高中有機化學(xué)知識歸納

1、( 完整免費版 )高中有機化學(xué)知識歸納（(complete free edition) organic chemistry knowledge induction in senior high school）complete version of senior high school organic chemistry knowledge point induction (1) homologues a substance with a structure similar to that of one or more ch2 atoms in molecular composition. th

2、e key points of homologues determination: 1, the same general formula, but the same formula, not necessarily homologous. 2. the type of constituent elements must be the same 3, structural similarity refers to the similar atomic connection mode, the same class and number of functional groups. structu

3、ral similarity is not necessarily the same, such as ch3ch2ch3 and (ch3) 4c, the former has no branched chain, and the latter has branched chain remains homologues. 4, the molecular composition must differ by one or several ch2 atoms, but the composition of the same formula is one or several ch2 atom

4、s are not necessarily homologues, such as ch3ch2br and ch3ch2ch2cl are composed of a halogenated hydrocarbon, and difference of ch2 atoms, but not homologues. 5, isomers are not homologues. two, isomer compounds have the same molecular formula, but the phenomenon of different structures is called is

5、omerism. isomers of compounds with isomerism. 1. the types of isomers: the carbon chain isomerism: refers to the connection between carbon atoms into different chain or ring structure caused by the heterogeneous. such as c5h12, there are three isomers, namely, pentane, pentane and new pentane. the p

6、osition of the heterogeneous: refers to functional groups or substituents on the carbon chain positions caused by the different heterogeneous. such as 1 - butene and 2 - butene, 1 - propanol and 2 - propanol, o-xylene and p-xylene, and p-xylene. the heterogeneous heterogeneous refers to different fu

7、nctional groups caused by heterogeneous, also called heterogeneous groups. such as 1 - 1 and 3 - butyne, propylene and butadiene, cyclopropane, ethanol and ether, acetone, propionaldehyde and acetic acid and methyl formate, glucose and fructose, sucrose and maltose. the other way: if the heterogeneo

8、us cis isomer, enantiomer (also called spiegelmers or chiral isomers), in the middle school information problems frequently involve. the isomers of various organic compounds: 1 cnh2n+2: only alkanes, and only carbon chain isomerism. such as ch3 (ch2) 3ch3, ch3ch (ch3) ch2ch3, c (ch3) 4 cnh2n: single

9、 olefins, cyclane. such as ch2=chch2ch3, ch3ch=chch3, ch2=c (ch3) 2, cnh2n-2: alkynes and dienes. such as: ch = cch2ch3, ch3c = cch3, ch2=chch=ch2 cnh2n-6: aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene and its homologue). such as:, the cnh2n+2o: saturated fatty alcohol and ether. such as: ch3ch2ch2oh, ch3ch (oh) c

10、h3, ch3och2ch3 will cnh2no: aldehydes and ketones, ethers, alcohols, ring ring alkenyl alcohol. such as: ch3ch2cho, ch3coch3, ch2=chch2oh, 、 、cnh2no2, carboxylic acid, ester, aldehyde, hydroxyl hydroxyl ketone. such as: ch3ch2cooh, ch3cooch3, hcooch2ch3, hoch2ch2cho, ch3ch (oh) cho, ch3coch2oh figur

11、e cnh2n+1no2: nitro alkyl, amino acid. such as: ch3ch2no2, h2nch2cooh cn, m (h2o): sugar. such as: c6h12o6:ch2oh (choh) 4cho, ch2oh (choh) 3coch2oh c12h22o11: sucrose, maltose. 2. the writing law of isomer: the alkanes (only possible carbon chain isomerism) writing rules: the main chain from long to

12、 short, branched from whole to scattered, location from heart to edge, arranged from opposite to inter. the compounds with functional groups such as alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, ketones, which have carbon chain heterogeneous, heterogeneous, heterogeneous heterogeneous functional position, in order to

13、 consider writing. in general, carbon chains are heterogeneous and functional groups are heterogeneous and heterogeneous. the aromatic compounds: two yuan substitute instead of relative positions on the phenyl ring, and is adjacent to three. 3. common methods for judging isomers: the memory method:

14、(1) the number of alkane isomers with the number of carbon atoms 15: methane, ethane and propane have no isomer, butane has two isomers, pentane has three isomers. the number of carbon atom 14 is one alkyl group: methyl one (- ch3), ethyl one (- ch2ch3) and propyl two (- ch2ch2ch3, - ch (ch3) 2), fo

15、ur kinds of ding ji (- ch2ch2ch2ch3, - ch2ch (ch3) 2, - c (ch3) 3) there are three species of phenyl, two valence phenyl (three kinds of neighbor, intermediate and opposite). the group connected with law: the organic matter as by group connection, the number of isomers by number of heterogeneous gro

16、ups can be inferred from organic matter. such as: butyl four, butanol (as with hydroxyl connected to butyl) also has four kinds of aldehyde, acid (as with butyl aldehyde and carboxyl groups which are connected respectively with four). the equivalent conversion method: different atoms or groups in or

17、ganic compounds of equivalent conversion. for example, there are 6 h atoms in ethane molecule. if one h atom is replaced by cl atom, it has only one structure, so how many kinds of five chloro ethane? it is assumed that the cl atom in the five ethane molecule is converted to the h atom, and the h at

18、om is converted to the cl atom, which is exactly the same as that of ethane, so that the five chloro ethane also has a structure. similarly, two dichloroethane has two structures, and four dichloroethane also has two structures. the equivalent of hydrogen: hydrogen atoms in the hydrogen equivalent t

19、o the same position in organic molecules. the products of the equivalent hydrogen atom are all the same if they are replaced by the same substituent. its judgment method has: (1) hydrogen atoms connected on the same carbon atom are equivalent. (2) the hydrogen atom in the ch3 connected on the same c

20、arbon atom is equivalent. for example, the four methyl groups in the pentane are connected to the same carbon atom, so that the 12 hydrogen atoms in the pentane molecule are equivalent. (3) hydrogen atoms equivalent to the same molecule in mirror symmetry (or axial symmetry) position. for example, 1

21、8 hydrogen atoms in a molecule are equivalent. three. systematic nomenclature of organic compounds 1. systematic nomenclature of alkanes here is not short long chain. the longest carbon chain in the molecule is chosen as the main chain (the name of the alkane is determined by the number of carbon at

22、oms in the main chain) find the nearest branch chain: not far away. numbering from the nearest end of the substituent. the name: more is not less. if two carbon chains are equal in length, the backbone containing substituted poly is the main chain. second, it is not easy to reproduce. if the distanc

23、e from the two ends are also different substituents, the substituent priority number (in the case of simple substituents, the same from which end number can make the substituent position number and the smallest, from which end to braid). the first to write the substituent name, name written after al

24、kane substituent; ranging from simple to complex; the same substituent combined to indicate the number of digital chinese characters; the position of the substituent in the said base to replace the mark written before the number chinese characters in arabia main chain carbon atoms, separated by posi

25、tion number, between arabia and chinese characters connected to digital -. the nomenclature of alkane writing format: 2. nomenclature of compounds containing functional groups a certain matrix: determine the parent according to the functional compounds in the molecule. such as: compounds containing

26、carbon carbon double bonds, with graphene as parent compounds, last name as a ene; compounds containing hydroxyl, carboxyl and aldehyde respectively with alcohol, aldehyde, acid as precursor; benzene with benzene as the parent name. the fixed backbone containing as much as possible the long carbon c

27、hain functional groups as the main chain. the name: functional group number minimization. other rules are similar to alkanes. such as: it is called 2,3 - two methyl - 2 - butanol it is called 2,3 - two - methyl - 2 - methyl - butyl aldehyde four. the physical properties of organic compounds 1, statu

28、s: solid state: saturated higher fatty acids, fats, glucose, fructose, sucrose, maltose, starch, vitamins, acetic acid (below 16.6); the following c4: gaseous alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, formaldehyde, methyl chloride, neopentane; liquid state: oil: ethyl acetate, oleic acid; viscous: petroleum, ethyl

29、ene glycol, glycerin. 2, smell: tasteless: methane, acetylene (often mixed with ph3, h2s and ash3 with odor); slightly odor: ethylene; special odor: formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, formic acid and acetic acid; aroma: ethanol, low ester; 3, color: white: glucose, polysaccharides black or dark brown: oil

30、4, density: lighter than water: benzene, liquid hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons, ethanol, acetaldehyde, low-grade esters, gasoline; heavier than water: bromobenzene, ethylene glycol, glycerol, ccl4. 5, volatility: ethanol, acetaldehyde, acetic acid. 6. water solubility: insoluble: higher fatt

31、y acids, esters, bromobenzene, methane, ethylene, benzene and homologues, petroleum, ccl4; soluble: formaldehyde, acetic acid, ethylene glycol; miscible with water: ethanol, acetaldehyde, formic acid, glycerol. five, the simplest type of organic compounds 1, ch:c2h2, c6h6 (benzene, prismatic alkane,

32、 basin alkene), c8h8 (cubic alkane, styrene); 2, ch2: olefins and naphthenic hydrocarbons; 3, ch2o: formaldehyde, acetic acid, methyl formate, glucose; 4, cnh2no: saturated one element aldehyde (or saturated ketone) and two times the number of its saturated carbon carboxylic acid or ester, such as a

33、cetaldehyde (c2h4o) and butyric acid and isomer (c4h8o2) 5, alkynes (or dienes) of benzene and three times the number of carbon atom homologues. such as: propargyl (c3h4) and cumene (c9h12) six, can react to fade or change the bromine and bromine substance 1, organic matter: the unsaturated hydrocar

34、bons (alkenes, alkynes, dienes, etc.) the unsaturated hydrocarbon derivatives (alcohol, aldehyde, acid, allyl ester, oleic acid, oleic acid ester etc.) the petroleum products (cracking gas, gas, gasoline etc.) the compounds containing aldehyde (formaldehyde, formic acid, formate, formate, glucose, m

35、altose) the natural rubber (polyisoprene) 2, inorganic: the price of 2 s (hydrogen sulfide and sulfide) the price of the s + 4 (so2, sulfite and sulfite) the price of the fe + 2 6feso4 + 3br2 = 2fe2 (so4) 3 + 2febr3 6fecl2 + 3br2 = 4fecl3 + 2febr3 2fei2 + 3br2 = 2febr3 + 2i2 the zn and mg elements s

36、uch as the price of 1 i (hydrogen iodate and iodide) discoloration will naoh, na2co3 and agno3 and alkali salt br2 + h2o = hbr + hbro 2hbr + na2co3 = 2nabr + co2 = h2o + hbro + na2co3 = nabro + nahco3 seven, can make the extraction of bromine bromine fade material the upper becomes colorless (p 1):

37、halogenated hydrocarbons (ccl4, chloroform, bromobenzene and cs2 etc.); the lower becomes colorless (p 1): straight run gasoline, coal tar, benzene and benzene homologues, low liquid ester, naphthene, liquid saturated hydrocarbons (such as hexane) etc. eight, potassium permanganate can make acid mat

38、erial solution. 1, organic matter: the unsaturated hydrocarbons (alkenes, alkynes, dienes, etc.) the unsaturated hydrocarbon derivatives (alcohol, aldehyde, acid, allyl ester, oleic acid, oleic acid ester etc.) the petroleum products (cracking gas, gas, gasoline etc.) the alcohols (ethanol) the comp

39、ounds containing aldehyde (formaldehyde, formic acid, formate, formate, glucose, maltose) natural rubber (polyisoprene). 7 benzene homologue 2, inorganic: the halogen acid and halide (hydrobromic acid, hydriodic acid, hydrochloric acid, bromide, iodide) the price of the 2 + fe (ferrous salt and ferr

40、ous hydroxide) the price of 2 s (hydrogen sulfide and sulfide) the price of the s + 4 (so2, sulfite and sulfite) the hydrogen peroxide (h2o2) examples example 1 a isomer of a hydrocarbon can only produce one chloro compound, and the molecular formula of this hydrocarbon may be () a. c3h8 b. c4h10 c.

41、 c5h12 d. c8h18 watch test subject examines the judgment method of equivalent hydrogen isomers. problem-solving ideas mainly through the molecular symmetry of various isomers of equivalent hydrogen in the molecule. there are two kinds of equivalent hydrogen in the isomers of c3h8 and c4h10, so there

42、 should be two kinds of chlorine compounds in their isomers. from the structure of ch4 and c2h6, the h atoms in the molecule are equivalent. therefore, the hydrogen atoms in the derivatives of their hydrogen atoms are also equivalent to those of methyl substituted ones. therefore, each isomer of c5h

43、12, c8h18 (ch3) 4, (ch3) 3c - c (ch3) 3 chloro - c has one kind of isomer. the answer cd example 2. the following pairs of isomers in the material are () a. 12c and 13c b. o2 and o3 c. and d. and master of the test to test direct isotope, allotrope, homologue and isomer concept. thinking. the matter

44、 of the a option is isotope. the b option material allotrope each other. the different wording of a pair of substances in the c option. one pair of d options has the same molecular formula, but the structure is different and the isomers are the same. the answer d in case 3, a hydrogen atom of benzen

45、e ring was replaced by an alkyl group of 43, and the number of aromatic hydrocarbons was (?) a. 3 b. 4 c. 5 d. 6 watch this will not only examine the number of isomers of benzene on students two yuan substitute judgment, and the method is examined according to the quantity and type of alkyl. thinkin

46、g is 43 type c3h7 - alkyl, including propyl (ch3ch2ch2) and isopropyl (ch3) 2ch, respectively in toluene benzene ortho, meta or para substitution, a total of 6 the calculation of hydrocarbons and hydrocarbons is usually done by dividing the formula into 12 (that is, the quantity of the c atom). the

47、quotient obtained is the number of c atoms, and the remainder is the number of h atoms. the question is about alkyl (c3h7 -), which prevents only attention to propyl propyl (ch3ch2ch2 -), but ignores the existence of isopropyl (ch3) 2ch -. the answer d exercises 1. the homologues of the following gr

48、oups are (d) a. b. glucose and ribose ch2oh (choh) 3cho c. methyl acetate and ethyl oleate d. - - amino - acetic acid and beta - aminobutyric acid 2, organic ch3o - c6h4 - cho, there are a variety of isomers, which belong to the ester and contain benzene ring structure common (d) a. 3 kinds of b., 4

49、 kinds of c., 5 kinds of d., 6 kinds 3, have antipyretic analgesic and antibiotic effects of the drug fenbid main component structure is simple ch3 - ch (ch3) - ch2 - ch (ch3) cooh, which is (a) a. is a homologue of the aromatic compound b. formic acid c. easily soluble in water organic matter d. ea

50、sily sublimate material the three phenyl groups of 4, 1, 2, 3 - three phenyl cyclopropane can be distributed in the upper and lower levels of the cyclopropane ring plane, so there are two isomers as shown in this paper it is a phenyl, and the ring is represented by a bond line. neither c nor h atoms

51、 are drawn. accordingly, the number of isomers of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 - five cyclopentane (assuming that five carbon atoms are also on a plane) can be determined (a) a. 4 b. 5 c. 6 d. 7 induction of organic chemistry knowledge in senior high school (two) structure and properties of organic compounds 1. de

52、finition of functional groups: atoms, clusters or chemical bonds that determine the main chemical properties of organic compounds. 2. functional groups, structural characteristics and main chemical properties of common organic compounds (1) alkanes a) functional group: no; general formula: cnh2n+2;

53、representative: ch4 b) structure features: the bond angle is 109 degree 28 , and the space is tetrahedral molecule. so are the four valence bonds of each c atom in the alkane molecule. c) chemical properties: substitution reactions (with halogen elements, under light conditions) ， ，。combustion therm

54、al cracking (2) olefins: a); functional groups: formula: cnh2n (n = 2); representative: h2c=ch2 b) structural features: the bond angle is 120 degrees. the carbon atom of a double bond is coplanar with the four atoms connected by it. c) chemical properties: additive reactions (with x2, h2, hx, h2o, e

55、tc.) dimerization reaction (with itself, other olefins) combustion (3) alkynes: a group: c = c); formula: cnh2n - 2 (n = 2); representative: hc = ch (b) structural characteristics: the bond angle between carbon carbon triple bond and single bond is 180 degrees. the two carbon atoms are in the same l

56、ine as the two atoms they connect to. c) chemical properties: (abbreviated) (4) homologues of benzene and benzene: a) formula: cnh2n - 6 (n = 6); representative: b) structural features: the bond angle of benzene molecule is 120 degrees, the plane regular hexagon structure, 6 c atoms and 6 h atoms co

57、planar. c) chemical properties: the substitution reaction (hno3, h2so4, and bromine) addition reaction (with h2, cl2, etc.) (5) alcohols: a) functional group: oh (alcohol hydroxyl); representative: ch3ch2oh, hoch2ch2oh b) features: hydroxyl substituted hydrocarbon molecules (or alicyclic molecules,

58、phenyl side chain) product obtained by hydrogen atom. the structure is similar to that of the corresponding hydrocarbon. c) chemical properties: the reaction of hydroxyl hydrogen atom replaced by active metal reaction with hydrogen halides catalytic oxidation (alpha - h) the carbon atom directly con

59、nected with the functional group is called the alpha carbon atom, and the carbon atom adjacent to the alpha carbon atom is called the beta carbon atom, and so on. with alpha carbon atom, beta carbon atom,. the linked hydrogen atoms are called alpha hydrogen atoms, beta hydrogen atoms, and. esterific

60、ation reaction (with carboxylic acid or oxygen containing inorganic acid) (6) aldehydes and ketones (a) functional groups: (or - cho), (or - co -); representatives: ch3cho, hcho, (b) structural characteristics: the bond angles of the bonds of the carbonyl group or carbonyl group are 120 degrees, and