鋼結構方向的畢設外文翻譯(適用于畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯中英文對照)

1、附件 1：外文資料翻譯譯文葡萄牙的鋼結構發(fā)展帕特里克道林的影響安東尼雷薩諾加西亞萊曼摘要：本文基于大學教研和葡萄牙協(xié)會對鋼結構和復合結構的創(chuàng)造，主要講述了帕特里 克道林教授對作者職業(yè)生涯和葡萄牙鋼結構發(fā)展的影響。關鍵詞：葡萄牙；鋼；結構；研究1. 導言截至鋼筋混凝土的出現(xiàn)和第一次世界大戰(zhàn)的到來， 在鋼鐵的應用方面葡萄牙緊隨歐 洲大多數(shù)國家的腳步。此后，鑄造廠雖然存在，但是為了保護葡萄牙和其殖民地的正在 發(fā)展中的水泥業(yè)，葡萄牙在進口結構產(chǎn)品方面收取很高的稅收。第一鋼鐵廠坐落在賽沙爾，建于 1961 年，橫跨了起源與里斯本的河流并從安哥拉 獲取鐵礦石和煤炭，但是這項大的投資并沒有制止結構鋼的使用下

2、降，然而由于這家工 廠主要生產(chǎn)工業(yè)建筑用鋼以及軋制小型材， 結構鋼的使用下降幾乎限制了建筑行業(yè)的發(fā) 展。鋼結構規(guī)范反映了這一衰退， 而且直至的 19世紀 80 年代葡萄牙一直使用著過時的 規(guī)范。確切的說，大學中對鋼結構研究和教學的缺失是導致結構鋼使用量下降的原因之 一，而結構鋼使用量下降加劇了這一惡性循環(huán)。在混凝土行業(yè)情況大為不同，在這個領域，葡萄牙的土木工程國家實驗室（LNEC）是世界領先機構，而且葡萄牙市行政首長協(xié)調(diào)會和編寫混凝土規(guī)范的積極參與者。葡萄牙 地處地震風險區(qū)， 國家實驗室在混凝土結構抗震性方面做的研究和先進規(guī)范的適用性都 給予混凝土行業(yè)以信心和優(yōu)勢。因此所有土木工程課程都把重點

3、放在了混凝土的教學 上，而忽略了鋼結構和復合結構的教學。在 1974 年民主革命的幾年前，土木工程行業(yè)發(fā)生了一次深刻的教育系統(tǒng)的變革。 一個培養(yǎng)新型研究人員的大型機構成立了， 這一機構專門培養(yǎng)沒有被各大學和公共實驗 室涵蓋的研究人員并提供出國學習的資金。 里斯本技術大學工程學院是一高級技術研究 所（1ST），它是最早受益于這一大型機構的機構之一，并且鋼結構被明智地確定為土 木工程學院新型職工培訓的主要要求。由于正在進行的殖民戰(zhàn)爭，我在剛剛服完長期的兵役之后，獲得了一筆助學金是我 可以在皇家學院學習鋼結構課程。我在大學期間接受的建筑結構方面的培訓是很充分 的，但是正是由于幾何非線性和材料非線性與

4、混凝土結構聯(lián)系不大，大學的教學在這兩 方面是不足的。鋼結構的復雜性深深吸引著我，我希望可以在倫敦進行進一步的的學習 取得更高的學位，但是祖國大學的變革需要我回國。我回去了，還錯誤的認為我有能力 在里斯本建立博士點。 然而，對于葡萄牙年輕的一代來說， 1975 年是振奮人心的一年并 不適合啟動一項研究項目， 1976 年初，我申請回到皇家學院并繼續(xù)享受被中斷了的助學 金。那是我確定我想在帕特里克道林的監(jiān)督下學習， 他是我在碩士課程學習中給我印象 最深刻的講師。在處理鋼結構最新問題方面，他非常積極主動，而且他是一位天生的領 導者，他吸引了許多來自不同國家的年輕研究者組成小組，我也非常想加入。隨著新

5、的設計規(guī)則的發(fā)展和集中控制系統(tǒng)的刺激，結構鋼研究中心網(wǎng)絡為基礎，這 是歐洲鋼結構研究的黃金時期，帕特里克隊的表現(xiàn)很突出。加筋板和箱梁的非線性是當 時的研究主題，在他的監(jiān)督下研究人員利用幾個大型模型進行實驗分析。他不僅收我做 他研究方面的學生， 而且一直通過給我提供這些項目方面的工作而支持著我繼續(xù)留在皇 家大學直到我的助學金繼續(xù)發(fā)放為止。因此我的論文題目很自然地被確定下來，在接下 來的三年中，我研究了剪力滯后對寬翼緣箱梁屈曲的影響。我們的學生上司關系逐漸發(fā) 展轉變成持久的友誼關系，我與他探討論文，也與他討論會葡萄牙后的項目問題。在做 有些項目時，我會尋求他的幫助和建議，他也因此影響了葡萄牙鋼結構

6、的發(fā)展。帕特里克道林對新課題和挑戰(zhàn)有超越常人的興趣， 而且他對從行業(yè)中發(fā)現(xiàn)需要研究 和建議的新問題非常有耐心，這兩點一直影響著我在職業(yè)生涯中的做事方式。為了保持聯(lián)系， 他發(fā)出的加入由他創(chuàng)建的日刊的編委會并以成員身份參加由他主持 的歐洲規(guī)范編寫小組的邀請是很有意義的。后來，他又指導過杰奧本托。杰奧本托是他 的一個密切合作者，在發(fā)表了一篇復合結構碩士論文后，杰和帕特里克道林一起進入皇 家學院學習。杰奧本托在專家系統(tǒng)實驗室工作，這也加強了帕特里克道林與高級技術研 究所（1ST ）的聯(lián)系。2. 教學與研究1979年我剛剛回到高級技術研究所（1ST）的時候，在本科教學中教授鋼結構是一 個我沒有馬上意識到

7、的目標：安排鋼結構和復合結構課程直到 1989年才被推出。起初 是作為選修課，到 1996年以后才成為結構學生的必修課程。然而，建筑結構的碩士課程由高級技術研究所（1ST）創(chuàng)建于1981年，是教育和培 養(yǎng)鋼結構工程師的一個途徑。像結構的非線性、穩(wěn)定性、鋼結構的性能和工藝以及復合 結構（遵循集中控制手冊）等這些先進的課題是包含在學校課程內(nèi)的。同時為更新設計 人員的研究生課程也成功引進了。但是因為鋼的使用在葡萄牙即將擴大， 深入在鋼結構抗震性能和復合結構方面的研 究是非常有必要的，論述這些問題的碩士論文和博士論文都受到了重視。在地震研究方 面與米蘭理工大學的合作成立了。漸漸地，“鋼鐵共同體”在葡萄

8、牙及其國外發(fā)展成長 起來。3.cm 鋼結構和復合結構的葡萄牙協(xié)會首次嘗試建立一個屬于歐洲鋼結構協(xié)會的葡萄牙協(xié)會可以追溯到 1981 年，帕特里 克道林提出了建議并給予了幫助。他來到里斯本做演講，他談到新的碩士課程以及成為 歐洲鋼結構協(xié)會成員的優(yōu)勢，并且只有這樣才能跟上當前新規(guī)范的發(fā)展。更多的相關機 構想加入這個協(xié)會但是都失敗了，竟然是由于國家鋼鐵公司提出的寶留意見。另一次不成功的嘗試是在1992年，直到1997年我們才成功創(chuàng)立了名為cmm勺機構。 計劃把它在這一項目的國家會議的閉幕式上推出， 這次會議是在這個年輕的鋼結構教授 的幫助下在波爾圖舉辦的。 我曾有幸邀請到帕特里克道林做演講嘉賓并見證

9、了我早期項 目之一的完成。在2005年4月之前，我一直主持該協(xié)會。在這些年里，cmmS經(jīng)發(fā)展到240個成員， 包括主要的制造商、施工員、設計員和對推廣鋼結構感興趣的研究人員。正如以往所期 盼的，它是歐洲鋼結構協(xié)會的成員并且每兩年舉辦一次該領域內(nèi)最重要的國家級會議。2002年在科英布拉舉行的第三屆歐洲鋼鐵會議也是由cmn主辦的。cmm的另一個目標是在葡萄牙的主要土木工程機構建立鋼鐵研究集團。這個目標已經(jīng)實現(xiàn)，并且在里斯本州 大學、科英布拉大學、阿威羅大學、貝拉內(nèi)政部大學、布拉干薩大學和波爾圖大學都在 本科和碩士的課程中加入了鋼結構課程，該協(xié)會還資助最好的學生鋼結構項目。cmm的新主席路易斯蒙斯羅

10、席爾瓦是科英布拉土木工程系教授，他是歐洲最杰出的 年輕鋼鐵專家之一，而且是畢業(yè)于英國皇家理工學院的博士。在他的領導下尤其是在大 學教育的支持下，我相信cmm將會進入一個新的上升階段。事實上，在 cmm勺支持下， 我們共同提出了一個新的碩士學位的鋼結構和復合結構的課程。它從 2005 年由高級技 術研究所（1ST）和科英布拉聯(lián)合舉辦。它旨在很快成為一門歐洲重要的課程。早在 19世紀 80年代葡萄牙的鋼材僅用于不重要的建筑中，發(fā)展到今天，它被用于 一些高層建筑和橋梁（鋼結構和復合結構）中。我自豪地認為，cmm及其對新設計人員的培養(yǎng)極大的促進了這一增長， 但是其他歐洲國家的原材料價格調(diào)整及公眾對鋼結

11、構質 量的意見與此也是很相關的。事實上，在過去的 10 年中發(fā)生了一些需要用鋼結構方案 解決問題的大事件，例如里斯本國際展覽（ EXPO9）8 和 2004 年的歐洲運動會，其中， 里斯本國際展覽 （ EXPO9）8 的休息亭和特殊結構體現(xiàn)了鋼結構的美感， 2004年的歐洲運 動會有 10 個大型足球館使用了有趣的鋼結構屋蓋來建造或改造。因此葡萄牙公眾看到 了鋼結構成功的例子并且變得很喜歡這種結構形式。4. 未來的發(fā)展碩士學位的鋼結構和復合結構課程是受到 cmm在科英布拉和高級技術研究所（1ST） 支持的，這些課程的增設反映了大學教育系統(tǒng)在這些方面的鞏固加強，使鋼結構和混凝 土結構處于相同的地

12、位。 它構成了由我和帕特里克道林在皇家學院共同發(fā)起的最后的途 徑。按照設想，它很快將成為歐洲的頭號事件。交流設計方案信息和教材方面的經(jīng)驗會 非常有益于鋼材創(chuàng)新和使用方面的發(fā)展，cmm各會盡其最大努力使這在葡萄牙和其它有 該項目的歐洲國家中成為行業(yè)、設計單位及高校間合作的新機會：發(fā)揮鋼結構協(xié)會的新 作用。通過參考可以被所有設計者尤其是那些歐洲規(guī)范時代以前訓練有素的設計者可以 理解的復雜的新規(guī)范，設計方法和教材方面的著作要求有所創(chuàng)新，而帕特里克道林和 ESDEP項目是先鋒者。cmm給予了這一活動以最大的關注，我被邀請領導它的新編輯隊 伍，我也期待著這一挑戰(zhàn)，作為一名在有土木工程和建筑學學位授予權的

13、學院工作的教 授，我已經(jīng)可以遵循著年輕的建筑師在大跨度結構及計算機圖形方面的興趣，這些計算 機圖形并不能轉變成傳統(tǒng)的平面圖和立面圖，也不能使工程師一眼就看明白。鋼、鑄鐵 或計算機設計和制造的圖形也應探討遵循這些趨勢。 盡管這帶來的困難遠遠不只用規(guī)范 設計線性構件，但是未來的挑戰(zhàn)依然由比爾邦效應引領。另一方面，如果最近的鋼材價 格上漲并不代表一個不可逆轉的挫折， 那么葡萄牙鋼結構發(fā)展的可持續(xù)性需要在傳統(tǒng)領 域做持續(xù)不斷的研究：穩(wěn)定性、連接、防火性尤其是抗震性設計，在這一領域相關工作 也正在進行并得到了國際性的廣泛關注。致謝：因為有帕特里克道林教授的幫助，研討會給予了我這次機會，使我得以及時回國并

14、 成為我學術生涯的開端，也促進了葡萄牙鋼結構的發(fā)展在這其中他有決定性的影 響。僅以此文表達我對這位教授的敬意。參考文獻：1 安東尼雷薩諾加西亞萊曼 . 剪切滯后對寬翼緣梁屈曲的影響， 【學位論文】 . 倫敦 大學.19792杰奧本托.鋼結構只能CAD認知法，【學士論文】倫敦大學.199211附件2:外文原文The developme nt of steel structures inPortugal the in flue nee of Patrick Dowli ngAnt o nio Ressano Garcia LamasAbstractThe paper describes the i

15、n flue nee of Professor Patrick Dowli ng in the authors career and in the development of steel structures in Portugal based on university research and teachi ng and the creati on of the Portuguese Associati on for Steel and Composite Con struct ion.Keywords: Portugal; Steel; Structures; Research1.ln

16、 troducti onUp to the adve nt of rei nforced con crete and the First World War, Portugal followed the majority of European countries in the use of iron and steel. After that, foun dries existed but the structural products were imported with high taxation to protect a developing cement industry in Po

17、rtugal and the Colonies.The first steel mill was built in 1961 in Seixal, across the river from Lisbon, fed by iron ores and coal from Angola. However, this big investment did not halt the decline in the use of structural steel which became almost limited to in dustrial build ings since the main pro

18、duct ion of this pla nt was rei nforci ng bars and on ly small profiles were rolled.The state of the norms for steel structures reflected this decli ne andPortugal lived with an outdated code until the 1980s. More precisely, a vicious circle of reas ons con tributed towards a reduct ion in the use o

19、f structural steel, amongst which was the lack of research and teaching on the subject at uni versities.The situation was very differentin the field of concrete, where the NationalLaboratory for Civil Engineering(LNEC) was one of the world ' s leadinginstitutionsand Portugal was an active partic

20、ipantin the CEBand in the writingof the concrete Model Codes. Portugal being located in an earthquake risk zone, the research developed at LNEC on the seismic behaviour of con crete structures and the availability of adva need regulati ons gave con fide nee and dominance to con crete. As a con seque

21、 nee all Civil Engin eeri ng courses invo Ived exte nsive teach ing of con crete subjects and none in steel or composite structures.A few years before the 1974 democratic revolutio n a profo und reform of the higher education system took place,namely in CivilEngineering.A largeprogramme of training

22、new researchers in fields not sufficie ntly covered by universities or public laboratories was set up, offering grants to study abroad. Instituto Superior Te cnico (1ST) the Faculty of Engineering of the TechnicalUni versity of Lisb on was one of the first in stituti ons to profit from thisprogramme

23、, and steel structures were wisely chose n at the Departme nt of Civil Engineering - as a topic requiring the training of new lecturers.Having just finisheda long compulsory military service, due to the ongoingcolonial war, I was awarded a grant to follow the M.Sc. course in Steel Structures at Impe

24、rial College. My uni versity structural training had bee n thorough but insufficientin geometric and material non-linearities,precisely because theywere less releva nt for con crete structures. I remember how these complexities of steel appealed to me and I became in terested in pursu ing a further

25、degree in London, but the cha nges at the uni versity required my retur n. I went back wrongly believing that I would be able to start a Ph.D. in Lisbon. However, 1975 was a time as exciting for the young Portuguese generation as unsuitable for start ing a research project and, at the beg inning of

26、1976, I applied to retur n to Imperial College and to take advantage of the interrupted grant.By the n I was sure that I wan ted to study un der the supervisi on of Patrick Dowling, the lecturer who had most impressed meduring the M.Sc. course. He was dyn amic, concerned with tackli ng the more rece

27、 nt structural problems in steeland a natural leader whohad attracted a team of young researchers from different coun tries which I wan ted to joi n.Following the development of new design rules, stimulated by the ECCS andbased on a network of structural steel research centres, these were golden tim

28、es for steel research in Europeand Patrick ' s team was prominent. Non -linearbehaviours of stiffe ned plates and box-girders were the topics of the day and several large-scale models were being experimentallyanalysed under hissupervision.He not only accepted meas a research student but, until t

29、he renewalof my Portuguese grant, supported my stay at Imperial College by offeri ng me work in some of these projects. The subject of my thesis was thus n aturally determ in ed, and I studied the effects of shear lag on the buckli ng of wide flange4box-girders for the n ext three years.Our student

30、supervisor relation evolved into a lasting friendship and I discussed with him not only aspects of my thesis but also projects for my return to Portugal. I n several of those projects I have requested his help and advice and he has thus in flue need the developme nt of steel structures in Portugal.I

31、 will try to describe how, un derli ning first that the rare in terest ofPatrick Dowling in new topics and challenges, and the attention with which he looked for new problems from industry requiring research and design recomme ndati ons, have always in flue need me in the way I con ducted my career.

32、To mai ntai n con tacts, his in vitati on to joi n the editorial board of theJour nal he foun ded and to participate as a corresp onding member in the group for the Eurocodes he chaired were useful. Later, he supervised Jo?o Bento,a close collaborator who, after an M.Sc. thesis in composite con stru

33、ct ion cameto study at Imperial College with Patrick Dowli ng. Although Jo?o Ben to worked at theExpert Systems Laboratory, a new interest of Patrick Dowling, this has stre ngthe ned his con tacts with IST.2. Teachi ng and researchOnce back at 1ST in 1979, teachi ng steel structures at the un dergra

34、duate level was a goal that I could not immediately realise: a semester on Steel and Composite Structures was only introduced in 1989. First an optional subject, after 1996 it became compulsory for all the stude nts choos ing the Structures profile.However, the M.Sc. course in Structures, created at

35、 IST in 1981, was the vehicle for the education and training of civil engineers in steel construction. Adva need topics such as non-I in ear behaviour of structures, stability, steel properties and tech no logy, together with composite structures (followi ng the ECCSManual) were included in the syll

36、abus. At the sametime, short post-graduate courses for the updat ing of desig ners were also successfully in troduced.But for the use of steel to expa nd in Portugal it was n ecessary to develop research into the seismic behaviour of steel structures and in composite con struct ion. M.Sc. and Ph.D.

37、theses on these topics were promoted. For the seismic aspects cooperati on with the Politec nico di Mila no was established. Gradually a“steel community ” developed, trained i n Portugal and abroad.3. cmm Portuguese associati on for steel and composite con structi onThe first attempt to create a Por

38、tuguese association that could be a member of ECCS dates from 1981. The advice and help of Patrick Dowli ng was requested and give n. He came to Lisb on to lecture in the new M.Sc. course and on the advantages of being a memberof ECCS,and thus accompanythe current development of new desig n rules. T

39、he more releva nt in stituti ons were con tacted to joi n the association but the attempt failed,surprisinglydue to the reservations voicedby the Siderurgia Naci on al.Ano ther un successful attempt was madei n 1992, and only in 1997 did we man age to create an orga ni sati on n amed cmm Associa?o P

40、ortuguesa de Con stru?o Meta lica e Mista. It was pl anned to occur at the closing of the first National Meeting on the subject, organised in Oporto with the help of the new youngprofessors of Steel Structures. I had the pleasure of inviting Patrick Dowling to be a guest speaker and witnessthe fulfi

41、lment of one of my early objectives.I presided over this association until April 2005. During these years cmm has grow n to over 240 members in cludi ng the mai n manu facturers, con structors, desig ners and researchers in terested in the promoti on of steel. It is a member of ECCS, as was always i

42、ntended, and every two years organises national congresses , which are the most important events in the field. The 3rd Eurosteel, held in Coimbra in 2002, was also orga ni sed by cmm. Ano ther objective of cmm has been the establishment of research and steel groups at the main departments of Civil E

43、ngineering in Portugal. This is now a reality and steel subjects are taught in the un dergraduate and master degree courses, not only at the state uni versities of Lisb on (IST and Nova) but also at the Uni versities of Coimbra, Aveiro, Beira Interior, Bragan?a and Oporto. The association also suppo

44、rts awards to the best stude nt projects in steel.The newpresident of cmm,Lu sSim?es da Silva, is Professor at the Department of Civil Engineering in Coimbra. He is one of the most distinguished of the younger steel specialists in Europe and also has a Ph.D. from Imperial College. I expect that unde

45、r his leadership cmmwill enter a newdynamic phase, especially in the support of uni versity trai ning. Infact, with the support of cmm we havetogether proposed a new M.Sc. course in Steel and Composite Con struct ion .It is organised in collaboration between IST and Coimbra and started in 2005. It i

46、s desig ned to soon become a Europea n Masters course.The use of steel in Portugal developedfrom in sig nifica nt con struct ionsinthe early 1980s to several prese nt high-rise build ings and bridges (steel and composite). I am proud to con sider that cmm and the training of new desig ners is largel

47、y resp on sible for that growth, but the alig nment of prices of this material with those of other European countries, and the public perception of the qualities of steel structures were also releva nt. In fact, some special events requiring steel solutions have taken place during the last 10 years,

48、 such as the Lisb on intern ati onal exhibit on (EXPO98), where pavili ons and special structures exemplified the aesthetic capacities of steel, and the EURO-2004, for which in terest ing steel roofs were used in the con structi on or reno vati on of 10 large football stadiums. The Portuguese public

49、 was thus prese nted with good examples of steel structures and has adhered to them.4. Future developme ntsThe M.Sc. course in Steel and Composite Con structio n, which cmm supportsin Coimbra and IST, reflects the con solidatio n of the teachi ng of these topicsin our uni versity system, plac ing st

50、eel on a par with con crete. It con stitutes the closing of the path I initiated with Patrick Dowling at Imperial College.As envisaged, it will soon become a European Masters. The development of inno vati on and use of steel can greatly ben efit from the excha nge of experie nee, of in formatio n on

51、 desig n soluti ons and of teachi ng materials. cmm will do its best to makethis a newopportunity for cooperation between industries, designers and uni versities in Portugal and in the other Europea n coun tries invo Ived in the project: a new role for the steel associations.The writ ingof desig n aids and teachi ng materials, in which Patrick Dowli ngand the ESDEP project were pioneers, is required for making the navigation through the complex new codes accessible to all desig ners, in particular those trained before the Eurocode era. cm