英語句子概論課件

1、高中英語語法復(fù)習(xí)專題英語句子概論學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)學(xué)習(xí)英語句子基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)學(xué)會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)英語句子基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)學(xué)會(huì)分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)且能準(zhǔn)確辨識(shí)分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)且能準(zhǔn)確辨識(shí)句子類型句子類型英語詞性英語詞性實(shí)詞實(shí)詞名詞名詞 n.代詞代詞pron.數(shù)詞數(shù)詞num.形容詞形容詞adj./a.副詞副詞adv.動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞v.虛詞虛詞冠詞冠詞art. 介詞介詞prep. 連詞連詞conj.助詞助詞aux. 判斷詞判斷詞 yes no動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)名詞 gerund;現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞 present participle 不定式不定式infinitive 過去分詞過去分詞 past participle 表示句子說的是什么人或什么事表示句子說

2、的是什么人或什么事, ,由名，代，數(shù)，不定式，動(dòng)名詞，短語或句子充當(dāng)由名，代，數(shù)，不定式，動(dòng)名詞，短語或句子充當(dāng)位于句首。位于句首。 說明主語做什么，是什么或怎么樣說明主語做什么，是什么或怎么樣由動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞詞組充當(dāng)由動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞詞組充當(dāng), , 位于主語后。位于主語后。 表示動(dòng)作行為的對象表示動(dòng)作行為的對象, ,通常位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞后通常位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞后面。面。 補(bǔ)補(bǔ)充賓語的成分充賓語的成分,通常位于賓語后通常位于賓語后。由形容詞，由形容詞，名詞，介詞短語等充當(dāng)。名詞，介詞短語等充當(dāng)。 說明主語的性說明主語的性質(zhì)或特征質(zhì)或特征,位于系動(dòng)詞之后。位于系動(dòng)詞之后。以上的成分稱為以上的成分稱為基本

3、句子成分基本句子成分。完整的句子一般。完整的句子一般至少包含至少包含2-4個(gè)基本成分個(gè)基本成分。主語主語:謂語謂語:賓語賓語:賓語補(bǔ)足語賓語補(bǔ)足語:表語表語: 修飾名詞或代詞修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語的詞、短語或從句稱為定語定語可由以下等成分表示：定語可由以下等成分表示：guilin is a beautiful city.china is a developing country; america is a developed country.there are thirty women teachers is our school.his rapid progress in e

4、nglish made us surprised. our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.the teaching plan for next term has been worked out.he is reading an article about how to learn english.tom is a boy who likes music very much.（形容詞）（形容詞）（分詞）（分詞）（名詞）（名詞）（代詞）（代詞）（不定式（不定式）（動(dòng)名詞）（動(dòng)名詞）（介詞短語）（介詞短語）（從句）（從句）定語：

5、定語： 修飾修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子，說明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語。說明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語。通常有副詞，介詞短語和從句充當(dāng)通常有副詞，介詞短語和從句充當(dāng)狀語狀語同位語同位語: 對其前面的名詞代詞做進(jìn)一步解釋對其前面的名詞代詞做進(jìn)一步解釋. that is mr. chen, our english teacher. 插入語插入語: 對一句話作一些附加的解釋對一句話作一些附加的解釋. to be honest, i dont quite agree with you.定語，狀語，同位語及插入語可以稱為定語，狀語，同位語及插入語可以稱為

6、附屬句子成分附屬句子成分。英語句子的種類英語句子的種類使用目的使用目的陳述句陳述句疑問句疑問句 感嘆句感嘆句祈使句祈使句英語句子的種類英語句子的種類句子結(jié)構(gòu)句子結(jié)構(gòu)簡單句簡單句 (simple sentence)并列句并列句 (compound sentence)復(fù)合句復(fù)合句 (complex sentence)簡單句簡單句 (simple sentence)a. 只包含一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)只包含一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu) mary opened the door.b. 兩個(gè)主語和一個(gè)謂語兩個(gè)主語和一個(gè)謂語 steve and his friend are coming to dinner. 簡單句的簡單句的五種基

7、本句型五種基本句型基本句型基本句型 一一1. time 2. the sun 3. the man4. everybodyflies. rises. cooked. laughed此句型中動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞此句型中動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞,能表達(dá)完整意思。能表達(dá)完整意思。主語可有修飾語主語可有修飾語-定語，謂語可有修飾語定語，謂語可有修飾語-狀語，狀語，如，如，the red sun rises in the east.基本句型 二1. he 2. the dinner3. the weather is smellsbecame tall and strong. good. warmer. 此句型中謂語

8、動(dòng)詞都不能表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意思，必須加上一個(gè)表明此句型中謂語動(dòng)詞都不能表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意思，必須加上一個(gè)表明主語身份或狀態(tài)的表語構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語，才能表達(dá)完整的意思。主語身份或狀態(tài)的表語構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語，才能表達(dá)完整的意思。系系動(dòng)詞有三類：動(dòng)詞有三類：1.表示特征和存在狀態(tài)的：表示特征和存在狀態(tài)的： be, seem, appear, feel ,look, smell, sound, taste2. 表狀態(tài)延續(xù)的：表狀態(tài)延續(xù)的：remain, stay, keep, continue, stand3. 表狀態(tài)變化表狀態(tài)變化 的：的：become, get, turn, go, run, fall, co

9、me, grow 基本句型基本句型 三三（及物動(dòng)詞）（及物動(dòng)詞）(賓語賓語) 1. who 2. she 3. i 4. i5. iknows laugh at want dont knowenjoythe answer? her. to have a cup of tea.what to do.living here.此句型中的謂語動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞，必須跟一個(gè)賓語，此句型中的謂語動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞，必須跟一個(gè)賓語，才能使意思完整，而賓語成分的多樣化使這一結(jié)構(gòu)異才能使意思完整，而賓語成分的多樣化使這一結(jié)構(gòu)異常復(fù)雜。常復(fù)雜。 基本句型基本句型 四四（及物）（及物）（多指人）（多指人）（多指物）（多指物

10、）1. i 2. heshowedboughthimme my pictures. a beautiful skirt.此句型中的謂語動(dòng)詞必須有兩個(gè)賓語才能表達(dá)完整此句型中的謂語動(dòng)詞必須有兩個(gè)賓語才能表達(dá)完整的意思。這兩個(gè)賓語一個(gè)是動(dòng)作的直接承受者（多的意思。這兩個(gè)賓語一個(gè)是動(dòng)作的直接承受者（多指物），另一個(gè)是動(dòng)作的間接賓語（多指人）。指物），另一個(gè)是動(dòng)作的間接賓語（多指人）。若要先說出直接賓語，后說間接賓語，則要借助與若要先說出直接賓語，后說間接賓語，則要借助與介詞介詞to 或或for。he bought me a beautiful skirt.he bought a beautiful

11、skirt for me.用用to側(cè)重指動(dòng)作的方向，表示側(cè)重指動(dòng)作的方向，表示朝著，向著，對著某人。朝著，向著，對著某人。用用for 側(cè)重指動(dòng)作的受益者，表示側(cè)重指動(dòng)作的受益者，表示為了某人，替某人。為了某人，替某人。常跟雙賓語的動(dòng)詞有：常跟雙賓語的動(dòng)詞有：（需借助（需借助 to的）的）bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等等（需借助（需借助for的）的）buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, ma

12、ke, order, sing等。等。 基本句型基本句型 五五（及物）（及物） （賓語）（賓語）（賓補(bǔ)）（賓補(bǔ)）1. we 2. they 3. we 4. i keep call asked saw the table supper him them clean. dinner. to come back soon. getting on the bus. 此句型中謂語動(dòng)詞除了跟一個(gè)賓語外，還需跟一此句型中謂語動(dòng)詞除了跟一個(gè)賓語外，還需跟一個(gè)補(bǔ)充成分來不足賓語，才能使意思完整。個(gè)補(bǔ)充成分來不足賓語，才能使意思完整。注意：用注意：用 it it 做形式賓語，而將真正的賓語放到做形式賓語，而將真

13、正的賓語放到賓語補(bǔ)足語的后面，是英語常用句型。賓語補(bǔ)足語的后面，是英語常用句型。即即 主語主語 + 謂語謂語 + it + 賓補(bǔ)賓補(bǔ) + 真正賓語真正賓語。如，。如，i found it very pleasant to be with your family.常用于此句型的動(dòng)詞有常用于此句型的動(dòng)詞有:think, believe, consider, suppose, find, feel, make使用使用it當(dāng)形式賓語翻譯下面的句子當(dāng)形式賓語翻譯下面的句子1.他感到很難跟你交談。他感到很難跟你交談。 2.我認(rèn)為有可能用另一種方法解題。我認(rèn)為有可能用另一種方法解題。 3.學(xué)校定了一條規(guī)則，

14、開始上課時(shí)學(xué)生要起立。學(xué)校定了一條規(guī)則，開始上課時(shí)學(xué)生要起立。 4. 我認(rèn)為與那個(gè)人談話是無益的。我認(rèn)為與那個(gè)人談話是無益的。 1.he felt it very difficult to talk with you. 2.i consider it possible to work out the problem in another way. 3.the school made it a rule that the students should stand up when class begins. 4.i thought it no use talking with that man1

15、. you are sitting on the train home.2. there comes the bus !3. the egos potential for expansion is limitless.4. breckenridge hosts the international snow sculpture championships.5. our neighbors gave us a baby bird yesterday.6. we think it our duty to study well.判斷下列句子屬于何種句式判斷下列句子屬于何種句式exercises :ex

16、ercises :更正下列句子的錯(cuò)誤更正下列句子的錯(cuò)誤exercises :exercises :1. he came the room. 2. the music sounds. 3. i have seen. 4. he gave a pen me. 5. the boss made the boy to work hard. 6. my father bought a book to me. 1. he came into the room. 2. the music sounds wonderful. 3. i have seen the film.4. he gave a pen t

17、o me. 5. the boss made the boy work hard. 6. my father bought a book for me . exercises :exercises : 翻譯下列句子并分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)：翻譯下列句子并分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)：1. 1.我經(jīng)常在早晨讀英語。我經(jīng)常在早晨讀英語。 2. 2.瑪麗是個(gè)聰明的學(xué)生。瑪麗是個(gè)聰明的學(xué)生。3.3.我的老師交給我一封信。我的老師交給我一封信。4. 4.我母親經(jīng)常叫我努力學(xué)習(xí)。我母親經(jīng)常叫我努力學(xué)習(xí)。5. 5.我們叫我們的老師王先生我們叫我們的老師王先生 6. 6.他正在房里做家庭作業(yè)。他正在房里做家庭作業(yè)。1. i often

18、 read english in the morning. 2. mary is a clever student. 3. my teacher gave me a letter. 4. my mother often asks me to study hard. 5. we call our teacher mr. wang. 6. he is doing his homework in the room. 主主 + + 謂謂 + + 賓賓主主 + + 系系 + + 表表 主主 + + 謂謂 + + 雙賓雙賓 主主+ + 謂謂 + + 賓賓 + +賓補(bǔ)賓補(bǔ)主主+ + 謂謂 + + 賓賓 +

19、+ 賓補(bǔ)賓補(bǔ)主主 + + 謂謂 + + 賓賓英語句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸納成英語句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸納成五種基本五種基本句型及其擴(kuò)大、組合、省略或倒裝。句型及其擴(kuò)大、組合、省略或倒裝。掌握這五種基本句型，是掌握各種英語句掌握這五種基本句型，是掌握各種英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)。子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)。英語句子的種類英語句子的種類句子結(jié)構(gòu)句子結(jié)構(gòu)簡單句簡單句 (simple sentence)并列句并列句 (compound sentence)復(fù)合句復(fù)合句 (complex sentence)并列句并列句(compound sentence): 把兩個(gè)或幾個(gè)簡單句用把兩個(gè)或幾個(gè)簡單句用并列連詞連接起來，則成連接起來，

20、則成為一個(gè)并列句。為一個(gè)并列句。 i turned on the tv. i watched it. i turned on the tv and watched it. i bought my sister a present. she didnt like it. i bought my sister a present,but she didnt like it. 并列句并列句并列句并列句常用并列連詞常用并列連詞coordinating conjunctions 平行并列連詞平行并列連詞: 轉(zhuǎn)折并列連詞：轉(zhuǎn)折并列連詞： 因果并列連詞因果并列連詞: 選擇并列連詞選擇并列連詞:and,bot

21、hand, not only but also, neithernorbut,however,while,yetfor,soor,eitherorexercise:請用合適的并列連詞把每組句子合并為一個(gè)并列句請用合適的并列連詞把每組句子合并為一個(gè)并列句。he was tired, so he went to bed.1. he was tired. he went to bed. 2. the child hid behind his mothers skirt. he was afraid of the dog.3. he made a promise. he didnt keep it.h

22、e made a promise, but he didnt keep it. the child hid behind his mothers skirt, for he was afraid of the dog.復(fù)合句復(fù)合句 = 主句主句 + 從句從句主句是一個(gè)完整的句子主句是一個(gè)完整的句子(independent sentence),它可以獨(dú)立存在。它可以獨(dú)立存在。從句是一個(gè)不完整的句子從句是一個(gè)不完整的句子,它必須和一它必須和一個(gè)主句連用，不能獨(dú)立存在個(gè)主句連用，不能獨(dú)立存在.復(fù)合句復(fù)合句名詞性從句（主，賓，表，同）名詞性從句（主，賓，表，同）形容詞性從句（定語從句）形容詞性從句（定

23、語從句）副詞性從句副詞性從句 （狀語從句）（狀語從句）副詞性從句副詞性從句 （狀語從句）（狀語從句）九大狀語從句：九大狀語從句：時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，原因，條件，時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，原因，條件，結(jié)果，目的，讓步，方式，比較結(jié)果，目的，讓步，方式，比較i was driving to the airport at 5 p.m. .i was driving to the airport when it begun to rain.we didnt hear from him 3 years ago.we havent heard from him since he left beijing.i did it be

24、cause of the requirement.i did it because they asked me to do it.if it is necessary, i can come at six.he spoke in a loud voice so that everyone in the room might hear.he left early in order that he might arrive in time.although it was cold, he went out without an coat. 判斷下列句子是簡單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句：1. we oft

25、en study chinese history on friday afternoon.2. the boy who offered me his seat is called tom.3. there is a chair in this room.4. my brother and i go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.簡單句簡單句 復(fù)合句復(fù)合句 簡單句簡單句 簡單句簡單句 5. he is in class one and i am in c

26、lass two.6. he was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.7. neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so.8. what he said at the meeting is very important.9. the farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.10. both tom and jack enjoy country music.并列句并列句 復(fù)合句復(fù)合句 并列句并列句 復(fù)合句復(fù)合句 簡單句簡單句 簡單句簡單句 w

27、ith the influence of history, society and culture, there are no precise criteria which can be used to judge what is beautiful.賓語賓語原因原因受歷史、社會(huì)和文化的影響，沒有精確的衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來判斷受歷史、社會(huì)和文化的影響，沒有精確的衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來判斷什么是美。什么是美。(b6 p.34)結(jié)構(gòu)分析：結(jié)構(gòu)分析：本句主句是本句主句是there are no precise criteria;介詞短介詞短語語with.culture作作_狀語狀語;which 引導(dǎo)一個(gè)定語從句，引導(dǎo)一個(gè)

28、定語從句，修飾了先行詞修飾了先行詞criteria;而而what引導(dǎo)了一個(gè)引導(dǎo)了一個(gè)_從句。從句。你會(huì)翻譯嗎？你會(huì)翻譯嗎？although his teachers predicted a career in acting, rowan was not convinced himself, until he met a group of talented people at university, who were involved in theatre and he realized this could be a career for him. 盡管羅恩的老師預(yù)測到他在表演方面的職業(yè)，盡管

29、羅恩的老師預(yù)測到他在表演方面的職業(yè)，他還是對自己沒有信心，直到他在大學(xué)遇到他還是對自己沒有信心，直到他在大學(xué)遇到一群有才華，專心于戲劇的人，他意識(shí)到這一群有才華，專心于戲劇的人，他意識(shí)到這就是他的職業(yè)。就是他的職業(yè)。結(jié)構(gòu)分析：結(jié)構(gòu)分析：本句是一個(gè)含有四個(gè)從句的復(fù)合句，本句是一個(gè)含有四個(gè)從句的復(fù)合句，主句是主句是rowan was not convinced himself.and he realized.兩個(gè)并列句。第一個(gè)從句是由兩個(gè)并列句。第一個(gè)從句是由although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句;第二個(gè)是第二個(gè)是until引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句語從句;第三個(gè)從句是第三個(gè)從句

30、是who引導(dǎo)的定語從句，先行引導(dǎo)的定語從句，先行詞是詞是_ ;第四個(gè)從句第四個(gè)從句this could be a career for him，是，是realized的的_, 省略了連詞省略了連詞_。people賓語從句賓語從句that掌握語法，學(xué)好英語。掌握語法，學(xué)好英語。 a lebanese who had left the country for syria during the conflict between israel and hizbollah, returns with her family following the ceasefire, at the lebanon-s

31、yria border in magdel anjar august 14, 2006. s + v ()找出下面句子的主干：找出下面句子的主干： first put forward by the french mathematician pierre de format in the seventeenth century, the theorem（定理）（定理） had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a french woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the ecolab polytechnique. （nmet2003.c篇）篇） 這個(gè)定理，先是由十七世紀(jì)法國數(shù)學(xué)家皮爾法特提這個(gè)定理，先是由十七世紀(jì)法國數(shù)學(xué)家皮爾法特提出，曾使一批杰出的數(shù)學(xué)大