-機(jī)械工程及自動(dòng)化外文翻譯---數(shù)控技術(shù)和裝備發(fā)展趨勢(shì)-數(shù)控設(shè)計(jì)

1、Numerical control technology and equipment trend of developmentThe equipment industry technical level and the modernized degree were deciding the entire national economy level and the modernized degree, the numerical control technology and the equipment are the development emerging high technology a

2、nd new technology industry and the state-of-art industry (for example defense industry industries and so on information technology and industry, biological technology and industry, aviation, astronautics) enables the technology and the most basic equipment. Marx had said “each kind of economical tim

3、e difference, does not lie in produces any, but how lies in produces, with any means of labor production. The technique of manufacture and the equipment is the humanity produces active the most basic producer goods, but the numerical control technology also is advanced now the technique of manufactu

4、re and the equipment most core technology. Now the various countries manufacturing industry widely uses the numerical control technology, sharpens the manufacturing capacity and the level, enhances to the dynamic changeable market adaptiveness and competitive ability. In addition in the world variou

5、s industries developed country also lists as the national strategic resources the numerical control technology and the numerical control equipment, not only takes the significant measure to develop own numerical control technology and the industry, moreover implements the blockade and the limit poli

6、cy in “precise and advanced the numerical control key technologies and the equipment aspect to our country. In brief, develops vigorously take the numerical control technology has become the world each developed country acceleration economy development as the core advanced technique of manufacture,

7、enhances the comprehensive national strength and the national status important way.The numerical control technology is carries on the control with the numerical information to the mechanical movement and the work process the technology, the numerical control equipment is take the numerical control t

8、echnology as representative's new technology the integration of machinery product which forms to the traditional manufacture industry and the emerging manufacturing industry seepage, namely so-called digitized equipment, its technical scope cover very many domains: (1) machine manufacture techno

9、logy; (2) information processing, processing, transmission technology; (3) automatic control technology; (4) servo actuates the technology; (5) sensor technology; (6) software technology and so on. 1 numerical control technology trend of developmentNot only the numerical control technology applicati

10、on has brought the revolutionary change for the traditional manufacturing industry, causes the manufacturing industry to become the industrialization the symbol, moreover along with numerical control technology unceasing development and application domain expansion, he to national economy and the pe

11、ople's livelihood some important professions (IT, automobile, light industry, medical service and so on) development more and more vital role, because these professions must equip the digitization already was the modern development major tendency. The numerical control technology and the equipme

12、nt development tendency looked from the present world that, its main research hot spot has following several aspect 14. 1.1 high speed, high precision work technology and equipment new tendencyThe efficiency, the quality are the advanced technique of manufacture main bodies. High speed, the high pre

13、cision work technology may enhance the efficiency enormously, enhances the product the quality and the scale, reduces the production cycle and sharpens the market competition ability. Lists as one of 5 great modern techniques of manufacture for this Japan Tip Technology Research board it, the intern

14、ational production project learns (CIRP) its determination is one of 21st century central research directions.In the passenger vehicle industry domain, yearly produces 300,000 production metres was 40/s，moreover the multi-variety processing is one of key questions which the passenger vehicle equipme

15、nt must solve; In the aviation and the astronavigation industry domain, its processing spare part many for the thin wall and the thin muscle, the rigidity is very bad, material for aluminum or aluminum alloy, only then in the high cutting speed and the cutting force very small situation, can to thes

16、e muscles, the wall carry on the processing. Recently uses the large-scale overall aluminum alloy semifinished materials “pull out spatially the method to make the wing, the fuselage and so on the large-scale components substitutes many components through the multitudinous rivets, the bolt and other

17、 joint way assembling, causes the component the intensity, the rigidity and the reliability obtains the enhancement. These all to processed the equipment to propose high speed, Gao Jing and the high flexible request.Unfolds from EMO2001 meets the situation to look that, processes the center feed rat

18、e to be possible high speed to reach 80m/min, even higher, the aerial transport stroke speed may reach 100m/About min. At present in the world many automotive factories, including our country's Shanghai General Motors, already used by the high speed processing center composition production line

19、part substitution aggregate machine-tool. American CINCINNATI Corporation's HyperMach engine bed feed rate reaches 60m/most greatlymin, fast is 100m/min, the acceleration reaches 2g, the main axle rotational speed has reached 60 000r/min. Processes a thin wall airplane part, only uses 30min, but

20、 the same components need 3h in the common high speed milling machine processing, needs 8h in the plain milling machine processing; The German DMG Corporation's double main axle lathe main axle speed and the acceleration respectively reach 12*! 000r/mm和1g。 In the processing precision aspect, in

21、the recent 10 years, the ordinary level numerical control engine bed processing precision from 10m enhanced 5m, the fine level of secrecy processing center from 35 m, enhances to 11.5 m, and the ultra precise processing precision started to enter a nanometer level (0.01m).In the reliable aspect, the

22、 overseas numerical control installment value has reached above 6 000h, the servosystem value achieved above 30000h, displays the extremely high reliability. In order to realize, the high precision work high speed, with it necessary function part like electricity main axle, the straight line electri

23、cal machinery obtained the fast development, the application domain further expanded. 1.2 5 axis linkage processing and compound processing engine bed fast development Uses 5 axis linkages to the three dimensional curved surface components processing, the available cutting tool best geometry shape c

24、arries on the cutting, not only the smooth finish is high, moreover the efficiency also large scale enhances. Believed generally that, 1 5 axis linkage engine bed efficiency may be equal to 2 3 axis linkage engine bed, specially uses when the cubic boron nitride and so on the ultra hard material mil

25、ling cutter carries on the high speed milling hardened steel components, 5 axis linkage processing may compared to 3 axis linkage processing display a higher benefit. Because but past 5 axis linkage numerical control system, main engine structure complex and so on reasons, its price must outdo the s

26、everal fold compared to 3 axis linkage numerical control engine bed, added the programming technology difficulty to be big, has restricted 5 axis linkage engine bed development.Current as a result of electricity main axle appearance, causes to realize 5 axis linkage processing compound host axle nec

27、k structure is greatly the simplification, its manufacture difficulty and the cost reduce large scale, numerical control system price disparity reduction. Therefore promoted the compound host axle neck type 5 axis linkage engine bed and the compound processing engine bed (including 5 processing engi

28、ne beds) development.Unfolds at the meeting in EMO2001, the new Japanese labor machine 5 processing engine beds use the compound host axle neck, may realize 4 vertical plane processings and the random angle processing, causes 5 processings and 5 axis processings may realize on the identical Taiwan e

29、ngine bed, but also may realize the inclined plane and the back taper hole processing. German DMG Corporation displays the DMUVoution series processing center, may clamp the next 5 processings and 5 axis linkage processing in an attire, may by the CNC systems or CAD/CAM which are controled deract or

30、 inderact.1.3 intellectualizations, open style, the network becomes the contemporary numerical control system development the main tendencyThe 21st century numerical control equipments will be has certain intellectualized system, the intellectualized content including in numerical control system eac

31、h aspect: In order to pursue the processing efficiency and the processing quality aspect intellectualization, like processing process adaptive control, craft parameter automatic production; In order to enhance the actuation performance and the use connection convenient intellectualization, like feed

32、-forward control, electrical machinery parameter auto-adapted operation, automatic diagnosis load automatic designation model, self regulating grade; Simplification programming, simplification operation aspect intellectualization, like intellectualized automatic programming, intellectualized man-mac

33、hine contact surface and so on; Also has the intelligence to diagnose, the intelligent monitoring aspect content, the convenience system diagnosis and the service and so on.In order to solve the traditional numerical control system closeness and the numerical control application software industrial

34、production production existence question. At present many countries conduct the research to the open style numerical control system, like US NGC(The Next Generation Work-Station/Machine Control)、European Economic Community OSACA(Open System Architecture for Control within Automation Systems)、Japanes

35、e OSEC(Open System Environment for Controller)，Chinese ONC(Open Numerical Control System) and so on。The numerical control system will open already becomes the numerical control system road of the future. The so-called open style numerical control system is the numerical control system development ma

36、y in the unified movement platform, face the engine bed factory and the end-user, through the change, the increase or the tailor structure object (numerical control function), forms the seriation, and may conveniently integrates user's special application and the technical knack in the control s

37、ystem, the fast realization different variety, the different scale open style numerical control system, forms has the bright individuality famous brand goods. At present the open style numerical control system architecture standard, the correspondence standard, the disposition standard, the movement

38、 platform, the numerical control system function storehouse as well as the numerical control system function software development kit and so on is the current research core.The network numerical control equipment is a near two year international famous engine bed exposition new luminescent spot. The

39、 numerical control equipment network enormously will satisfy the production line, the manufacture system, the manufacture enterprise to the information integration demand, also will be realizes new manufacture pattern like agile manufacture, hypothesized enterprise, the global manufacture foundation

40、 unit. The domestic and foreign some famous numerical control engine bed and the numerical control system manufacture company all has promoted the related new concept and the prototype in the nearly two years. 1.4 takes the new technical standard, the standard establishment1.4.1 about numerical cont

41、rol system design development standardAs mentioned above, the open style numerical control system has a better versatility, the flexibility, the compatibility, the extension, countries and so on US, European Economic Community and Japan implements the strategy development plan in abundance, and carr

42、ies on the open style architecture numerical control system specification (OMAC, OSACA, OSEC) the research and the formulation, the world 3 biggest economies have carried on the nearly same science plan and the standard formulation in the short-term, has indicated a numerical control technology new

43、transformation time oncoming. Our country also started in 2000 to conduct China's ONC numerical control system standard frame research and the formulation. 1.4.2 about numerical control standard The numerical control standard is the manufacturing industry informationization development one tende

44、ncy. The numerical control technology is born after 50 year exchanges of information all is based on the ISO6983 standard, how namely uses the G, M code to describe the (how) processing, its substantive characteristics faces the processing process, obviously, he has more and more not been able to sa

45、tisfy modern numerical control technology high speed the need to develop. Therefore, on international is studying and formulates one kind of new CNC system standard ISO14649(STEP-NC), its goal is provides one kind not to rely on the concrete system neutral mechanism, can describe in the product enti

46、re life cycle unified data model, thus realizes the entire manufacture process, and even each industry domain product information standardization.The STEP-NC appearance is possibly a numerical control area of technology revolution, regarding the numerical control technology development and even the

47、entire manufacturing industry, will have the profound influence. First, STEP-NC proposed one kind of brand-new manufacture idea, in the traditional manufacture idea, the NC processing procedure all concentrates on the single computer. But under the new standard, the NC procedure may disperse on the

48、Internet, this is precisely the numerical control technology open style, the network development direction. Next, the STEP-NC numerical control system also may reduce the processing blueprint greatly (approximately 75%), the processing programming time (approximately 35%) and the process period (app

49、roximately 50%).At present, the European and American countries extremely took STEP-NC the research, Europe initiate STEP-NC IMS to plan (1999.1.12001.12.31). Participates in this plan to have comes from European and Japan's 20 CAD/CAM/CAPP/CNC user, manufacturer and academic organization. US

50、9;s STEP Tools Corporation is in the global scope the manufacturing industry data exchange software exploiter, he already developed has served as the numerical control engine bed processing exchange of information the super model (Super Model), its goal was with the unification standard description

51、all processing process. At present this kind of recent data exchange form already in has provided SIEMENS, FIDIA as well as on the European OSACA-NC numerical control system prototype prototype has carried on the confirmation.數(shù)控技術(shù)和裝備開展趨勢(shì)裝備工業(yè)的技術(shù)水平和現(xiàn)代化程度決定著整個(gè)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的水平和現(xiàn)代化程度，數(shù)控技術(shù)及裝備是開展新興高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)和尖端工業(yè)如信息技術(shù)及

52、其產(chǎn)業(yè)、生物技術(shù)及其產(chǎn)業(yè)、航空、航天等國(guó)防工業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)的使能技術(shù)和最根本的裝備。馬克思曾經(jīng)說過“各種經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)代的區(qū)別，不在于生產(chǎn)什么，而在于怎樣生產(chǎn)，用什么勞動(dòng)資料生產(chǎn)。制造技術(shù)和裝備就是人類生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)的最根本的生產(chǎn)資料，而數(shù)控技術(shù)又是當(dāng)今先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)和裝備最核心的技術(shù)。當(dāng)今世界各國(guó)制造業(yè)廣泛采用數(shù)控技術(shù)，以提高制造能力和水平，提高對(duì)動(dòng)態(tài)多變市場(chǎng)的適應(yīng)能力和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力。此外世界上各工業(yè)興旺國(guó)家還將數(shù)控技術(shù)及數(shù)控裝備列為國(guó)家的戰(zhàn)略物資，不僅采取重大措施來開展自己的數(shù)控技術(shù)及其產(chǎn)業(yè)，而且在“高精尖數(shù)控關(guān)鍵技術(shù)和裝備方面對(duì)我國(guó)實(shí)行封鎖和限制政策?？傊?，大力開展以數(shù)控技術(shù)為核心的先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)已成為世界各興旺國(guó)家

53、加速經(jīng)濟(jì)開展、提高綜合國(guó)力和國(guó)家地位的重要途徑。    數(shù)控技術(shù)是用數(shù)字信息對(duì)機(jī)械運(yùn)動(dòng)和工作過程進(jìn)行控制的技術(shù)，數(shù)控裝備是以數(shù)控技術(shù)為代表的新技術(shù)對(duì)傳統(tǒng)制造產(chǎn)業(yè)和新興制造業(yè)的滲透形成的機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品，即所謂的數(shù)字化裝備，其技術(shù)范圍覆蓋很多領(lǐng)域：(1)機(jī)械制造技術(shù)；(2)信息處理、加工、傳輸技術(shù)；(3)自動(dòng)控制技術(shù)；(4)伺服驅(qū)動(dòng)技術(shù)；(5)傳感器技術(shù)；(6)軟件技術(shù)等。     1、 數(shù)控技術(shù)的開展趨勢(shì)    數(shù)控技術(shù)的應(yīng)用不但給傳統(tǒng)制造業(yè)帶來了革命性的變化，使制造

54、業(yè)成為工業(yè)化的象征，而且隨著數(shù)控技術(shù)的不斷開展和應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域的擴(kuò)大，他對(duì)國(guó)計(jì)民生的一些重要行業(yè)IT、汽車、輕工、醫(yī)療等的開展起著越來越重要的作用，因?yàn)檫@些行業(yè)所需裝備的數(shù)字化已是現(xiàn)代開展的大趨勢(shì)。從目前世界上數(shù)控技術(shù)及其裝備開展的趨勢(shì)來看，其主要研究熱點(diǎn)有以下幾個(gè)方面14。11 高速、高精加工技術(shù)及裝備的新趨勢(shì)    效率、質(zhì)量是先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)的主體。高速、高精加工技術(shù)可極大地提高效率，提高產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量和檔次，縮短生產(chǎn)周期和提高市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力。為此日本先端技術(shù)研究會(huì)將其列為5大現(xiàn)代制造技術(shù)之一，國(guó)際生產(chǎn)工程學(xué)會(huì)CIRP將其確定為21世紀(jì)的中心研究方向之一

55、。    在轎車工業(yè)領(lǐng)域，年產(chǎn)30萬輛的生產(chǎn)節(jié)拍是40秒/輛，而且多品種加工是轎車裝備必須解決的重點(diǎn)問題之一；在航空和宇航工業(yè)領(lǐng)域，其加工的零部件多為薄壁和薄筋，剛度很差，材料為鋁或鋁合金，只有在高切削速度和切削力很小的情況下，才能對(duì)這些筋、壁進(jìn)行加工。近來采用大型整體鋁合金坯料“掏空的方法來制造機(jī)翼、機(jī)身等大型零件來替代多個(gè)零件通過眾多的鉚釘、螺釘和其他聯(lián)結(jié)方式拼裝，使構(gòu)件的強(qiáng)度、剛度和可靠性得到提高。這些都對(duì)加工裝備提出了高速、高精和高柔性的要求。    從EMO2001展會(huì)情況來看，高速加工中心進(jìn)給速度可達(dá)8

56、0m/min，甚至更高，空運(yùn)行速度可達(dá)100m/min左右。目前世界上許多汽車廠，包括我國(guó)的上海通用汽車公司，已經(jīng)采用以高速加工中心組成的生產(chǎn)線局部替代組合機(jī)床。美國(guó)CINCINNATI公司的HyperMach機(jī)床進(jìn)給速度最大達(dá)60m/min，快速為100m/min，加速度達(dá)2g，主軸轉(zhuǎn)速已達(dá)60 000r/min。加工一薄壁飛機(jī)零件，只用30min，而同樣的零件在一般高速銑床加工需3h，在普通銑床加工需8h；德國(guó)DMG公司的雙主軸車床的主軸速度及加速度分別達(dá)12*!000r/mm和1g。    在加工精度方面，近10年來，普通級(jí)數(shù)控機(jī)床的加工

57、精度已由10m提高到5m，精密級(jí)加工中心那么從35m，提高到1，并且超精密加工精度已開始進(jìn)入納米級(jí)(0.01m)。    在可靠性方面，國(guó)外數(shù)控裝置的MTBF值已達(dá)6000h以上，伺服系統(tǒng)的MTBF值到達(dá)30000h以上，表現(xiàn)出非常高的可靠性。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)高速、高精加工，與之配套的功能部件如電主軸、直線電機(jī)得到了快速的開展，應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大。1.2 五軸聯(lián)動(dòng)加工和復(fù)合加工機(jī)床快速開展    采用5軸聯(lián)動(dòng)對(duì)三維曲面零件的加工，可用刀具最正確幾何形狀進(jìn)行切削，不僅光潔度高，而且效率也大幅度提高。一般認(rèn)為，1臺(tái)5

58、軸聯(lián)動(dòng)機(jī)床的效率可以等于2臺(tái)3軸聯(lián)動(dòng)機(jī)床，特別是使用立方氮化硼等超硬材料銑刀進(jìn)行高速銑削淬硬鋼零件時(shí)，5軸聯(lián)動(dòng)加工可比3軸聯(lián)動(dòng)加工發(fā)揮更高的效益。但過去因5軸聯(lián)動(dòng)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)、主機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜等原因，其價(jià)格要比3軸聯(lián)動(dòng)數(shù)控機(jī)床高出數(shù)倍，加之編程技術(shù)難度較大，制約了5軸聯(lián)動(dòng)機(jī)床的開展。    當(dāng)前由于電主軸的出現(xiàn)，使得實(shí)現(xiàn)5軸聯(lián)動(dòng)加工的復(fù)合主軸頭結(jié)構(gòu)大為簡(jiǎn)化，其制造難度和本錢大幅度降低，數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的價(jià)格差距縮小。因此促進(jìn)了復(fù)合主軸頭類型5軸聯(lián)動(dòng)機(jī)床和復(fù)合加工機(jī)床含5面加工機(jī)床的開展。    在EMO2001展會(huì)上，新日本工機(jī)的5面加工機(jī)床采用復(fù)合主軸頭，可實(shí)現(xiàn)4個(gè)垂直平面的加工和任意角度的加工，使得5面加工和5軸加工可在同一臺(tái)機(jī)床上實(shí)現(xiàn)，還可實(shí)現(xiàn)傾斜面和倒錐孔的加工。德國(guó)DMG公司展出DMUVoution系列加工中心，可在一次裝夾下5面加工和5軸聯(lián)動(dòng)加