世界上的14個(gè)生態(tài)村

1、世界上的 14 個(gè)生態(tài)村武夷山美國(guó)華盛頓大學(xué)政治學(xué)和環(huán)境學(xué)教授 KarenLitfin 女士 2013 年底在美國(guó) Polity 出版社出了一本書(shū)，題為 Ecovillages : Lessons For Sustainable Community （生態(tài)村： 可 持續(xù)發(fā)展社區(qū)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)） 。作者采訪了世界各國(guó)的 14 個(gè)生 態(tài)村，寫(xiě)成此書(shū)。我發(fā)現(xiàn)，這些生態(tài)村的規(guī)?？偲饋?lái)說(shuō)都很 小，故對(duì)于人口密集的中國(guó)沒(méi)有直接借鑒價(jià)值，但這樣的探 索極其可貴，因?yàn)槿祟?lèi)的未來(lái)也許就系于這樣的探索。 下面，我將各生態(tài)村介紹中的人口數(shù)（或相關(guān)事實(shí)）擇譯出 來(lái)，可見(jiàn)其規(guī)模較小。 1. 印度的 Auroville 。這

2、里居住著來(lái)自 43 個(gè)國(guó)家的 2000 多人。Auroville is first and foremost an international township with a spiritual objective to embody the ideal of human unity and its ecological work comes as a consequence. Auroville' soverarching vision is grounded in the Integral Yoga of Sri Aurobindo, which understands bioph

3、ysical reality as an evolutionary unfoldment of Spirit.Founded in 1968 upon a severely eroded plateau in south India, the first order of business for the pioneers was to revitalize the land. Three million trees later, Auroville is home to over 2,000 people from 43 different countries and is one of t

4、he few placeson Earth where biodiversity is actually increasing.2. 西非的Colufifa。Colufifa是法文“消滅饑餓委員會(huì)”的縮寫(xiě)。Colufifa 并不是一個(gè)生態(tài)村，而是 350 個(gè)西非村莊構(gòu)成的網(wǎng)絡(luò)，以塞 內(nèi)加爾為中心。這些村莊都從事有機(jī)農(nóng)業(yè)。Colufifa, a French acronym for the Committee to End Hunger(Comit dde lutte pour la Fin de la Faim), is not really an ecovillage. Rather, it

5、 is a Senegal-based network of 350 West African villages seeking to become self-sufficient through the following efforts:organic farmingmicrofinanceadult literacymalaria preventionColufifa 's work, as in much of the developing world, is not to build new villages but to make the existing ones sus

6、tainable.3. 澳大利亞的 Crystal Waters 永續(xù)耕作(有人譯為“樸門(mén)農(nóng) 藝”)村。居民約 200 人。In 1984, when Crystal Waters Permaculture Village was foundedin northeastern Australia, it was the world' s first permaculturevillage. Some 200 residents now live on 85 private one-acre lots, with another 500-some acres held in common

7、 as a wildlifesanctuary. As a consequence, kangaroos and wallabies are acommon sight along the road.In a region plagued by extreme drought, Crystal Waters stands out as a sparkling oasis whose intricate network of dams channels rainwater into thriving streams and lakes.By rural Australian standards,

8、 the community is high-density; most homes deploy solar energy and rainwater catchment. Yet the nearest town is a 30-minute drive and the community itself is spread across five steep ridges, making Crystal Waters very much part of the dominant car culture.Residents enjoy their own bakery, a communit

9、y center, and a monthly country market.4. 意大利的 Damanhur。 30 個(gè)“核心”社區(qū)共居住了 600 個(gè)Damanhur ' s roughly 600 residents live in 30 communities, called “ nucleos, ” spread across a spectacular subalpine valley in northern Italy. Each nucleo in the Damanhur Federation is devoted to a specific field: solar

10、 energy, seed saving, organic meat production, education, healing, etc.Appropriately, Dendera, a new nucleo dedicated to international' s m-opsat cfaesdt, high-techexchange, served as my gracious host.Damanhur may be the world ecovillage. For instance: It has its own molecular biology lab that t

11、ests for genetically modified food a smart-phone for every member and a highly successful complementary currency the credito.5. 美國(guó)北卡的地球港?，F(xiàn)有 60 人，計(jì)劃擴(kuò)充到 150 人。My first stop was Earthaven, a picturesque 320-acre off-grid community and educational center nestled in the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Caro

12、lina.Established in 1994, Earthaven aspires to be“ a living laboratoand educational seed bank for a sustainable human future.”roughly 60 members share an affinity for permaculture and aim to become a self-sustaining village of 150 living on 56 home sites.6. 美國(guó)紐約州的綺色佳生態(tài)村。 居住著約 100 位成年人， 60 個(gè)孩子。EcoVil

13、lage at Ithaca, with its architectural designs and angular wooden construction, sees itself as a model for middle America.A suburban co-housing community with roughly 100 adults and60 children living on 175 acres in upstate New York, EVI has succeeded in reducing its average per capita ecological fo

14、otprint to about half the U.S. average, while enjoying most of the comforts and conveniences of the proverbial American Dream plus much more.Residents enjoy trails for walking and cross-country skiing and a pond for swimming and ice-skating, as well as the bounty from two ecovillage farms. Other ame

15、nities include a plethora of on-site businesses as well as offices for working from home, a tool library, car sharing, a chi ldren ' s room, a fitness room, and much more.7. 蘇格蘭的 Findhorn Foundation 。核心成員有 400 人，周邊 地區(qū)還居住著支持其理念的數(shù)百人，每年來(lái)生態(tài)村訪問(wèn)的客 人有數(shù)千人次。As the community 's website says, the Findh

16、orn Foundation is spiritual community, ecovillage and an international centre for holistic learning, helping to unfold a new human consciousness and create a positive and sustainable future.” Widely perceiveas “the mother of all ecovillages.” Findhorn began in 1962 whenthree spiritual seekers with n

17、o previous gardening experience transformed a barren, windy bluff on the North Sea into a cornucopia. They attributed their success to their contact with nature spirits. Their astonishing results, inexplicable by normal scientific criteria, were broadcast all over the world; by the 70s,Findhorn had

18、become a Mecca for New Age seekers. Now, Findhorn members serve as consultants for the United Nations and multinational corporations. While formal membership is around 400, the wider community includes hundreds more supporters living nearby and thousands more visitors. While Findhorn still grows ple

19、nty of vegetables in its Cullerne Gardens, it primary focus to day is on“ growing people ” through apopular smorgasbord of conferences and workshops on spiritual and ecological themes. Official website: 1 Virtual tour: /aboutus/virtual-tour/8. 日本的 Konohana Family 。截至 2012 年， 這里

20、居住著 58 個(gè) 成人，25 個(gè)孩子。Konohana Family, an ecovillage that sits under the towering presence of Japan's Mt. Fuji, takes its name from the goddessonce thought to inhabit this venerable mountain.As of 2012, 58 adults and 25 children belong to the Konohana Family. Because members share close quarters, a

21、ll meals and all finances, their ecological footprint is about 1/3 the Japanese average or 1/6 the US average. In other words, a Konohana lifestyle would be sustainable if everyone on Earth lived it.The community 's bountiful fields grow 250 varieties of rice, soy,and vegetables. Farming is at o

22、nce the basis of the community collective economy, its efforts to come into harmony with nature, and its spiritual life. Konohana's motto is,“ Before cultivatthe field, first cultivate the mind.”9. 洛杉磯生態(tài)村。約居住著 50 人。After nearly 9 months on the road and in the air, I came full circle, returning t

23、o my home country by way of the graffiti-strewn East Hollywood neighborhood that is home to Los Angeles Ecovillage.Having lived for 14 years in southern California, the epicenter of American hyper-individualism, I was curious to see what 50 adults committed to green living in a gritty urban neighbor

24、hood could accomplish.10. 斯里蘭卡的 Sarvodaya 運(yùn)動(dòng)。該運(yùn)動(dòng)旨在貫徹圣雄甘地 的鄉(xiāng)村自給自足理念，參與該運(yùn)動(dòng)的約有 1.5 萬(wàn)個(gè)村莊。村 民們民主決定要上什么公益項(xiàng)目后，就大家出工出力。秉持 Sarvodaya 理念的村民們會(huì)說(shuō)： “我們修建了道路，道路打造 了我們”。When people ask how many ecovillages there are in the world, I tell them it depends upon whether you count the 15,000 Sri Lankan villa ges working

25、with Sarvodaya, Sri Lanka' s largestnongovernmental organization.11德國(guó)的七椴樹(shù)生態(tài)村。住有100 名成人， 40 名孩子。Sieben Linden, named for seven linden trees on the land, is another ecovillage that sprouted in the fertile soil of the East after German reunification.Founded in 1997, this off-grid community of about

26、 100 adults and 40 children now occupies roughly 200 acres of farmland and pine plantation.12. 丹麥的Svanholm。住著85位成人，56個(gè)孩子。Svanholm is a rural Danish community of 85 adults and 56 children.With nearly half of its 988 acres devoted to organic farming, Svanholm 's farms dwarf those of most ecovillag

27、es and its farmers have played a pivotal role in setting Danish and therefore EUorganic standards.What most interested me, though, was this commune -year's 30commitment to income sharing. The vast majority of the back-to-the-land communes of the 60s and 70s failed but this one has flourished. If

28、 sharing is the essence of ecovillage life, then surely full-on financial sharing deserves our atte n tio n especia l ly when the community is as prosperous asSvanholm.13. 德國(guó)的 UfaFabrik 。社區(qū)內(nèi)只住了 35 人，社區(qū)各類(lèi)服務(wù)包括有機(jī)咖啡廳、有機(jī)面包房、武術(shù)練功房、表演廳、兒 童活動(dòng)場(chǎng)所，等等）另外雇傭了 150 人，。UfaFabrik is an urban ecovillage that began in 1979 when about 100 squatters occupied the former Universal Film Studios in the heart of West Berlin. Thei