著她在 mary 婚禮上穿過的一條裙子；she wore the same dress as her young sister wore.她穿著和她妹妹所穿的一樣的裙子；以 the way 為先行詞的定語從句通常由in which, that 引導，而且通常可以省略；the way in which/ that/./ he answered the question was surprising.but 有時也可以做關系詞引導定語從句there are very few but understand his id

43、ea. but= who don't 定語從句只能用that 的幾種情形1當先行詞是 anything, everything, nothing something 除外, few, all, none, little,some等代詞時，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修飾時 have you taken down everything that mr. li has said.all that can be done has been done. there is little that i can do for yo

44、u.留意：當先行詞指人時，有時也可以用whoany man that/who has a sense of duty won t do such a thing.2. 當先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾the first place that they visited in london was the big ben.3. 當先行詞被形容詞最高級修飾時this is the best film that i have seen.4. 當形容詞被 the very, the only 修飾時this is the very good dictionary that i want to buy,當先行詞指人時

45、，有時也可以用whowang hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meetin？g5. 當先行詞前面有who, which 等疑問代詞時who is the man that is standing there.6. 當先行詞既有人，也有動物或者物體時can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned.同位語從句（一）一般來說，在主從復合句中，用作同位語的從句叫同位語從句；它通常跟 在某些名詞之后， 用以說明或說明該名詞表示的詳細內(nèi)容；

46、可以跟同位語從句的名詞通常有： advice, decision, fact, hope, idea, information, message, news, promise, proposal, reply, report, suggestion, wor（d 消息），problem， question, doubt, thought等；they were delighted atthe news thattheir team had won.有時同位語從句可以不緊跟在被說明的名詞后面，而被別的詞隔開；如：the thought came to him that tom might have

47、 returned the book.（二）引導詞1. the newsthat mr. li will be our new english teacher is true.2. he hasn t made the deciwsihonether he will go there.3. the questionwho should do the work is being discussed at the meeting.4. i have no ideawhat the boy is doing in the next room now.5. we havenytet settled t

48、he question where we are going to spend our summer vacation this year.6. i have no ideahow i can get to the railway station.7. i have no ideawhen he will be back小結(jié)：that 引導同位語從句時無詞義，也不充當任何成分，但通常不行以省略，如句 1； whether 引導同位語從句時意為 “是否”，通常不能用 if 來代替 , 如句 2; 連接代詞 who, what 等可以引導同位語從句，如句3， 4； 連接副詞 where, how,

49、 when等可以引導同位語從句，如句 5， 6， 7；三 that 引導的同位語從句和定語從句 意義不同：同位語從句用來進一步說明前面名詞的內(nèi)容；而定語從句用來修飾、限定前面的先行詞；試比較：1. the news that our team has won the final match is encouraging.2. the news that you told us is really encouraging. that 的功能不同： that 引導同位語從句時是一個純連詞， 不充當任何成分； 而引導定語從句時， 不僅起連接作用， 而且仍指代先行詞并在從句中充當主語、 賓語等成分；試

50、比較：1. dad made a promise that he would buy me a cd player if i passed the english test.2. dad made a promise that excited all his children. 可否省略： that 在引導同位語從句時，通常不行省略；在引導定語從句時，如在從句中作賓語，通?？梢允÷?，如作主語就不行以省略；主語從句1 由連詞 that 引導的主語從句 : 引導詞 that 無含義 ,在句中不做成分 ,不行以??；that you will win the medal seems unlikely.

51、你想獲得獎牌看起來是不行能的；2 用連詞 whether 引導的主語從句 : whether 有含義 是否,在句中不做成分 ,不行以省；whether she is coming or not doesn t matter too much.她來不來都無關緊要；3 用連接代詞引導的主語從句 在由連接代詞 who, whose, whom, which, what, whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever引導的名詞性從句中，其連接代詞在句中起名詞性作用，擔當肯定成分 .what you need is more practice.你所需要的是更多的訓練；wh

52、atever we do is to serve the people.我們無論做什么都是為人民服務；4 用連接副詞 when, where, why, how 引導的名詞性從句 其連接副詞有含義 ,在句中作狀語； where we should leave it is a problem.留意1. it做形式主語 ,而將主語從句放在句末（特殊是當謂語較短時）； that light travels in straight lines is known to all.=it is known to all that light travels in straight lines.眾所周知光沿直

53、線傳播；當 what 引導的主語從句表示 “ 的東西 ”時，一般不用it 作形式主語； 錯:it is a book what he wants.對:what he wants is a book. 他想要的是本書；固定用法和譯法（1） ） it is +名詞 +從句it is a fact that事實是 it is good news that是好消息it is a question that是個問題it is common knowledge that是常識類似的名詞仍有： a pity；a wonder；a good thing； no wonder； surprise 等；（2） ）

54、 it is +形容詞 +從句it is necessary that有必要 it is clear that it is likely that很 清 楚 很可能 it is important that重要的 是類似的形容詞仍有： strange; natural; obvious; true; good; wonderful; possible;unlikely; quite; unusual; certain; evident; worth-while; surprising; interesting; astonishing, etc.（3） ） it is +過去分詞 +從句it

55、is said that據(jù)說it is reported that據(jù)報道it has been proved that it must be proved that已 證 明 必需指 出類似的過去分詞仍有： known; estimated; expected; believed; thought; hoped; noted;discussed; required; decided; suggested; demanded; made clear; found out,；etc.當“及物動詞+賓語”較短時，也可用這種結(jié)構(gòu)；it shocked me that peter did not tell anybody where he was.讓我驚訝的是彼得沒有告知任何人他在哪里；2.只用 whether 不用 if 引導主語從句 .表語從句一. 在復合句中作表語的從句, 就叫做表語從句； 表語從句一般放在系動詞之后,結(jié)構(gòu)是 “主語+系動詞 +表語從句 ”；連系動詞： be 動詞、表示連續(xù)的系動詞 （keep, remain, stay）、感官動詞 feel摸起來，感覺 , smell聞起來 ,