教師版高考英語(yǔ)作文寫作基礎(chǔ)——過(guò)渡詞

1、高考英語(yǔ)作文寫作基礎(chǔ)過(guò)渡詞一. 教學(xué)內(nèi)容：英語(yǔ)寫作專題訓(xùn)練過(guò)渡詞眾所周知，要寫出清晰流暢的文章，需要把文章中各部分巧妙地連接在一起。這樣可使文章自然而別致，并能層層展開主題句，完整地表達(dá)中心思想。而過(guò)渡詞（Transitional Words）是連接這些部分的紐帶。 過(guò)渡詞是一種關(guān)系指引詞，一般由副詞或起副詞作用的短語(yǔ)承擔(dān)。此外，代詞、連詞、上下文的近義詞等也可作過(guò)渡詞。過(guò)渡詞能使文章啟、承、轉(zhuǎn)、合，融會(huì)貫通，連成一體。一、過(guò)渡詞的分類1. 根據(jù)意思和作用的不同，過(guò)渡詞可以分為以下十五類：（1）表并列關(guān)系的過(guò)渡詞:and, also， as well, as well as， or, too,

2、 not onlybut also, both and, either or, neithernor（2）表遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的過(guò)渡詞: besides, in addition（加之，除之外）, moreover(此外，而且), whats more， whats worse（3）表轉(zhuǎn)折對(duì)比的過(guò)渡詞：but, however, yet, instead, on the other hand, on the contrary, although, different from, despite, in pite of, whereas, unlike, nevertheless, not onlybut

3、 also, herethere, years agotoday, thisthat, the formerthe latter, thennow, the first whereas the second, oncenow, on the one hand on the other hand, someothers（4）表原因的過(guò)渡詞:because, because of, since, as, for, now that, thanks to, due to（由于）（5）表結(jié)果的過(guò)渡詞:so, thus, therefore, as a result, so that, then, so

4、that, suchthat （6）表?xiàng)l件的過(guò)渡詞:if, unless, on condition that, as/so long as （7）表時(shí)間的過(guò)渡詞:when, while, after, before, until, as soon as, later, afterwards, soon, lately, recently, since, from then on, eventually, in the meantime, then, suddenly, at the same time, next, early this morning / year / century, a

5、fter a while, in a few days, now, presently, finally, at last, all of a sudden, form now on, at present, immediately, the moment（8）表特定的順序關(guān)系的過(guò)渡詞:first, firstly, second, secondly, third, thirdly, above all, first of all, then, next, finally, in the end, at last, afterward(s)（后來(lái)）, meanwhile（幾乎同時(shí)）, ther

6、eafter（在那以后）, last, finally, eventually（終于）（9）表?yè)Q一種方式表達(dá)的過(guò)渡詞: in other words, that is to say, to put it another way（10）表進(jìn)行舉例說(shuō)明的過(guò)渡詞: for instance, for example, like, such as （11）表陳述事實(shí)的過(guò)渡詞: in fact, actually, as a matter of fact, to tell you the truth （12）表強(qiáng)調(diào)的過(guò)渡詞: certainly, indeed, above all, surely, m

7、ost important, in fact, no doubt, without any doubt, truly, obviously（13）表比較的過(guò)渡詞：like, unlike, in the same way, similarly, similar to（14）表目的的過(guò)渡詞：for this reason, for this purpose, so that, in order to, so as to（15）表總結(jié)的過(guò)渡詞: in a word(總之，簡(jiǎn)言之), in general, in short(總之), above all, after all, generally

8、speaking, to sum up, finally, in conclusion, at last, in summary2. 文章段落之間的邏輯關(guān)系主要由過(guò)渡詞來(lái)完成，在修辭中稱為啟、承、轉(zhuǎn)、合?！皢ⅰ本褪情_頭, “承”是承接，“轉(zhuǎn)”是轉(zhuǎn)折，“合”是綜合或總結(jié)。（1）用于“啟”的過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ) 用于表示“啟”的過(guò)渡詞或過(guò)渡性的語(yǔ)句通常用在段落或文章的開頭：first, first of all, at first, in the first place, firstly, to being with, to start with, recently, now, at present, in

9、recent years, in general, generally speaking, at present, lately, currently, It is often said that, As the proverb says, It goes without saying that, It is clear/obvious that, Many people often ask （2）用于“承”的過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ) 表示“承”的過(guò)渡詞或過(guò)渡性的語(yǔ)句通常用在段落中的第一個(gè)擴(kuò)展句中：second, similarly, in addition, besides, then, furthermo

10、re, moreover, what is more, what is worse, for example, for instance, certainly, surely, obviously, in other words, especially, particularly, in particular, indeed, still, third, truly, in fact, at the same time, no doubt，It is true that,Everybody knows that,It can be easily proved that,No one can d

11、eny thatThe reason why is that ,There is no doubt that,To takefor an example (instance) ,We know that,What is more serious is that（3）用于“轉(zhuǎn)”的過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ) 用于“轉(zhuǎn)”的過(guò)渡詞或過(guò)渡性的語(yǔ)句通常用在段落中的第二個(gè)擴(kuò)展句中：but, however, on the other hand, on the contrary, in contrast, in any case, at any rate(無(wú)論如何), nevertheless(雖然如此), otherwise

12、, or, or else, while, whereas, but, despite, in spite of ., yet, instead,I do not believe that,Perhaps youll ask whyThis may be true, but we still have a problem with regard to,Though we are in basic agreement with , yet differences will be found, Thats why I feel that（4）用于“合”的過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ) 用于“合”的過(guò)渡詞或過(guò)渡性的語(yǔ)句通

13、常用在段落的結(jié)論句或文章的結(jié)論段中：in a word, in general, in short, above all, after all, generally speaking，to sum up, finally, in conclusion, at last, in summary, therefore, as a result, above all, thus，after all(畢竟), eventually, hence, in short, in conclusion, in a word, in sum(總之), on the whole(就整體而言), to sum up

14、From this point of view On account of this we can find that The result is dependent on Thus, this is the reason why we must二、過(guò)渡詞的應(yīng)用 有的學(xué)生在作文中使用過(guò)多簡(jiǎn)單句，成了簡(jiǎn)單句堆砌；有的寫復(fù)雜句時(shí)，動(dòng)輒用so， and，then，but，or，however，yet等非但達(dá)不到豐富表達(dá)方式的目的，反而使句子結(jié)構(gòu)松散、呆板。為了避免這種現(xiàn)象，可以通過(guò)使用不同的過(guò)渡詞,不僅能夠豐富句型，而且還能夠把思想表達(dá)得更清楚，意義更連貫。例如： 1. 學(xué)生習(xí)作TV and web

15、site TV and website are popular media. They have something in common. Both of them make money from ads. Websites also have different sections. You may choose the one you are most interested in. They are different in many ways. Moving pictures are shown on TV with sound and interpretation. It makes y

16、ou feel that you are just on the spot. The programs change every day. Professional TV reporters do the report for TV. Some information on websites change all the time. Not all of it is so updated. Everybody can write articles for websites rather than professional reporter. Every medium has its own f

17、eatures. It is hard to say which is better. 這段文字用簡(jiǎn)單句表達(dá)，它們之間內(nèi)在的邏輯關(guān)系含糊不清，意思支離破碎。如果使用過(guò)渡詞，將單句與其前后合并，形成主次關(guān)系，就把一個(gè)比較復(fù)雜的內(nèi)容和關(guān)系表達(dá)得層次清楚、結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。修改后的文章： TV and websiteBoth TV and website are popular media. They have something in common. Both of them make money from ads. Similar to TV, websites also have different

18、sections, so that you may choose the one you are most interested in. However, they are different in many ways. Above all, moving pictures are shown on TV with sound and interpretation, which makes you feel as if you are just on the spot. Then, the programs change every day and professional TV report

19、ers do the report for TV. Unlike TV, some information on websites change all the time, but not all of it is so updated. In addition, everybody can write articles for websites rather than professional reporter. In a word, every medium has its own features, so it is hard to say which is better. 修改后的文章

20、用過(guò)渡詞來(lái)銜接上下段第一段第一句為：Both TV and website are popular media. They have something in common.第二段第一句為：However, they are different in many ways.第三段第一句為：In a word, every medium has its own features這篇短文每一段的第一句都是主題句，在每個(gè)主題句前使用Bothand, However, In a word使全文有序地銜接起來(lái)。如果在文章中再恰當(dāng)使用其他的過(guò)渡詞，會(huì)使文章增色很多。（見上文）我們常常遇到這樣的作文題目，如：

21、發(fā)展私人轎車的利與弊、科學(xué)發(fā)明的利與弊、網(wǎng)上購(gòu)物的利與弊。這些題目常常是談?wù)撘粋€(gè)事物的兩個(gè)方面，這時(shí)只要使用表示轉(zhuǎn)折的過(guò)渡詞就能很好地連接上下段。 As a new way of shopping, online shopping is becoming more and more popular in our daily life. Online shopping has many disadvantages. First, online shopping makes it easier for us to buy things. Instead of searching a crowded

22、 store, we just need to watch the computer screen and choose the things we like. Second, it is much faster for us to do shopping. We dont have to spend a lot of time going to shops. Third, we can see a great deal of goods shown on the computer screen at the same time. However, online shopping is not

23、 so perfect. The pictures of goods shown on the computer screen are not always what they are. As a result, we can be cheated easily. Whats worse, we can not see the things in detail. Despite the disadvantages of online shopping, I think it is an advanced way to do shopping. So we should develop it.2

24、. 2005年高考作文題 我們主要看一下今年的高考作文題中過(guò)渡詞的使用:2005年普通高等學(xué)校招生全國(guó)統(tǒng)一考試（1）英 語(yǔ) 第二節(jié) 書面表達(dá)（滿分25分）假定你是李華，正在英國(guó)牛津參加短期語(yǔ)言培訓(xùn)，計(jì)劃星期天去倫敦旅游?；ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)上一則廣告引起了你的注意，但一些具體信息不明確（箭頭所指內(nèi)容）。請(qǐng)給該旅行社發(fā)一封電子郵件，詢問(wèn)有關(guān)情況。注意：1. 詞數(shù)100左右，信的格式已為你寫好。2. 可根據(jù)內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫。3. 參考詞匯：牛津Oxford 費(fèi)用fee Dear Sir/Madame,_Yours,Li HuaPossible version: Dear Sir/Madame,

25、Im writing for more information about the day tour to London.As a student at Oxford University, Id like to know if you have any special price for students. As for the money you charge, does it cover the entrance fees for visiting the places listed? What about lunch? Is it included? Or do I need to b

26、ring along my own food? How long will the tour last? Since I need to prepare my lessons for the next day, Id like to know the time to return. Besides, is there any time for shopping? I really want to have a look at the big stores in London.Yours, Li Hua2005年普通高等學(xué)校招生全國(guó)統(tǒng)一考試英 語(yǔ)（北京卷）第四部分：書面表達(dá)（共兩節(jié)，35分）第一

27、節(jié) 情景作文（20分）美國(guó)中學(xué)生Jeff將要來(lái)你所在的紅星中學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)中文，經(jīng)協(xié)商安排住在你家。假設(shè)你是李華，請(qǐng)給Jeff寫一封信，按照下圖順序介紹他來(lái)中國(guó)后的生活安排。注意：1. 信的開頭已為你寫好。2. 詞數(shù)不少于60。 Dear Jeff,Im Li Hua from Beijing Hongxing Middle School. Im very happy to learn that youre going to stay with my family while youre in Beijing. Best wishes, Li HuaPossible version:Dear Jeff

28、,Im Li Hua from Beijing Hongxing Middle School. Im very happy to learn that youre going to stay with my family while youre in Beijing.While you are here, well provide you with a room of your own with a bed, a desk, a couple of chairs and a TV. Youll also have your own bathroom. Our school is quite c

29、lose to our home, so we could go to school together by bike. At noon well eat at the school dining hall. Im sure youll like the delicious Chinese food there, and enjoy talking with friends over lunch. Classes in our school usually finish at 4:00 in the afternoon. You can then join other students in

30、playing ball games or swimming. Itll be a lot of fun.If you have any questions or requests, please let me know. Well try our best to make your stay here in Beijing a pleasant experience. Best wishes, Li Hua第二節(jié) 開放作文（15分）請(qǐng)根據(jù)下面提示，寫一篇短文。詞數(shù)不少于50。In your English class, the teacher shows this picture of a

31、little boy looking into a mirror, and asks the class to discuss it. Your classmates have different understandings.Look at the picture carefully and tell the class how you understand the picture. Write what you would say on the next page. 請(qǐng)將開放作文寫在右側(cè)橫線內(nèi)One possible version:We can see in the picture a

32、little boy standing in front of a mirror. Hes letting his imagination fly. What he sees in the mirror is not his physical self but what he will be like in twenty years. Although he is small and short now, he believes he will grow up to be a tall and strong young man like Yao Ming, who he admires. I

33、think this picture tries to tell us that we should always look into the future with hope and confidence.2005年普通高等學(xué)校招生全國(guó)統(tǒng)一考試（3）英 語(yǔ)第三節(jié) 書面表達(dá)（滿分30分） 假設(shè)你是李華，最近國(guó)內(nèi)一家英文報(bào)紙正在討論北京動(dòng)物園是否應(yīng)遷出市區(qū)。以下是你所在班級(jí)討論的情況。請(qǐng)你給該報(bào)寫一封信，反映討論結(jié)果。贊成遷出： 反對(duì)遷出：1. 游客多，交通堵塞2. 郊區(qū)環(huán)境好 1. 建于1906年，中外聞名2. 搬遷易造成動(dòng)物死亡 注意：1. 詞數(shù)100字左右，信的開頭已為你寫好。2. 可根據(jù)

34、內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫。3. 參考詞匯：郊區(qū)suburbJune 3 ,2005Dear Editor, Recently, our class has had a heated discussion about whether the Beijing Zoo should be moved out of the city._ June 3 ,2005Dear Editor, Recently, our class has had a heated discussion about whether the Beijing Zoo should be moved out of the

35、 city. Some of my classmates are in favor of the move. They say large crowds of tourists to the zoo will result in traffic jams. They also say that once moved animals will have more space and better living conditions in the suburbs. However, other students are against the idea, saying that the Beiji

36、ng Zoo, built in 1906, has a history of 100 years, and is well known at home and abroad. So it should remain where it is .Whats more, moving may cause the death of some animals .To move or not ,this is a big decision which has to be made by people in Beijing.Yours truly,Li Hua學(xué)習(xí)連接詞-把握連接上下文的關(guān)鍵要想使文章有整

37、體性、連貫性，就要學(xué)會(huì)正確使用連接詞 下面請(qǐng)你認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)并學(xué)會(huì)運(yùn)用下列常見連接詞i表示羅列增加 first, second, third, first, then/next, after that/ next, finally for one thingfor another, on (the)one handon the other hand, besides / whats more/ in addition / furthermore/ moreover /another/ also, especially/ In particular, i表示時(shí)間順序 now, at present,

38、recently, after, afterwards, after that, after a while, in a few days,at first, in the beginning, to begin with,later, next, finally,immediately, soon, suddenly, all of a sudden, at that moment , as soon as, the momentfrom now on, from then on, at the same time, meanwhile,till, not.until, before, af

39、ter, when , while, as, during,i表示解釋說(shuō)明 now, in addition, for example, for instance, in this case, moreover furthermore, in fact, actuallyi表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系 but, however, while, though, or, otherwise, on the contrary, on the other hand, in contrast, despite, in spite of, even though, except(for), instead, of cou

40、rse, after all, i表示并列關(guān)系 or, and, also, too, not only. but also, as well as, both. and, either .or, neither.nori表示因果關(guān)系 because, because of, since, now that, as, thanks to., due to., therefore, as a result(of), otherwise, so that, such thati表示條件關(guān)系 as (so)long as, on condition that, if, unlessi表示讓步關(guān)系 t

41、hough, although, as, even if, even though, whether .or., however, whoever, whatever, whichever, wherever, whenever, no matter how (who, what, which, where, when, whom)i表示舉例 for example, for instance, such as., take. for examplei表示比較 be similar to, similarly, the same as, in contrast, compared with(t

42、o). just like, just as,i表示目的 for this reason, for this purpose, so that, in order to , so as to, i表示強(qiáng)調(diào) indeed, in fact, surely, certainly, no doubt, without any doubt, truly, obviously, above all, i表示概括歸納 in a word, in short, in brief, on the whole, generally speaking, in my opinion, as far as I kno

43、w, As we all know, as has been stated，as I have shown, finally, at last, in summary, in conclusion,看高考題體會(huì)連接詞的運(yùn)用：2001 高考試題Dear Dick,How nice to hear from you again. You want to know what is going on in schools in China? In short, things have begun to improve since schools were called on to reduce lea

44、rning load. I dont know about others, but I used to have work even at weekends doing endless homework and attending classes as well. Now I have more free time. I can follow my own interests such as reading books, visiting museums, and taking computer lessons. In the evenings I can watch news on TV o

45、r read newspapers. Whats more, I can go to bed earlier. As far as I know, everyone is happy about this new arrangement of things. Best wishes, Li Hua用所給的詞完成下面短文：finally, then, at first, after that I had a bad cold last week. _, I had a running nose, but I did not take it seriously. _I began to cough

46、. _, I had a fever and felt weak. _, I was sent to hospital and had to lie in bed for three days.答案： At first, Then, After that, Finallyhand , but, finally, immediately, now, at first, one day, then, so, The naughty boy in the story “The Boy Who Cried Wolf” has grown up. _he works as a weatherman in

47、 his village. _he studied the weather carefully _found that a storm was coming. _, he told all the villagers to prepare for the bad weather, _ no one believed him. _, the weather was fine, _ the villagers said that the young man was lying again. _the weather suddenly changed _a storm wind came. All

48、the villagers tried to save the crops _ it was too late. _, the storm ruined all the crops.答案：Now, One day, and, Immediately, but, At first, so, Then, and, but, Finallyibut, moreover, of course, for one thing, in addition, however, first, furthermore, then, secondForeign cars are often more expensiv

49、e to own in the United States than American-made cars. _, foreign cars cost more to buy. _, there are reasons for this. The quality of workmanship that goes into making them is very high. _, high tariffs（關(guān)稅）on many foreign models have raised prices. _, foreign cars often cost more to register. _, in

50、surance rates can be higher. _, parts and repair costs are much greater than they are for American cars. _, there are some financial advantages to owning a foreign cars. _, many of them get better gas mileage, and they need new tires less often than American cars do. _, their resale value is higher.

51、 The price of a year-old foreign car may be only $300 less than what it cost new. _ the price for a year-old American car will be around $1,000 less.答案：Foreign cars are often more expensive to own in the United States than American-made cars. For one thing, foreign cars cost more to buy. Of course,

52、there are reasons for this. The quality of workmanship that goes into making them is very high. Then, high tariffs(關(guān)稅) on many foreign models have raised prices. Furthermore, foreign cars often cost more to register. In addition, insurance rates can be higher. Moreover, parts and repair costs are much greater than they are for American cars. However, there are some financial advantages to owning foreign cars. First, many of them get better gas mileage, and they n