生物柴油發(fā)電

1、BiodieselTechnology and Development生物柴油技術(shù)和發(fā)展Chen Fang / 陳放School of Life Sciences, SCU /四川大學(xué)生命科學(xué)學(xué)院Institute of Bio-energy,scu/四川大學(xué)生物能源研究所I. Introduction /簡(jiǎn)介Biodiesel/生物柴油Biodiesel is a domestic, renewable fuel for diesel engines derived from natural oils like soybean oil, and which meets the specifi

2、cations of ASTM D 6751.生物柴油是指能夠本國生產(chǎn)的、可再生的, 從天然油脂如大豆油生產(chǎn)出的能夠用于柴油引 擎的燃油，并且滿足ATMD6751標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。Petroleum/energy plant 石油/能源植物Containing biodiesel components/ or precursors.含有生物柴油成分或可經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)化成為柴油的成分的植物Biomass (mainly forest) /year is as 20-27 times as the exploitation quantity of petroleum.地球上每年的生物質(zhì)(主要是森林)產(chǎn)量可為石油 開采量

3、的2027倍。The ways to obtain biodiesel生物柴油的生產(chǎn)原理 Shaken/乳化 Alcohols + fresh or used oil/fattransesterification reaction轉(zhuǎn)酯化反應(yīng)-Chemical catalysts/化學(xué)催化劑一 Enzymatic conversation (lipase)/生物酶法The benefits of biodiesel生物柴油的優(yōu)點(diǎn) Convenient一 No engine rebuilding Renewable and sustainable Local available and econo

4、my promoting Environment friendly一 CO2 fixation and low pollution gas emission(only 1/4 of common diesel, meeting the European standard III) 便利，不需要現(xiàn)有設(shè)備的改造 可再生和可持續(xù)性發(fā)展 可本地/國生產(chǎn)，對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟(jì)具有促進(jìn)作用 環(huán)境友好,co2固定和低污染排放，達(dá)到歐洲三號(hào)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)II. Present status of bio-diesel生物柴油現(xiàn)狀 Feedstock/原料植物研究J.， Current producing situation /生

5、物柴油生產(chǎn) 現(xiàn)狀1. Feedstock / 原料 The % cost of biodiesel comes from the feedstock cost 生物柴油成本的3/4是原料成本。Energy plant research能源植物研究1970s Dr. Melvin-Kelvin, a Noble Prizewinner, 1st research on the energy plant1978 International Energy Sources Academy (IEA) initiated the international cooperation research on

6、 energy plants,1986 USA began to plant petroleum plant garden firstly Subsequently? Britain, France, German, Japan and Brazil started the research and application.1970s諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)獲得者M(jìn)elvin-Kelvin博士開始能源植物研究19781986國際能源署開始能源植物的國際間合作研究美國開始種植能源植物林隨后,英國、法國、德國、日本和巴西陸續(xù)開始了相關(guān)研究和應(yīng)用The species of energy plants能源植物種類

7、There are many plants can be used as green energy sources. Most of them come from一 Euphorbia- Leguminous-Cruciferae CompositeThey contain natural fuel ingredients,有許多植物可提供綠色能源，其中大部分來自：-大戟科一豆科-十字花科一菊科它們都含有優(yōu)質(zhì)的能源成分?！癰iodiesel plant97 “生物柴油植物”Rape油菜Cotton seeds/棉籽Sun flower seeds/油葵Abundant diesel plant

8、 source in China 中國有豐富的生物柴油資源There are 400 kinds of woody oil trees in all, thereinto oil content of more than 200 kinds range from 15% to 60%, otherwise oil content of more than 50 kinds range from 50% to 60%. At present only about 10 kinds had been utilized, there are plentiful wild resources whic

9、h await to be discovered and farther exploited yet。木本油料樹種有400多種，含油量在1560%的有 200多種，含油量在5060%的有50多種，目前開發(fā)利 用的僅10多種，還有大量的野生資源有待發(fā)掘和進(jìn)一步 的開發(fā)利用。Modification of energy plants目標(biāo)id 一 、一局產(chǎn)優(yōu)質(zhì)能源植物改良The aims High yield Good quality Low input (tolerant to 低投入(抗逆性強(qiáng)) stress)常規(guī)育種分子育種 Classical breeding Molecular breed

10、ingThe research on the oil components regulation mechanism 燃油成分調(diào)控的機(jī)制研究Michigan State UniversityWashington UniversityBritain John Innes InstituteYork UniversityGermany Hamburg Universityfatty acid and oil metabolism pathway and key genesthrough the methods of DNA micro-array, protein bidirectional el

11、ectrophoresis and metabolizomics? and brought forward the concept of the Lipidomics<通過DNA微列陣、雙向電泳和代謝組學(xué)等方法研究脂肪酸和油脂代謝途徑和關(guān)鍵基因，提出了脂肪組學(xué)的 概念。American scientists had induced Cuphea Viscosissima Mutant vs320 via mutation technology and bioengineering means. Their short chain fatty acid content had increa

12、sed hugely. Lipid of mutant plant could be in place of petrochemical diesel fuel directly, without conversion。利用突變體技術(shù)和基因工程手段，美國科學(xué)家誘導(dǎo)出膠粘萼距花(Cuphea Viscos/ssima)突變體vs320,其 短鏈脂肪酸含量大大提高，突變體植株油脂可以不經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)化 直接取代石化柴油。In Europe, canola variety has been the primary stuff that could be used to produce biodiesel fu

13、el, and which involved in erucic acid less than 2 % , fatty acid over 90%, sulfur content (thioglycoside less than 20|irnol/g) .歐洲用于生物柴油生產(chǎn)的主要原料為雙低油菜，其介酸小于2%,十八碳脂肪酸超過90%,硫含量低（硫甘 小于20|iimol/g) o2.Current production situation生物柴油生產(chǎn)現(xiàn)狀TechnologyChemical catalyze method Equipments ： similar to common oil

14、equipments Procedures: alcohols , acid/basic catalyst, high temperature (230250)技術(shù)化學(xué)催化法 設(shè)備：類常規(guī)制油設(shè)備 工藝：甲/乙醇、酸/堿催化劑、高溫( 230250C)The world biodiesel status(I)NationMaterialBiodiesel fuel proportionUsing statusAmericasoybeanB10-B20To be using popularlyGermanyRape seed、bean oil、tallowB5-B20,B100To be usi

15、ng widelyBrazilCastor oilTo be in running testJ.AustriaRape seed、deposed greaseB100To be using widelyAustraliatallowB100To be researched and popularizedFranceAll kinds of plant oilB5-B30To be researched and popularizedItalyAll kinds of plant oilB20-B100To be using widelySwedenAll kinds of plant oilB

16、2-B100To be using widelyBelgiumAll kinds of plant oilB5-B20To be using widelyArgentinasoybeanB20To be using popularlyBulgariasunflower、soybeanB100To be using popularlyMalaysiaPalm oilTo be using popularlyKoreaRice bran> reclaimed cooking oil and bean oil J.B5-B20To be using popularlyCanadaTuna oi

17、l、tallowB2-B100To be using popularlyThe world biodiesel status(II)生物柴油在世界各國的應(yīng)用情況ChinaGermanUSABrazilSpanIrelandHungaryDenmarkBelgiumAustriaItalyFranceJapan中國德國美國巴西西班牙愛爾蘭匈牙利口百分比(%)口生產(chǎn)能力(萬噸)丹麥93USA /美國Bush總統(tǒng)關(guān)注生物燃油發(fā)展國“America is addicted to oil, which is often imported from unstable parts of the world.

18、 The best way to break this addiction is through technology. We'll also fund additional research in cutting-edge methods of producing ethanol, not just from corn, but from wood chips and stalks, or switch grass. Our goal is to make this new kind of ethanol practical and competitive within six ye

19、ars.”“美國There are at least 4 biodiesel manufactures (interchem Environment 、 AgEnvirmental Products、Twin Rivers Technology (TRT) 、 NOPOC Corp.), The total output arrives 300 kt/a.-MidwestlOkt/a- Chicago30kt/a- Quincy lOOkt/a- the other places 16k t/a17 目前已有4家生產(chǎn)廠(Interchem Environment 、AgEnvirmental

20、Products 、 Twin Rivers Technology(TRT)NOPOC Corp.)生產(chǎn)，總生產(chǎn)能 力30萬t/a ；在中西部(Midwest)有1萬t/a裝置；芝加哥(Chicago) 3萬t/a；在麻省Quincy 10萬t/a；其他地方 產(chǎn)量為1.6萬t/a。Germany/德國 At least 8 biodiesel manufactures have been established in Germany. In 2004 the biodiesel output arrived 1 million tons and there are 1700 biodiesel

21、 service stations. Biodiesel standard DINV51606 No biodiesel tax-Dusseldorf 60kt/a Leer 80kt/a-Plausen 2k t/a一 Kiel 10kt/a, Barby50kt/a, Thuringmlk t/a德國目前已擁有8個(gè)生產(chǎn)生物柴油的工廠，在杜塞爾多夫(Dusseldorf)和Leer建立生物柴油的工業(yè)化企業(yè)(Dusseldorf 6萬 t/a, Leer 8萬t/a),在普勞恩(Plausen)有一個(gè)小型廠(2000 t/a)。 在1998年投產(chǎn)的生物柴油廠有3個(gè)基爾(Kiel) 1萬t/a,

22、巴比(Barby) 5萬t/a,菲林根(Thuringin) 2000t/a)。德國2004年生 物柴油產(chǎn)量達(dá)100萬t,擁有1700多個(gè)生物柴油加油站，并且制定了 生物柴油的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)DINV51606,對(duì)生物柴油不收稅5萬噸彳F rance / 法國There are at least 7 biodiesel manufactures:- Compiegne 40kt/a Boussens 70kt/a- Peronne lOkt/a- Verdun 40kt/a- Nogent-surSeine 120kt/aThe CIRAD has demonstrated that biodiesel could be used in common diesel engine across a lOmillion meters run experiment. The standard is to add 5% biodiesel into fossil diesel.The biodiesel tax rate is zero. 法國目前已擁有7個(gè)生產(chǎn)生物柴油的企業(yè),-貢比涅4萬t/a一Boussens 7 萬 t/a-Peronne 1 萬t/a一凡爾登（Verdun） 477t/a-Nogent-surSeine 12萬t/a。法國CIRAD集團(tuán)在雷諾汽車中進(jìn)行了生物柴油