國際商法——揭開公司面紗(英文版)

1、CONTENTScircumstancesdefinitioncase揭開公司面紗：An expression indicating that the legal fiction that a company is a separate legal entity will be set aside and the shareholders of the company will be held liable for its conduct as if they were partners in a partnership.Why shall we piercing the veil of th

2、e company?Why shall we piercing the veil of the company?Sometimes the shareholder may abuse the right and status of the independent entity(the company) to pursue his own interest and this conduct have bad impact on the creditors.一些公司股東濫用公司的獨(dú)立人格和有限責(zé)任，以合法的“面紗”掩蓋非法的目的，使之成為股東逃避公司債務(wù)的手段。The Controlled Com

3、pany(不當(dāng)控制)The Alter Ego Company(財(cái)產(chǎn)混合)Undercapitalization(資本嚴(yán)重不足)Personal Assumption of Liability(人格混同)The Controlled Company不當(dāng)控制/被控制的公司The corporate status of a controlled company will be ignored if (1) its financing and management are so closely connected to its parent that it does not have any ind

4、ependent decision-making authority and(2)it is induced to enter into a transaction beneficial to the parent but detrimental(不利的) to it and to third parties.資金和管理幾乎完全依賴于母公司，無獨(dú)立決策權(quán)資金和管理幾乎完全依賴于母公司，無獨(dú)立決策權(quán)The Alter Ego Company財(cái)產(chǎn)混合/非獨(dú)立實(shí)體The company veil will be pierced if the company is not treated by its

5、 shareholders as a separate juridical entity-that is ,it is treated as the alter ego of the shareholders.Examples of such conduct include the commingling（混合） of corporate and personal assets,the use of company assets by shareholders for their own personal benefit,and the failure to hold and record m

6、inutes of board of directors meetings.公司不被視為一個(gè)具有獨(dú)立的法律實(shí)體公司不被視為一個(gè)具有獨(dú)立的法律實(shí)體 Alter Ego:another self.An alter ego company is one that is not treated by its owners as a separate entity.案例解釋財(cái)產(chǎn)混同北京順義建設(shè)開發(fā)公司與北京三界外文化藝術(shù)公司、林信成委托合同糾紛一案。法院認(rèn)為三界外公司作為獨(dú)立的企業(yè)法人,其財(cái)產(chǎn)應(yīng)是單獨(dú)運(yùn)營核算。但三界外公司的相關(guān)項(xiàng)目資金未存銀行,由大股東和總經(jīng)理林信成保管,全部收支以現(xiàn)金方式結(jié)算，完全符

7、合公司與公司股東和總經(jīng)理林信成財(cái)產(chǎn)混同的特征和條件。林信成應(yīng)當(dāng)對三界外公司此間產(chǎn)生的債務(wù)承擔(dān)連帶責(zé)任。Undercapitalization資本嚴(yán)重不足資本嚴(yán)重不足/資本低估資本低估When a company has insufficient capital at the time it is formed to meet its prospective debts or potential liabilities,the courts will sometimes set aside the corporate veil.This is especially so if the corpo

8、ration later fails to obtain the amount of insurance that any reasonable business would be expected to have as a matter of public responsibility.公司資金嚴(yán)重不足無法滿足預(yù)期債務(wù)和保險(xiǎn)公司資金嚴(yán)重不足無法滿足預(yù)期債務(wù)和保險(xiǎn)案例解釋資產(chǎn)不足母公司擁有一個(gè)車隊(duì)，出租給子公司，并由子公司的員工去駕駛運(yùn)營，兩家公司構(gòu)成單一的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)體，本來就不應(yīng)該分割開的，如子公司破產(chǎn)，讓資本不足的子公司承擔(dān)全部的運(yùn)營風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，而母公司不擔(dān)任何風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，對交易相對人來說是不公平的，母公

9、司應(yīng)該為子公司的債務(wù)買單Personal Assumption of Liability人格混同/個(gè)人責(zé)任的假設(shè)Shareholders can personally assume liability for the obligations of a company.This is especially common if a company is new or small marginally successful.Creditors will seldom lend money to such a company without the shareholders personally gu

10、aranteeing the performance of the company.新公司或小公司須有持股人作保證才可以貸款新公司或小公司須有持股人作保證才可以貸款案例解釋人格混同福建前沿通訊公司與永鼎集團(tuán)公司、江蘇永鼎股份公司居間合同糾紛一案。被告系母子公司，母子公司在合同簽約、履約行為過程中存在人員混同、賬戶相同、經(jīng)營地址和聯(lián)系電話相同等諸多混同現(xiàn)象，法院認(rèn)為可認(rèn)定為法人人格混同，母子公司應(yīng)對債務(wù)承擔(dān)連帶責(zé)任Garden contamination case 花園污染案例案例簡介：1986年，蘇聯(lián)一處核能站爆炸，污染物被風(fēng)吹到南邊的德國，使德國一處花園所有者（原告）損失，要求蘇聯(lián)（被告）賠償無果。案例分析：1.First,the plaintiff can point to no international agreements.德國和蘇聯(lián)沒有簽過合約 2.To reiterate, only a state, not a individual.國際法規(guī)定a國在此情況下有義務(wù)通知可能遭受其損害的別國，否則造成損失某國可要求賠償,但個(gè)人無此權(quán)利。3，Only imposes liability on the operator of a n