初中英語語法資料(共60頁)

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上第一講 名詞和冠詞一 名詞： 世界上由萬事萬物構(gòu)成的，這些事物各有名稱，表示這些名稱的名詞叫作名詞。名詞的分類：專有名詞和普通名詞專有名詞：表示具體的人名，事物，地名，機(jī)構(gòu)和節(jié)日等名稱的詞稱為專有名詞。 （專有名詞開頭第一個(gè)字母必須大寫） 表示人： Yang Liwei 楊利偉 Alice 愛麗絲 表示事物： the Changjiang River 長江 December 十二月 表示地名： Macao 澳門 New York 紐約 表示節(jié)日: Christmas Day 圣誕節(jié) Childrens Day 兒童節(jié) 表示機(jī)構(gòu)： WTO 世界貿(mào)易組織 the Univ

2、ersity of London 倫敦大學(xué) 普通名詞：指一類人，事物，物質(zhì)或抽象概念的名稱。 類 別定 義例 詞普 通 名 詞可數(shù)名詞個(gè)體名詞 用來指單個(gè)人或者事物的名詞。 taxi 出租車scientist 科學(xué)家computer 電腦集體名詞用來指一群人或一些事物總稱的名詞。 army 軍隊(duì) police 警察family 警察 class 班級(jí)不可數(shù)名詞物質(zhì)名詞用來指無法分為個(gè)體的物質(zhì)，材料的名詞。water 水 wind 風(fēng)glass 玻璃 steel 鋼鐵抽象名詞用來指人或事物的品質(zhì)，情感，狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作等抽象概念的名詞。honesty 誠實(shí) love 熱愛silence 安靜life

3、生活（一）名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式： 可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式1. 規(guī)則變化 構(gòu)成法例一般情況在詞尾加-sshop-shops desk-desks以s,x,sh,ch結(jié)尾的詞，在詞尾加-esbus-buses box-boxeswatch-watches brush-brushes以ce,se,ze, (d)ge等結(jié)尾的詞直接加-sface-faces house-housespagepages 以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的詞，y 變成i再加-esbabybabies citycities factoryfactories story-stories以輔音字母+o結(jié)尾的詞，多數(shù)在詞尾加-estomatotoma

4、toes heroheroespotatopotatoes 以元音字母+o結(jié)尾的詞和某些以o結(jié)尾的外來詞，加-sradioradios photophotospianopianos zoo-zoos以f或fe結(jié)尾的詞，多數(shù)變f或fe為v,加-es,少數(shù)不變，只在詞尾加-s lifelives knifeknives wifewives roofroofs 2. 不規(guī)則變化 名詞復(fù)數(shù)的特殊形式 manmen, womanwomen, policemanpolicemen, EnglishmanEnglishmen, footfeet, toothteeth, childchildren, Ger

5、manGermans 有些名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式同形 Chinese, Japanese, deer, sheep, fish 合成名詞，只將其主題詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)形式 girl studentgirl students pencil-boxpencil-boxes 由man和woman 構(gòu)成的合成詞，全部變成復(fù)數(shù) man doctormen doctors woman teacher -women teachers 只有復(fù)數(shù)的名詞trousers, glasses, thanks, clothes, goods, compasses, stairs, people, scissors, chopstic

6、ks 不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)量表達(dá) a piece of bread/meat; five drops of water; six bags of rice; seven pairs of shoes; eight basketball of apples; nine piece of news 課堂練習(xí)：A組：選擇最佳答案1. Mrs. Lenny gave us _ on how to learn English well. A) some advices B) many advices C) some advice D) an advice 2. If these trousers are to

7、o big, buy a small _ A) set B) one C) pair D) copy 3. A group of _ are talking about two _ A) Frenchmans; Germen B) Germans; Frenchmans C) Frenchmen; Germans D) German; Frenchmen 4. -What would you like to drink, girls? -_, please. A) two cup of coffee B) two cups of coffee C) two cups of coffees D)

8、 two cup of coffees 5. My mother and my sister are both _ A) woman teachers B)women teacher C) woman teacher D) women teachers6. We neednt buy any _. There are many in the fridge. A) fruit B) milk C) meat D) eggs 7. How many _ can you see? A) milks B) a glass of milk C) glasses of milks D) glasses o

9、f milk 8. I think maths _ very useful. A) is B) are C) am D) be 9. The little baby has two _ already. A) tooth B) tooths C) teeth D) teeths 10. Im thirsty, please make _ for me. A) a tea B) a cup of tea C) teas D) a cup of teas B組：用所給詞的正確形式填空 1. I have two _(knife). 2. They come from different _(cou

10、ntry). 3. The _(meet) begins at 2:00 in the afternoon. 4. We have quite lots of nice _(photo). Let me show you some of them. 5. How many _(foot) does a cat have?6. There are many _(bus) on the road. 7. Look at the picture, a lion is running after a group of _(deer).8. Here is a birthday card for you

11、 with our best _(wish).9. Changjiang River is one of the longest _(river) in China.10. The students in Class 1 are all _(Japan). C 組：判斷對(duì)錯(cuò)1. A: My glasses is broken. ( ) B: My glasses are broken. ( ) 2. A: I want to buy two pairs of shoes. ( ) B: I want to buy two shoes. ( ) 3. A: I need a few ink. (

12、 ). B: I need a little ink. ( ) 4. A: Dont eat too much meat. ( ) B: Dont eat too much meats. ( ) 5. A: May I borrow two radioes? ( ) B: May I borrow two radios? ( ) (二) 名詞所有格：表示名詞所屬關(guān)系的一種形式1. 單數(shù)名詞的所有格，只需在詞尾加s Jims sister Lucys pen 2. 以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞的所有格，只加 the students book Teachers Day 3. 不以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞的所有格，

13、應(yīng)加s Childrens Day Womens Day 4. 表示幾個(gè)人共有的東西，只需要在最后一個(gè)人的名詞后面加s, Lucy and Lilys bedroom5. 表示各自所有的， 則每個(gè)名詞都加s Lucys and Lilys desks 6. 名詞所有格常用省略式， 省去被名詞所有格修飾的名詞 at the doctors 7. “of+ 名詞所有格”，通常作后置定語，這種結(jié)構(gòu)通常指整體中的部分或一個(gè) a friend of my fathers the window of the room A組： 選擇最佳答案1. Tonys car is more beautiful tha

14、n _. A) his brothers and sister B) his brother and sister C) his brothers and sisters D) his brother and sisters 2. -How long does it take to get to the station? -Its _ walk. A) six minutes B) six-minutes C) six minutes D) six minutes 3. These are _ bikes. A) Jin and Sams B) Jims and Sam C) Jim and

15、Sam D) Jims and Sams 4. Twelve _ were hurt, but no _ were lost in the accident. A) person; life B) people; lives C) peoples; lives D) persons; life 5. Theres something important in _. A) paper of today B) today newspapers C) today newspaper D) todays newspaper6. Miss Smith is a friend of _ A) Marys

16、mothers B) Marys mother C) Mary mothers D) mothers of Mary 7. Joan is _ sister. A) Mary and Jack B) Marys and Jacks C) Marys and Jack D) Mary and Jacks 8. I will give you _ to finish it. A) two weeks time B) two week time C) two weeks time D) two weeks time 9. This is not your radio, but _ A) yours

17、brother B) your brothers C) you brothers D) yours brothers 10. My school is about twenty _ walk from here? A)minute B) minutes C) minutes D) minutes 二 冠詞 ： 英語中名詞前常會(huì)出現(xiàn)a,an或the這三個(gè)詞，用來說明名詞所表示的人或事物，冠詞是虛詞，是名詞的一種標(biāo)志，它不能脫離名詞獨(dú)立存在，不能單獨(dú)作句子成分。 （一）不定冠詞 a; an 1. 不定冠詞表示數(shù)量中的“一個(gè)”，但是數(shù)的概念沒有one強(qiáng)烈。修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。 用來指人或物中的某一個(gè)或

18、某一類，但不具體說明何人何物。a 用在輔音因素開頭的詞前，a pen, a useful book; an用在以元音因素開頭的詞前，an apple, an hour, an honest boy2. 用在某些固定的短語中： in a minute, for a walk, have a good time, have a look等 （二）定冠詞的用法1. 特指說話雙方都知道的人或事物。 Look at the blackboard. 2. 用在表示宇宙中獨(dú)一無二的事物的名詞前。 the sun, the moon, the earth 3. 對(duì)前面已提到過的人或事物，第二次提到時(shí)加定冠詞，

19、用以表示特指。 I found a picture in the box. The picture was very beautiful.4. 用在序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)前。 They live on the tenth floor.5. 用在某些形容詞前，表示“一類人” the old, the young, the poor, the rich, the deaf, the blind 6. 用在樂器名稱前 play the violin play the piano 7. 在姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)形式之前，表示一家人 the Smiths the Lis 8. 用在方位詞前9. 用在表示海洋，河流，山

20、脈，群島及國家和黨派等名詞前10. 用在某些固定的詞組中 in the morning in the open air (三) 不用冠詞的情況 1. 某些專有名詞前 China, Class Four, 2. 在球類運(yùn)動(dòng)名稱和三餐飯前面，一般不用冠詞 have lunch, play football3. 在季節(jié)，日期，星期，節(jié)日和學(xué)科的名稱前，不用冠詞 in spring, in June, on Monday 4. 在不可數(shù)名詞（抽象名詞和物質(zhì)名詞）前面， 一般不用冠詞 We have all played with snow and ice. 5. 名詞前面已經(jīng)作定語用的 this, t

21、hese, that, those, my, their, your, his, some, many 等詞時(shí)，常常不用冠詞。 her pocket, this handbag, some pizza 6. 一些習(xí)慣用法和固定短語中， 常不用冠詞 in bed, after school, by bus 課堂練習(xí)：A組：選擇最佳答案1. Theres _ “h” in the word “house”. A) a B) / C) an D) the 2. Jack bought _ useful book. _ book is also very interesting. A) an; The

22、 B) a; The C) an; / D) a; A 3. -Can I help you, madam? -Im looking for _pair of shoes for my daughter. A) the B) an C) a D) some 4. _ elephant is much heavier than a house. A) A B) An C) The D) /5. After watching TV, she played _ guitar for an hour. A) / B) the C) an D) a 6. -Where is Xiao Ming? -He

23、s having _ rest over there. A) a B) an C) the D) / 7. We have three meals _ day. We have _ breakfast at 6:30 in _morning every day. A) the; the; the B) the;/; the C) a;/;the d) a; the; the 8. The cartoon “Mulan” is _ interesting film and _ story happened in China. A) a; the B) an; the C) the; a D) a

24、n; a 9. In the United States, Fathers Day falls on _ third Sunday in _ June. A) the; / B) the; a C) /; the D) a; / 10. What _ interesting book it is! A) a B) an C) the D) / B組：判斷對(duì)錯(cuò)1. Please turn off lights before you leave. ( ) 2. I live on a second floor of this building. ( )3. I like to climb the

25、mountain in the autumn. ( ) 4. The little boy wanted to go to cinema. ( ) 5. I went to New York by car. ( ) 本節(jié)妙語巧記名詞單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)規(guī)則： 名詞單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)，一般加-s沒有錯(cuò)。詞尾若是s,x,ch,sh, 直接加上es 。詞尾若是f或fe, 加 s之前要變ve。“輔音字母+y”來結(jié)尾， 變 y為i有道理， 再加-es沒問題。詞尾字母若是o, 加-es有tomato和potato。不規(guī)則變化要特別記，oo常要變ee, footfeet是一例。男人女人a變e, womanwomen看仔細(xì)。c

26、hild 復(fù)數(shù)要記住，“孩子們“ 是children。 定冠詞的用法： 特指雙方熟悉，上文以及提及； 世上獨(dú)一無二， 序數(shù)詞最高級(jí)； 某些專有名詞，習(xí)慣用語樂器。 第二講 代詞和數(shù)詞一 代詞 代詞是代替名詞以及起名詞作用的短語，不定式，動(dòng)詞的-ing形式或句子的詞。 1. 人稱代詞： 人稱代詞的主格在句子中做主語，賓格在句子中作賓語或表語。 格 數(shù)人 稱單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)主格賓格主格賓格第一人稱Imeweus第二人稱youyouyouyou第三人稱he,she,ithim,her,ittheythem注意： 不同的人稱合在一起使用時(shí)，一般的排序?yàn)椋?單數(shù)：you and I; you and he; h

27、e and I; you, he and I 復(fù)數(shù)：we and you; we and they; you and they; we, you and they2. 物主代詞：表示所有關(guān)系的代詞，是人稱代詞的所有格形式，表示“所有”詞義類型我的你的他的她的它的我們的你們的他（她，它）們的形容詞性myyourhisheritsouryourtheir名詞性mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs3. 反身代詞： 表示我（們）自己，你（們）自己，他、它、她（們）自己的詞人稱數(shù)第一人稱第二人稱第三人稱單數(shù)myselfyourselfhimself, herself, i

28、tself復(fù)數(shù)ourselvesyourselvesthemselves4. 疑問代詞： what，which, who, whom, whose等 5. 指示代詞： 是用來指代或標(biāo)記人或事物的代詞，具有指定的含義。this； that; these; those 6. 不定代詞：不明確指代某個(gè)（某些）人，某個(gè)（些）事物的代詞。 some, any, many, much, a lot of 與lots of many 修飾或代詞可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)。 much 修飾或代替不可數(shù)名詞。 a lot of和 lots of既可以修飾可數(shù)名詞，也可以修飾不可數(shù)名詞。 some和any 表示“一些”，即不

29、確定的或未知的數(shù)量數(shù)目。Some通常用于肯定句中，any用于否定句，疑問句和條件句中。Some可用在表示邀請(qǐng)或請(qǐng)求的疑問句中，強(qiáng)調(diào)希望對(duì)方給予肯定回答。Would you like some apples? other 與another 的用法 other 具有代詞性質(zhì)，既可指人，也可指物。other表示“另外的”，“其他的”，the other表示“兩者中的另一個(gè)”， the others表示“其余的（指在一個(gè)范圍內(nèi)的其他全部）”，others用于泛指，表示“其余的人或物”。 another 具有代詞性質(zhì)，既可指人，也可指物，表示“另一個(gè)”（是泛指中的“另外一個(gè)”，并不是兩者中的另一個(gè)）或“

30、又一個(gè)”。 each 與every 表示“每一” each強(qiáng)調(diào)“個(gè)別”，可單獨(dú)使用，也可修飾單數(shù)名詞或跟of引導(dǎo)的介詞短語；every修飾單數(shù)名詞，強(qiáng)調(diào)“整體”，相當(dāng)于漢語中的“每個(gè)都”。 everyone與every one的區(qū)別：everyone意為“每人”，“人人”，只指人，不指物，后面不能跟of引導(dǎo)的介詞短語；every one 意為“每個(gè)”，通常用來指物，后面能跟of引導(dǎo)的介詞短語。 every 及其所構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代詞everybody, everyone, everything作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 “every+基數(shù)詞+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”或“every+序數(shù)詞+單數(shù)名詞”表示“每隔”,

31、 譯成漢語減去一： every three days 每隔兩天 every third days 每三天 no 和 none 表示“無”，“沒有” no= not a, not any作定語，后跟可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞；none后跟引導(dǎo)的介詞短語，在句中作主語或賓語，表示“沒有任何東西或人”。 nobody, no one, nothing只能單獨(dú)使用，后面不跟of引導(dǎo)的介詞短語。 nobody, no one, nothing和none常用作簡略答語。一般情況下，nothing回答what問句；nobody或 no one回答who問句；none回答how many或how much問句。 a

32、ll, both, whole表示“都”， “全部” both指兩個(gè)人或事物，而all指三個(gè)或者三個(gè)以上的人或事物。 both和all都可直接修飾名詞；名詞前如有限定時(shí)，其前只能用both of 或all of.。 both和all在句中位于be動(dòng)詞之后，行為動(dòng)詞之前，如有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或助動(dòng)詞，則位于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或助動(dòng)詞與行為動(dòng)詞之前。 注：both的反義詞是neither; all的反義詞是none neither與either 的用法： neither 表示 “兩者都不”；either表示“兩者之一”或“兩者中的任何一個(gè)”。 后面跟單數(shù)名詞或“of+賓格人稱代詞/帶限定詞的復(fù)數(shù)名詞”。 few,

33、a few和little, a little few 和a few 指代可數(shù)名詞；little和a little指代不可數(shù)名詞。 a little修飾不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)相當(dāng)于a bit of. few 和little表示“沒有幾個(gè)”，“很少”， 含否定意義；a few 和a little 表示“有幾個(gè)”，“有一些”， 含有肯定意義 口語中常用only a few 或only a little表示“只有一些（點(diǎn)）”，quite a few表示“相當(dāng)多” one, ones 指代名詞 one 指代單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，ones指代復(fù)數(shù)名詞，泛指某（些）人或某（些）物。 one 或ones前有the, this,

34、 that 或these, those等詞時(shí)，表示特指某（些）人或某（些）物。課堂練習(xí)：A組：選擇最佳答案 (人稱代詞， 物主代詞，反身代詞) 1. Mary, please show _ your picture. A) my B) mine C) I D) me 2. -Did you find your watch yesterday? -No, I didnt find _, but Ive bought _. A) it; it B) one; one C) it; one D) one; it 3. Do you know the boy sitting between Peter

35、 and _? A) she B) I C) his D) me 4. Whats wrong with _? A) him B) he C) his D) /5. The skirt is _. She made it _. A) hers; herself B) her; herself C) herself; hers D) herself; her 6. Let _ carry the heavy bag for the old woman. A) you and B) I and you C) me and you D) you and me7. -Would you like so

36、me more ice? -Yes. Just _ A) a few B) few C) little D) a little 8. I saw _ playing in the garden at that time. A) them B) they C) their D) theirs 9. He has a good room, but I dont think its a big as _ A) I B) me C) mine D) my 10. Mr. Li teaches _ English. A) us B) we C) our D) ours11. A friend of _

37、came here yesterday. A) my B) his C) her D) your 12. You cannot finish the work _. Let me give you a helping hand. A) you B) yourself C) by you D) you only B組：選擇最佳答案（不定代詞）1. I want _ books to read. Do you have _? A) some; any B) any; some C) any; any D) some; some 2. I have two pens. One is red, _ i

38、s blue. A) the other B) others C) other D) another 3. -You look so happy! -Jack says I am pretty. _ has ever told me that before. A) Somebody B) Anybody C)Everybody D) Nobody 4. -Can you cook eggs with tomatoes? -Yes, of course. _ can do it, it is easy. A) Anyone B) Someone C) No one D) Everyone els

39、e 5. Mike and Joan are _ good at maths. A) neither B) both C) each D) no one 6. There is _ snow this winter. A) many B) more C) much D) a few 7. There are six people in the office. _ of them are Party members. A) All B) Both C) No one D) Neither 8. That scientist was too busy to work in his lab. He

40、had _ time to do the research work. A) few B) a few C) little D) a little 9. All the students had gone out. There was _ in the classroom. A) somebody B) anybody C) nobody D) everybody10. -When shall we go to the park, this morning or this afternoon? -_ is OK. Im free the whole day. A) Either B) Neit

41、her C) None D) Both C 組：用所給詞的正確形式填空1. Let _ have a look. The coat isnt mine. _ coat is on the bed. (I) 2. -Have you got _ blue T-shirts? -No, but weve got _ brown ones. (some) 3. -Do you like these yellow flowers? -No, but I like the red _(one)4. Help _ to some fish, Timmy. Its delicious. (you)5. _

42、did you go to the movie with? (who) 6. She gave the bats to you and _(myself) 7. David is an old classmate of _(we). 8. Tom runs as fast as _(I) D組：單句改錯(cuò)：下面每句均有一處錯(cuò)誤，指出并加以改正( ) 1. -Are those English-Chinese dictionaries? -Yes, those are. A B C D( ) 2. Everyone of the buses is here. A B C D ( ) 3. He s

43、ister is nine this year. A B C D ( ) 4. -Whos that? -It is Peter. A B C D ( ) 5. -Who are not at school today? A B C D( ) 6. My parents both are Chinese teachers. A B C D( )7. There are six storybooks on the shelf. What one do you want? A B C D( )8. She will teach our English. A B C D ( ) 9. -Whose

44、bike is this? -Its me. A B C D( ) 10. Could you let me have any money, mother? A B C D二 數(shù)詞： 表示數(shù)目多少或順序先后的詞叫數(shù)詞。數(shù)詞分為基數(shù)詞，序數(shù)詞，小數(shù)，分?jǐn)?shù)和百分?jǐn)?shù)。1. 基數(shù)詞：表示數(shù)目或數(shù)量多少的詞100以下的基本基數(shù)詞100以上的基本基數(shù)詞1-1011-1920-90100a/ one hundred1,000a/ one thousand1,000,000a/ one million1,000,000,000a/ one billion(美)a/ one thousand million(英

45、)1 one11 eleven20 twenty2 two12 twelve30 thirty3 three13 thirteen40 forty4 four14 fourteen50 fifty5 five15 fifteen60 sixty6 six16 sixteen70 seventy7 seven17 seventeen80 eighty8 eight18 eighteen90 ninety9 nine19 nineteen10 ten表示“幾十幾”（21-99）的基礎(chǔ)詞，由十位數(shù)和個(gè)位數(shù)之間加連字號(hào)“-”構(gòu)成。表示“幾百幾”（101-999）的基數(shù)詞，百位數(shù)hundred之后加an

46、d, 再加十位數(shù)或個(gè)位數(shù)。1，000以上的數(shù)目表示方法是，從右向左用分節(jié)號(hào)“，”分節(jié)，每三個(gè)數(shù)字為一個(gè)節(jié)，第一個(gè)分節(jié)號(hào)前用thousand, 第二個(gè)分節(jié)號(hào)前用million, 第三個(gè)分節(jié)號(hào)前用billion(美) 如：1，214，000，000one billion, two hundred and fourteen million 基數(shù)詞表示具體數(shù)目時(shí)，hundred, thousand, million用單數(shù)。在表示“數(shù)百”，“數(shù)千”，“數(shù)百萬”等不確定數(shù)目時(shí)，在hundreds, thousands, millions 后接“of+名詞復(fù)數(shù)”。 表示“幾十”的基數(shù)詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，可用來表示某人的歲數(shù)或年代。 “基礎(chǔ)詞+名詞”構(gòu)成的合