建筑土木畢業(yè)設(shè)計中英文翻譯--建筑及高層建筑的組成

1、英文原文components of a buildingand tall buildingsandre1. abstractmaterials and structural forms are combined to make up the various parts of a building, incl uding the load-carry ing frame,skin, flo ors, andp artitions.the build ing also h as mechani cal and el ectrical s ystems, su ch as elev ators, h

2、ea ting and c ooling sys terns, and lighting s ystems. t he superst ructure is that part of a buil ding above ground, and the sub structure and foun da tion is th at part of a buildi ng below gr ound.franceeiffel towerthe s kyscraper owes its e xistenee t o two deve lopments o f the 19th century:ste

3、el skel eton const ruction an d the pass enger elev ator. ste el as a co n structio n material dates from the in tro ducti on of the besse mer con ver ter in 188 5.gustave eiffel (18 32-1932) i ntroduced steel cons truction i n. his de signs for the galeri e des mach ines and t he tower f or the par

4、 is exposit ion of 188 9 expresse d the ligh tn ess of t he steel f ramework.the, 984 feet (300 meters) h igh, was t he tallest structure built by man and wa s not surp assed unti i 40 years later by a series o f american skyscrape rs.new yorkeiffel towerelisha otis in st a lied the f irst eleva tor

5、 in a d epartme nt store in in 1857jn 1889, e訐 fel instal led the fi rst elevat ors on a g rand scale in the, whose hydr aulic elev ators coul d transpor t 2,350 pa ssengers t o the summ it every h our.2. loa d-carrying framemonadnockbuildingl880'chicagol930'unti i the late 19th cent ury, th

6、e e xterior wa ils of a b uilding we re used as bearing w alls to su pport the floors. th is constru ction is e ssentially a post and lint el type, a nd it i s still u sed in fra me constru ction for houses. be arin g-wall con struct ion limite d the heig ht of buil ding becau se of the enormous w a

7、ll thickn ess requir ed； for ins tance, the 16-story built in thes in had walls 5 feet (1 .5 meters)thick at the lower floors. in 1883, wil liam le ba ron jenney (1832-190 7) support ed floors on cast-ir on columns to form a cage-like con struct ion. skele ton constr ucti on, co n sisti ng o f steel

8、 be ams and co lumns* was first use d in 1889.as a cons equence of skeleton constructi on, the en closing wa ils become a "curta in wall" ra ther than servi ng a support! ng fun ction.masonry w as the cur tain wall material u ntil thes, when lig ht metal a nd glass c urtain wal is were us

9、ed. after the introd uction of buildings continued to increas e rapidly.londonaii tall buildings were built with a sk eleton of steel unti i world wa r ii. after the war,the shorta ge of stee i and the improved q uality of c on crete i ed to tall building being buil t of reinf orced cone rete. mari

10、na tower (1962) in c hicago is the talles t concrete building in the uni ted states ； its heig ht588 fee t (179 met ers)isex ceeded by the 650-fo ot (198-me ter) post office tow er inand by other towers.new york citycolumbia broadcasting system buildi ngworld trade cen ter a c hange in a ttitude ab

11、out skyscr aper const ruction ha s brought a return t o the use of the bea ring wallin, the , designed by eero s aarinen in 1962,has a perimete r wall con sisting of 5-foot (1 .5meter) w ide concre te columns spaced 10 feet (3 m eters) fro m column c enter to c enter. thi s perimete r wall, in effec

12、t, c onstitutes a bearing wall. one reason fo r this tre nd is that stiffness against t he action of wind ca n be econo mically ob tained by using the walls of t he buildin g as a tub e； thebu ilding is another ex ample of t his tube a pproach. i n contrast, rigid fr ames or ve rtical tru sses are u

13、 sually pro vided to g ive latera i stabilit y.3. skint he skin of a buildi ng consists of both t ransparent eleme nts (wi ndows)a nd opaque elements (walls). w indows are tradition ally glass , although plastics are being used, espe cially in schools wh ere breaka ge creates a mainten ance probl em

14、. the wa ii element s, which a re used to cover the structure and are s upported b y it, are built of a variety o f material s: brick,precast co ncrete, st one, opaqu e glass, p lastics, s teel, and aluminum.wood is us ed mainly in house c onstructio n； it is n ot general ly used fo r commerci alz i

15、ndust rial, or p ublic buil ding becau se of the fire hazar d.4. floor sthe const ruction of the floor s in a bui iding depe nds on the basic str uctural fr ame that i s used. in steel ske let on cons tructi on,floors are either si abs of con crete rest ing on ste el beams ora deck c onsisting of co

16、rruga ted steel with a con crete topp ing in co ncrete con struction,the floor s are eith er slabs o f concrete on con ere te beams ora series of closel y spaced c oncrete be ams (ribs)i n two di rections t opped with a thin co ncrete sla b, giving the appear ance of a waffle on its unders ide. the

17、k ind of flo or that is used depe nds on the span betw een suppor ting colum ns or wall s and the function o f the spac e. in an a partment b uilding, f or instanc e, where w alls and c olumns are spaced at 12 to 18 feet (3.7 to 5.5 met ers), the most popul ar constru ction is a solid con crete slab

18、 with no b earns. the underside of the sla b serves a s the ceil ing for th e space be low it. co rrugated s teel decks are often used in o ffice buil clings beca use the co rrugations, when enc losed by a nother she et of meta i, form du cts for te lephone an d electric al lines.5 . mechanic al and

19、 ele ctrical sy stemsa mod ern buildi ng not onl y contains the space for which it is int ended (off ice, class room, apar tment) but also cont ains ancil lary space for mecha nical and electrical systems t hat help t o provide a comforta ble en viro nment. the se an cilia ry spaces in a skysc raper

20、 offi ce buildin g may cons titute 25%of the to tai buildi ng area. t he importa nee of hea ting, vent ilating, e lectrical,and plumb ing system s in an office build i ng is sho wn by the fact that 40% of the construct i on budget is alloca ted to the m. because of the in creased us e of seale d bui

21、lding with wind ows that c annot be o pened, ela borate mec hanical sy stems are provided f or ventila tion and a ir conditi oning. due ts and pip es carry f resh air f rom centra i fan room s and air conditioni ng machine ry. the ce iling, whi ch is susp ended belo w the uppe r floor co nstruction

22、, conceals the ductw ork and co ntains the lighting units. ele ctrical wi ring for p ower and f or telepho ne communi cation may also be i ocated in this ceili ng space o r may be b uried in t he floor c onstructio n in pipes or condui ts.americanrepublicinsurancecompanybuildingdes moines, lowathere

23、 h ave been a ttempts to in corpora te the mec han ical an d electric al systems into the architectu re of buil ding by fr ankly expr essing the m； for exa mple, the (1965)in, expo ses both t he ducts a nd the flo or structu re in an o rganized a nd elegant pattern a nd dispens es with th e suspende

24、 d ceiling.this type of approa ch makes i t possible to reduce the cost of the bui iding and permits in novations,such as i n the span of the st ructure.6.soils and foundatio nsall buil ding are s upported o n the grou nd, and th e ref ore th e nature o f the soil becomes a n extremel y importan t c

25、onsider ation in t he design of any bui iding. the design of a foundat ion depend son many s oil factor s, such as type of s oil, soil stratifica tion, thic kness of s oil i avers and their compactio n, and gro un dwater c ondition s.soils rar ely have a single co mposition； they gene rally are mixt

26、ures i n layers o f varying thickness.for evalu ation, soi is are gra ded accord ing to par tide size , which in creases fr om silt to clay to s and to gra vel to roc k. in gene ral, the i arger part iclesoils will supp ort heavie r loads th an the sma iler ones.the harde st rock ca n support loads

27、up t o 100 tons per squar e foot(976 .5 metric tons/sq me ter), but the softes t silt can support a load of o nly 0.25 t on per squ are foot(2 .44 metric tons/sq m eter). all soils ben eath the s urface are in a stat e of compa ction； tha t is, they are under a pressur e that is equal to t he weight

28、 of the soi i column a bove it. m any soils (except f or most sa nds and ga vels) exhi bit elasti c properti esthey de form when compressed under loa d and rebo und when t he load is removed.the elasti city of so ils is oft en time-de pen dent, t hat is, de formati ons of the so il occur o ver a len

29、g th of time which may vary from minutes t o years af ter a load is impose d. over a period of time, a bu ilding may settle if it impose s a load o n the soil greater t han the na tural comp action wei ght of the soil. con versely, a building may heave if it impo ses loads on the soi i smaller than

30、the n atural com paction we ight. the soil may a iso flow u nder the w eight of a building； that is,it tends t o be squee zed out.pisabolognamexico citydu e to both the compac tion and f low effect s, buildin gs tend se ttle. unev en settlem ents, exem plified by the leani ng towers in and ,can have

31、 d amaging ef fectsthe building m ay lean, w alls and p artitions maycrack, windows a nd doors m ay become inoperativ e, and，in the ext re me, a buil ding may c ollapse. u niform set tlements a re not so serious, a ithough ex treme cond itions, su ch as thos e in, can have seri ous conseq uences. ov

32、 er the pas t 100 year s, a chang e in the g roundwater level the re has cau sed some b uildings t o settle m ore than 1 0 feet (3 meters). b ecause sue h movement s can occu r during a nd after c onstructio n, careful analysis of the beh avior of s oils under a buildin g is vital the great variabil

33、i ty of soil s has led to a varie ty of solu tions to t he foundat ion proble m. wherefi rm soil e xists clos e to the s urface, th e simplest solution is to rest columns o n a small slab of co ncrete(spr ead footin g). where the soil i s softer,it is nece ssary to s pread the column loa d over a g

34、reater are a； in this case, a co ntinuous s lab of con crete(raft or mat) u nder the w hole build ing is use d. in case s where th e soil nea r the surf ace is una ble to sup port the w eight of t he buildin g, piles o f wood, st eel, or co ncrete are driven do wn to firm soil.un ited statespisathe

35、con struct! on of a bu ilding pro ceeds natu rally from the found ation up t o the supe rstructure the desi gn process , however,proceeds from the r oof down t o the foun dation (in the direc tion of gr avity). in the past,the found ation was not subjec t to syste matic inve stigation.a scienti fic

36、approa ch to the design of foundation s has been developed in the 20 th centur y. karl te rzaghi of thepione ered studi es that ma de it poss ible to ma ke accurat e predict! ons of the behavior of foundat ions, usin g the scie nee of soi i mechanic s coupled with explo rati on and testing p rocedur

37、es.fo un datio n failures of the pa st, such a s the clas sical exam pie of the leaning t ower in,have becom e almost n onexistent . foundati ons still are a hidd en but cos tly part o f many bui idings.united statesth e early de velopment of high-ri se buildin gs began w ith struct ural steel frami

38、ng.reinforced concrete and stress ed-skin tu be systems have sine e been eco nomically and compet itively us ed in a nu mber of st ructures f or both re sidential and commer cial purpo ses. the h igh-rise b uildings r anging fro m 50 to 11 0 stories that are b eing built all over theare t he result

39、of innovat ions and d evelopment of new st ructural s ystems.gre ater heigh t en tails in creased colum n and beam size s to make buildi ngs more rigid so that u nder wind load they will not s way beyond an accept able limit excessiv e lateral sway may c auseseriou s recurrin g damage t o partitio n

40、s, ceilin gs, and ot her archit ectural de tails. in addition,excessive sway may c ause disco mfort to t he occupan ts of the building b ecause of their perc eption of such motio n. structu ral system s of reinf orced cone rete, as w ell as ste el, take f ull adva nt age of the in here nt pote ntial

41、 stiffness of the tot al buildin g and ther efore do n ot require additiona i stiffeni ng to limi t the sway 中文譯文建筑及高層建筑的組成安得烈1摘要材料和結(jié)構(gòu)類型是構(gòu)成建筑物各方面的組成部分，這些部分包括承重結(jié)構(gòu)、 圍護結(jié)構(gòu)、樓地面和隔墻。建筑物內(nèi)部還有機械和電氣系統(tǒng)，例如電梯、供暖 和制冷系統(tǒng)、照明系統(tǒng)等。建筑中高于地面的部分稱為上部結(jié)構(gòu)，而地面以下 的部分稱為地下結(jié)構(gòu)和基礎(chǔ)。300米摩天大樓的出現(xiàn)應(yīng)歸功于19世紀(jì)的兩個新發(fā)明：鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑和載人 電梯。鋼材作為結(jié)構(gòu)材料的應(yīng)用起源于18

42、55年貝色麥煉鋼法。古斯塔艾菲爾 (1832-19 23)在首次介紹鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑是在法國。他在1889年的巴黎國際博覽 會所設(shè)計的艾菲爾鐵塔，完美的展現(xiàn)了鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的輕巧。艾菲爾鐵塔高，是當(dāng)時 人類建造的最高建筑物，而且直到40年后才被美國的摩天大樓超越。第一部電梯是1857年el isha otis給紐約的一家百貨公司所安裝的。1889 年，艾菲爾在艾菲爾鐵塔上安裝了第一部大型液壓電梯，它每小時可以運送 2350位乘客到達塔頂。2承重框架1.5米直到19世紀(jì)后期，建筑物的外墻還仍被用做承重墻來支撐樓層，這 種結(jié)構(gòu)是基本的一種過梁類型，而且它也被用在框架結(jié)構(gòu)房屋中。因為所需墻 體的厚度很大，承重墻結(jié)

43、構(gòu)限制了建筑物的高度；例如，18 80年建于芝加哥的 1 6層高的monadn ock build ing,在較低的樓層墻體厚度已達到。18 83年， willia n le baron jenney (18 327907)用類似鳥籠形狀的鐵柱來支撐樓層。 1889年，框架結(jié)構(gòu)首次由鋼梁和鋼柱構(gòu)成。外墻成為了而不只是被用做支撐結(jié) 構(gòu)是框架結(jié)構(gòu)的一個成果。自從鋼骨架首次推岀，建筑物的高度也一直在迅速 增加。588英尺179米650英尺195米第二次世界大戰(zhàn)前，所有的高層建筑都是 由鋼骨架建造的。戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束后，鋼材的缺乏和混凝土質(zhì)量的改進，促進了鋼筋 混凝土高層建筑的發(fā)展。芝加哥的marina to

44、wers (19 62)是當(dāng)時美國最高的混 凝土建筑；它的高度是即，但是很快它就被高即的倫敦郵政塔和其它一些塔所 超過。1.5米3米人們關(guān)于摩天大樓態(tài)度的轉(zhuǎn)變使承重墻重新得到了應(yīng)用。在紐約, 由e ero saarin en于1962年設(shè)計的哥倫比亞廣播公司大樓，四周的墻由寬的混 凝土柱構(gòu)成，柱與柱的中心間距為。這種圍護墻有效地構(gòu)成了建筑物的承重墻。 這種趨勢發(fā)展的原因之一是建筑物的墻像一個管道一樣可以有利地抵抗風(fēng)的強 烈作用；世貿(mào)大樓就是另一個應(yīng)用管道法的例子。相比z下，堅固的框架或垂 直支撐則通常會使建筑的橫向更穩(wěn)定。3圍護結(jié)構(gòu)一個建筑的圍護結(jié)構(gòu)由透明的窗戶和不透明的墻組成。窗戶通常采用傳

45、統(tǒng) 上的玻璃作為材料，然而塑料也被使用，特別在破損嚴(yán)重和難以保持的學(xué)校里。 墻被用來覆蓋結(jié)構(gòu)和起支撐作用，它是由多樣化的建筑材料組成：磚、現(xiàn)澆混 凝土、石頭、不透明玻璃、塑料、鋼材和鋁材。木頭是過去建造房屋的主要材 料；但因為易燃，一般不常用于用于商業(yè)、工業(yè)和公共建筑。4樓地面3.7米5.5米一幢建筑的樓地面結(jié)構(gòu)取決于它所使用的基本結(jié)構(gòu)框架。在鋼 框架建筑屮，樓地面或者是鋼梁上的混凝土樓板，或者是由波紋鋼配有混凝土 骨料組成的地板。在混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)中，樓地面或者是混凝土梁上的混凝土樓板或 者是一系列緊密分布于混凝土梁在方向上端的薄混凝土樓板，在它的下面抹一 層抹面。這種樓地面的應(yīng)用取決于支撐柱z間

46、的距離或者墻和空間的功能性。 在一棟公寓大樓中，例如，當(dāng)墻和柱隔開到時，最常見的結(jié)構(gòu)是無梁實心混凝 土樓蓋。樓蓋的下表面是樓蓋以下空間的最高限度。而波紋鋼地板則常用于辦 公大樓屮，這是因為當(dāng)波紋鋼地板的波紋被另一塊金屬板蓋上時，可以形成電 話線和電線管道。5機械與電力系統(tǒng)一個現(xiàn)代建筑不僅要有必要使用空間而且也要包括機械、電力系統(tǒng)等輔助 空間，以便提供一個舒適的生活環(huán)境。這些輔助空間可能占摩天大樓總建筑面 積的25%o在一個辦公大樓中，供暖、通風(fēng)、電力和衛(wèi)生設(shè)備系統(tǒng)的預(yù)算額占 實際建筑總預(yù)算額的40 %,這足以顯示它們在建筑中的重要性。因為現(xiàn)在許多 建筑被建造成密封的，窗戶不能被打開，因此便要由機械系統(tǒng)提供通風(fēng)設(shè)備和 空氣調(diào)