考研英語(yǔ)歷年閱讀理解真題精析--1996年part3

1、考研英語(yǔ)歷年閱讀理解真題精析 -1996 年 part3Part ThreeIn the last half of the nineteenth century "capital" and "labor" were enlargingandperfecting their rival organizations on modern lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The

2、change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. It was moreover a step away from individual ini

3、tiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business. The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business. At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting , trams and other

4、services to the taxpayers .The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class , an element in national life representing irr

5、esponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British sharehold

6、ers were thus enriched by the world ' s movement towards industrialization. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastboume sprang up to house large. "comfortable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and o

7、ccasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand "shareholding" meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization.The "shareholders" as such had no

8、 knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom

9、that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchalsystem of the old family business now passing away. Indeed themere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible. Fortunately, however, the

10、increasing power and organization of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each other' s strength and understan

11、d the value of fair negotiation .9. It's true of the old family firms that_.Athey were spoiled by the younger generationsBthey failed for lack of individual initiativeCthey lacked efficiency compared with modem companiesDthey could supply adequate services to the taxpayers10. The growth of limit

12、ed liability companies resulted in_.Athe separation of capital from managementBthe ownership of capital by managersC the emergence of capital and labor as two classesD the participation of shareholders in municipal business 11 . According to the passage, all of the following are true except that_.A

13、the shareholders were unaware of the needs of the workersB the old firm owners hand a better understanding of their workersCthe limited liability companies were too large to run smoothlyDthe trade unions seemed to play a positive role12. The author is most critical of_ .A family film owners B landow

14、ners C managers D shareholdersUnit 3 1996 Part 3重點(diǎn)詞匯：bureaucracy 官僚主義；官僚機(jī)構(gòu)；官僚即 bureau+cracy ， bureau 署，局，司，處 ， cracy 詞根 "統(tǒng)治"； Bureaucracy is a giant mechanism operated by pygmies. 官僚政治 是一種由侏儒操縱的龐大機(jī)構(gòu)。spoil v. 損害；溺愛(ài) We drink one another's healthes and spoil our own. 我們?yōu)楸舜?的健康干杯而損害自身的健康。c

15、ollectivism 集體主義J collect+ive后綴 +ism 后綴表主義。municipal 市的；市立的與 principal首要的；負(fù)責(zé)人；本金一起記；municipality自治市；市政當(dāng)局Jmunicipal+ity名詞后綴。taxpayer 纟納稅人J tax+payer 。detach v.分開(kāi)即de+tach , de-前綴離開(kāi)，tach詞根連接。同根詞為 attach v.縛 上；使依附)J at (=to ) +tach。patriarchal 家長(zhǎng)的即 patri+arch+al，patri 詞根"父" ，arch 詞根"統(tǒng)治 &q

16、uot;，-al 形容詞后綴。另可記patriot愛(ài)國(guó)者J patri+ot后綴表人。render? v. 使得；提供 。 Nothing in the world renders a man indispensable save love. 世上唯有愛(ài)能夠使一個(gè)人變得不可缺少。 discipline 紀(jì)律； 學(xué)科 v. 訓(xùn)練即 dis+cipl+ine ， dis- =aPart , cipl =cip 詞根抓，-ine后綴，培養(yǎng)抓出東西的能力"宀紀(jì)律或訓(xùn)練。 Freedom is a way of life which requires authority, discipline

17、, and government of its own kind. 自由是一種生活方式，它需要、紀(jì)律，以及具有自由本身性質(zhì)的統(tǒng)治。lockout 指雇主為促使與工人達(dá)成協(xié)議而強(qiáng)制性關(guān)閉工廠。negotiation 談判動(dòng)詞形式為 negotiate 。 Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate.永遠(yuǎn)不要在談判時(shí)忘記懼怕，而要永遠(yuǎn)不懼怕談判。難句解析： The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a la

18、rgeprofessional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是 The change met. requirements. and prevented the decline.。其中 by engaging a large professional element 是介詞詞組作狀語(yǔ)

19、， 說(shuō)明 met the technical requirements of the new age 的方式。 decline in efficiency 后面的 that 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句 修飾前面的 decline in efficiency 。此句的閱讀關(guān)鍵在于抓住句子的主干，即主要謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，這樣就能把握句子的根本結(jié)構(gòu)，從而明白句子的主要意思。engage在這里的意思是使卷入，涉及。 Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance

20、of shareholders as a class, an element in national liferepresenting irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsiblemanagement of business.這個(gè)句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是. manipulation. increased the numbers and importance ofshareholders as a

21、class.。 其 中 an element 是 class 的 同 位 語(yǔ) ， representingirresponsible wealth 是現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)修飾前面的 element ， detached from 那么是過(guò)去分 詞作后置定語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于是省略了 which is 的定語(yǔ)從句。 and 連接兩個(gè) detached from ，都修 飾前面的 wealth 。理解 an element 是 a class 的同位語(yǔ)是理解此句的關(guān)鍵。只要分清句子的主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的 中心詞，就能夠抓住句子的主要意思。在速度的時(shí)候，也可以先抓住主句而略過(guò) an element 后面的局部不看。另外

22、句中一些短語(yǔ)的意思也會(huì)影響到對(duì)整句的理解，如：detach from與 相別離； irresponsible wealth 不負(fù)責(zé)任的財(cái)富，在本句中指的是股東們雖然擁有大量財(cái)富，但并不參與公司的運(yùn)作，不承擔(dān)任何經(jīng)營(yíng)管理的責(zé)任。 Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large "comfortable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the commUnity exce

23、pt that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management.這個(gè)句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是Towns. sprang up to house. classes，后面兩個(gè) who 引導(dǎo)兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句修飾前面的classes。except在這里是介詞，它后面的that指代relation °drawing和 attending 是并列關(guān)系，作介詞 of 的賓語(yǔ)。動(dòng)詞不定式 to dictate their or

24、ders to the man ageme nt是表示目的的狀語(yǔ)。理解這句的關(guān)鍵是兩個(gè)who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句都是修飾classes的，而且except后面的that指代的是 relation 。 The "shareholders" as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and lab

25、our was not good.The "shareholders" had no這個(gè)句子是 and 連接的兩個(gè)并列句。第一個(gè)句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是knowledge.。在第一個(gè)句子中， employed作定語(yǔ)修飾前面的 workmen,相當(dāng)于省略了 who were ( employed by). 。 which 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句 in which he held shares 修飾前面的 company。 第二句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是 his influence. was not good,是常見(jiàn)的主語(yǔ) +系動(dòng)詞 +表語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)。第一分句中要認(rèn)清 employed by 和后面 which

26、引導(dǎo)的從句都是修飾什么成分的。另外,在閱 讀本句中,指代關(guān)系也非常重要,要看清代詞 he 和 his 都是指代前面的 shareholders 。 The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriar

27、chal system of the old family business now passing away.首先這個(gè)句子是 but 連接的兩個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的句子。第一個(gè)句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是The.manager. was in more direct relation with.。第一個(gè)句子中 acting for 是現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)，修飾 manager。第二個(gè)句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是 he had seldom that. knowledge of the workmen. 。第二個(gè)句子中 which 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句 which the employer had often had.修飾前面的 familiar personal knowledge , passing away是現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)修飾前面的family