當(dāng)前我國腐敗產(chǎn)生的制度性缺陷及對策研究

1、當(dāng)前我國腐敗產(chǎn)生的制度性缺陷及對策研究摘要腐敗己經(jīng)成為當(dāng)今社會發(fā)展過程中的一大頑疾。黨和政府從建國至今，公布了大量的條例、法令、法規(guī)來治理腐敗，但腐敗現(xiàn)象并沒有從基本上得到有效的遏制，我國現(xiàn)在仍處于腐敗現(xiàn)象的多發(fā)期和高發(fā)期，大案、要案時有發(fā)生，反腐敗形勢仍十分嚴峻，反腐敗政策亦受到諸多質(zhì)疑。本文以腐敗的經(jīng)濟學(xué)本質(zhì)為出發(fā)點，闡述了腐敗的定義，客觀地描述了我國腐敗問題的現(xiàn)狀及特征。之后從公職人員的經(jīng)濟理性和倫理道德的角度，對腐敗產(chǎn)生的誘因制度缺陷進行深入分析，提出要預(yù)防和懲治腐敗，必須立足在良好制度的構(gòu)建上，彌補制度缺陷，加強制度建設(shè)。全文共分五局部對以上觀點進行闡述。第一局部，從經(jīng)濟學(xué)角度闡述腐

2、敗的定義，總結(jié)并分析當(dāng)前我國腐敗問題的主要表現(xiàn)及其特征。我國的腐敗現(xiàn)象具有轉(zhuǎn)型期的特征，新舊體制的交替客觀上為腐敗的產(chǎn)生提供了大量的時機，目前我國的腐敗已經(jīng)呈現(xiàn)出體制化的惡性態(tài)勢。第二局部，首先，對腐敗行為進行經(jīng)濟學(xué)分析，運用經(jīng)濟學(xué)最根本的分析工具本錢-收益法來深刻分析這一行為的經(jīng)濟本源。根據(jù)經(jīng)濟學(xué)原理，從政治、社會法律等多角度分析，我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，腐敗的私人預(yù)期效用要遠遠大于腐敗的私人本錢；同時，因為私人腐敗行為將腐敗活動的風(fēng)險和本錢轉(zhuǎn)嫁給了社會，使社會治理本錢增加，公共利益受損。其次，通過分析道德自律的弱效應(yīng)及轉(zhuǎn)型期我國行政倫理道德建設(shè)滯后的現(xiàn)狀，指出道德教育不是萬能的，反腐敗要解決思想問題

3、，更要解決制度問題。第三局部，在第二局部對公職人員的"經(jīng)濟人"理性和"社會人"倫理道德理性進行分析的根底上，通過對制度及其功能進行研究，對腐敗問題的產(chǎn)生進行制度方面的分析，指出制度缺陷誘導(dǎo)腐敗，反腐敗必然是一場長期的、全面性的制度性的努力。要想治理腐敗就要對現(xiàn)行制度的缺陷進行分析，找出原因并加以改革和完善。該局部具體地指出我國當(dāng)前制度性缺陷的六種表現(xiàn)：一是制度建設(shè)滯后；二是制度不健全；三是制度運作程序含糊；四是制度執(zhí)行不力；五是制度監(jiān)督脫節(jié)，監(jiān)督約束機制不力，事后懲辦太輕，腐敗本錢較低；六是現(xiàn)行制度導(dǎo)致公職人員行為鼓勵機制扭曲。第四局部，筆者主要從三方面

4、對反腐敗制度性缺陷的成因進行分析。認為腐敗滋生蔓延的基本原因在于制度結(jié)構(gòu)和制度安頓的不合理，是各方面的制度缺陷不斷制造和滋生著腐敗。一方面是一些領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部長期制度意識冷淡，甚至嚴重缺失，封建權(quán)力文化中"權(quán)"大于"法"的特權(quán)觀念難以打消；另一方面是在"人性本善"的思維定勢下，側(cè)重宣傳、教育、倡導(dǎo)式的制度設(shè)計安頓造成的制度缺陷；再一方面是我國的制度制定模式造成的缺陷，主要是至上而下的政策制定模式、政策制定者具有特殊地位及監(jiān)督制約系統(tǒng)設(shè)計不"閉環(huán)"。第五局部，重點提出加強懲治和預(yù)防腐敗的制度體系建設(shè)。要將懲治和預(yù)防腐敗的努

5、力寓于各項重要政策和措施之中，加強制度體系建設(shè)，制約和監(jiān)督權(quán)力的正當(dāng)運轉(zhuǎn)，建立有效的制約權(quán)力、避免權(quán)力被濫用的嚴密制度之網(wǎng)，是懲治和預(yù)防腐敗的保證。第一，要大力提高制度意識。第二，要建立嚴密的權(quán)力制約制度。第三，要建立嚴格的權(quán)力運作程序制度。第四，要建立及時有效的監(jiān)督制度。第五，要提高反腐倡廉制度的執(zhí)行力。第六要建立及時嚴厲的查處懲處制度。第七，要建立更有道德的公共管理體系。通過強化對公職人員作為"經(jīng)濟人"的理性制度標準引導(dǎo)，同時強化其作為"社會人"的社會道德責(zé)任感，內(nèi)化公共政策的倫理價值，致力于對當(dāng)前道德環(huán)境的改善，來使公職人員將"制度外化&

6、quot;與"道德內(nèi)化"結(jié)合起來，增強對公權(quán)力的約束?？傊?，當(dāng)前我國反腐敗應(yīng)主要依靠制度建設(shè)，彌補制度缺陷，同時將道德建設(shè)融入制度建設(shè)之中，到達法治與德治的相輔相成，才能從基本上有效地遏制腐敗現(xiàn)象的滋生和蔓延。關(guān)鍵詞：反腐??；制度缺陷；經(jīng)濟學(xué)分析；倫理學(xué)分析；制度建設(shè)學(xué)校代碼：10：研究生碩士學(xué)位論文當(dāng)前我國腐敗產(chǎn)生的制度性缺陷及對策研究TheInstitutionalDefectsofCorruptionofChinaatPresentandCountermeasuresresearch專業(yè)名稱：公共管理碩士MPA研究方向：年級：研究生：導(dǎo)師、職稱：完成日期：論文主題詞：

7、反腐敗、制度缺陷、經(jīng)濟人、制度建設(shè)ABSTRACTCorruptionhasbecomeaseriousproblemintheprocessofsocialdevelopment.Thepartyandthegovernmentsincetheirfoundationshavepromulgatedalotofregulations,ordinanceandrulestoforbidcorruption,which,however,doesn"trestrictcorruptioneffectively.AtpresentChinaisstillintheperiodfeature

8、dbyhighfrequencyandlargeamountofcorruptions.Seriouscorruptioncaseoccursfromtimetotime,makingtheanti-corruptionsituationserious.Inthiscondition,currentanti-corruptionpolicyissuspectedbythesociety.Basedontheeconomicessenceofcorruption,thispaperexpoundstheessentialdefinitionofcorruption,objectivelydesc

9、ribespresentsituationandfeaturesofcorruptioninChina.Then,fromtheviewofofficer"stheeconomicrationalityandmoralethic,analyzesin-depththecausesofcorruption,institutionaldefectsinotherwords,andproposesthattopreventandpunishcorruption,itmustbebasedontheconstructionofgoodanti-corruptionsystem,makeupt

10、heinstitutionaldefects,andstrengthentheconstructionofanti-corruptionsystem.Thispaperisdividedintofivepartsexpoundtheaboveopinion.Inthefirstpart,fromtheAngleofeconomics,thispapersummarizesthedefinitionofcorruptioninChinaandanalyzesthemainproblemsofcorruptionanditscharacteristics.China'scorruption

11、hasthefeatureoftransitionalperiod,whichmeansthatthealternationofthenewinstitutionfortheoldonehasprovidedalotofopportunitiesfortheproduceofcorruption,andatpresentChina"scorruptionhasbecomeaninstitutionalviciouscircle.Inthesecondpart,thispaperfirstlyanalyzescorruptionfromtheperspectiveofeconomics

12、byusingthebasicanalyzingmethod,cost-incomemethod,tosearchtherootofcorruption.Consideringfromtheperspectiveofsociety,politics,lawandinstitution,thepersonalcostofcorruptionislow,whilethepersonalexpectedbenefitisveryhighcomparatively.Atthesametime,thepersonalcorruptionimputestherisksandcostsfromcorrupt

13、iontothesociety,increasingthesocialmanagementcost,anddecreasingpublicinterests.Secondly,byanalyzingtheweakeffectofmoralself-disciplineandthelagofChina"stransitionaladministrativeethicsconstruction,thispaperpointsoutthatmoraleducationisnoteverything,andanti-corruptiondemandsgoodinstitutiontosett

14、lethemoralproblem.Inthethirdpart,basedontheanalysisofofficer"seconomicrationalityandsocialethicrationality,byresearchingtheinstitutionanditsfunction,thispaperanalyzestheinstitutionalreasonofcorruptionproblem,andpointsoutthattheinstitutionaldefectinducesthecorruption,corruption,andanti-corruptio

15、nisnecessarilyalong-termandcomprehensiveinstitutionalefforts.Toforbidcorruption,itisneededtoanalyzecurrentinstitutionaldefects,findthereasonsandreformthem.ThispartconcretelypointsoutthattherearesixinstitutionaldefectsinChina"spresentinstitution.Thefirstislaggingbehind.Thesecondisimperfectsystem

16、.Thethirdistheambiguousoperatingprocessofinstitution.Theforthisinadequateenforcementsystem.Thefifthisthedisjointofinstitutionalsupervision.Weaksupervisionsystemandafterwardspunishmentandlowpunishmentcost.Thesixthisthedistortionofofficer"sbehaviorincentivemechanism.Inthefourthpart,theauthoranaly

17、zesthereasonofinstitutionaldefectionofanti-corruptionmainlyfromthreeaspects,andproposesthattherootcauseofcorruptionistheirrationalityofinstitutionalstructureandarrangementanditistheinstitutionaldefectionthatbreedsandproducescorruption.Ononehand,someofficerslackthesenseoflongterminstitution,anditisha

18、rdtoeliminatetheconsciousnessthatpowerisoverlaw.Ontheotherhand,itistheinstitutionaldesignandarrangementaccordingtothebeliefthat"peopleareinherentlygood"andpayingattentiontoadvertise,educationandleadingthatinducestheinstitutionaldefects.Inaddition,theestablishmentpatternofChina"sinstit

19、utionhasalsocontributedtotheinstitutionaldefects,whicharemainlydownwardpolicyestablishmentpattern,andpolicymakershavethespecialpositionandsupervisionandrestrictionsystemisnotaclosedloop.Inthefifthpart,thispaperproposesthatitisnecessarytostrengthentheestablishmentofpunishingandpreventingcorruptionsys

20、tem,strengthentheinstitutionalsystemestablishment,restrictandsupervisetheoperationofpower,establisheffectiverestrictionpower,andforbidpowerabuseisthepromisetopreventcorruption.First,itisneededtostrengtheninstitutionalconsciousness.Second,weshouldestablishthesystemofsuppressioncorruption.Third,weshou

21、ldsetupastrictsystemofpowerrestriction.Fourth,establishastrictsystemofpoweroperationprocedures.Fifth,buildatimelyandeffectivesupervisionsystem.Sixth,improvethesystemofanti-corruptionexecution.Seventh,establishthestrictpunishmentsystemtimely.Eighth,buildmoremoralpublicmanagementsystem.Throughthestren

22、gtheningofthe"economicman"astheguideanditsrationalityas"socialresponsibility",internalizingsocialmoralofpublicpolicy,beingcommittedtotheethicalvalueandmoralenvironment,itcouldmakepublicofficialscombine"moralinternalization"and"system,strengthenexternal"togethe

23、rtostrengthentherestrictiontopublicpower.Ingeneral,atpresentChinadependsontheinstitutionestablishmenttoforbidcorruption.Makinguptheinstitutionaldefects,andputthemoralestablishmentintotheinstitutionestablishmentsoastoreachthegoalofcomplementarilyoflawandmoralcouldforbidcorruptioneffectivelyandradical

24、ly.Keywords:anti-corruption;defectofsystem;economicanalysis;ethicsanalysis;Systemconstruction目錄中文摘要IABSTRACTIII前言11腐敗的本質(zhì)及我國腐敗問題的現(xiàn)狀31.1腐敗的定義31.2我國當(dāng)前腐敗現(xiàn)象的主要表現(xiàn)及特征41.2.1現(xiàn)階段我國腐敗的主要表現(xiàn)形式41.2.2現(xiàn)階段我國腐敗現(xiàn)象的特征62腐敗行為的經(jīng)濟學(xué)與倫理學(xué)分析72.1腐敗行為的經(jīng)濟學(xué)分析72.1.1腐敗行為的私人本錢與收益分析82.1.2腐敗行為的社會本錢與收益分析92.2腐敗行為的倫理學(xué)分析102.2.1道德自律的弱效應(yīng)102.

25、2.2道德反腐的困境122.2.3轉(zhuǎn)型期行政倫理道德建設(shè)的缺乏133腐敗的深層次原因制度性缺陷143.1反腐敗的制度性作用143.2制度及其功能153.2.1制度具有約束功能153.2.2制度具有鼓勵和信息功能173.2.3制度對個人行為的影響173.3腐敗問題的制度分析173.4制度缺陷與腐敗關(guān)系193.5當(dāng)前制度性缺陷的表現(xiàn)213.5.1制度建設(shè)滯后213.5.2制度不健全223.5.3制度運作程序含糊223.5.4制度執(zhí)行不力233.5.5監(jiān)督制約制度缺失243.5.6公職人員行為鼓勵機制扭曲244制度性缺陷的成因分析264.1制度意識冷淡或缺失264.2制度設(shè)計與安頓的缺乏284.3制

26、度制定模式的缺乏294.4法律及其制度的局限性315懲治和預(yù)防腐敗的制度體系建設(shè)分析325.1加強制度意識建設(shè)325.2建立嚴密的權(quán)力制約制度345.2.1標準政府權(quán)力的合理運作345.2.2明確職權(quán)范圍及其責(zé)任355.2.3加強權(quán)力制約制度的系統(tǒng)化完備化建設(shè)355.3建立嚴格的權(quán)力運作程序制度365.3.1從程序上標準和完善干部選拔任用工作365.3.2完善重大決策的規(guī)那么和程序375.3.3從程序上標準和完善招投標拍賣政府采購等制度375.3.4從程序上推行公務(wù)公開375.4建立及時有效的監(jiān)督制度385.5提高反腐倡廉制度執(zhí)行力395.6建立及時嚴厲的查處懲處制度415.7建立更有道德的公共管理體系435.7.1強化對公職人員的理性引導(dǎo)435.7.2強化公職人員的社會道德責(zé)任445.7.3內(nèi)化公共政策的倫理價值455.7.4以制度性教育促道德環(huán)境改善45結(jié)論47參考文獻48前言腐敗是現(xiàn)