新版上海牛津版七年級上冊語法知識分享(1)18頁

1、新版上海牛津版七年級上冊語法1、 知識點（1） 特殊疑問詞特殊疑問句：以疑問代詞what, who, whose, which或疑問副詞when, where, why, how 等放在句首提問的句子，叫特殊疑問句。答句必須針對問句中的疑問詞來回答，疑問詞分為疑問代詞和疑問副詞。一、特殊疑問詞(一) 疑問代詞who/whom/whose/what/which1. who, whom, whose 只能指人who常作主語或賓語；whom作賓語，可用who替代；whose常作定語或表語。eg: Who taught you math last year? (主語)Whom did you see?

2、 (賓語)Whose father works in Shenzhen? (定語)2. what用來詢問物或數(shù)量，用來詢問人時涉及人的職業(yè)，身份或外貌。如：What would you like to eat today? 你今天想吃什么？ What is your mother ? 你媽媽是干什么的？3. which用來詢問人或物，一般有特定的選擇范圍。如：Which is your sister of the two girls? 那兩個姑娘中哪個是你姐姐？(二)疑問副詞 常用的疑問副詞有：where, when, why, how以及how引伸的一些疑問詞組，如：how much (ma

3、ny), how long, how old, how far, how often, how soon等。他們在句中通常作狀語，可表時間，方式，原因等。如：When will you come back? 你什么時候回來？Where did you put your mobile phone? 你把手機放哪Why are you late? 你為什么遲到？How long did you stay in Beijing? 你在北京呆了多久？二、不定冠詞1. 不定冠詞是a/an，一般放在名詞之前。a 用于以輔音（不是輔音字母）開頭的單詞前，an用于以元音（不是元音字母）開頭的單詞前。如：a b

4、oy 一個男孩 a European country 一個歐洲國家an island 一座島嶼 an hour 一小時2. 不定冠詞的用法(1) 用在可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)形式前面*表示一類事物或人中的任何一個。如：There is an island over there. 那兒有一座島Be sure to bring me a dictionary. 一定要給我?guī)П咀值鋪怼?*表示一類事物或人，a/an 在此處不用翻譯。如： An ear is an organ for listening. 耳朵是聽覺器官。 A tiger is a wild animal. 老虎是一種野生動物。 (2) 用在專

5、有名詞前面，表示“一個”、“一種”、“一類”或“一個類似.的”。如：That city is a Venice in China. 那座城市是中國的威尼斯。1. 容易弄錯的單詞總結(jié)an hour一個小時 an honest boy一個誠實的男孩 a university一座大學a uniform一件制服 an unusual watch一塊不尋常的手表 a useful book一本有用的書a umbrella一把雨傘 an uncle一位叔叔 （2） 一般現(xiàn)在時： 表示現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)、經(jīng)常的或習慣性的動作、表示主語具備的性格和能力等。與一般現(xiàn)在時連用的時間狀語：often， always， so

6、metimes，usually， every day/ week/ year 等。一般現(xiàn)在時的構(gòu)成：(be動詞型) 肯定句：主語am/is/are其它成分（名詞、形容詞、介詞短語） He is an engineer.否定句：主語am/is/are not其它成分 They are not in the library. 一般疑問句：Am/ Is /Are+主語其它成分? Is it a tall tree? Yes, it is. / No, it isnt.一般現(xiàn)在時的構(gòu)成：(實義動詞型) 肯定句：主語(除第三人稱單數(shù))動詞原形其它成分 I get up at six every day

7、. 主語(第三人稱單數(shù))動詞s/es 其它成分 My father usually goes to work by bus.否定句：主語(除第三人稱單數(shù)) dont動詞原形其它成分 I dont like swimming. 主語(第三人稱單數(shù))doesnt動詞原形其它成分 The old man doesnt like playing cards .  一般疑問句：Do +主語(除第三人稱單數(shù)) 動詞原形其它成分? Do the boys often go swimming in summer? Yes, they do. / No, they dont. 主語為第三人稱單數(shù) Do

8、es+主語動詞原形其它成分? Does she brush her teeth every day? Yes, she does. / No, she doesnt.主語是第三人稱單數(shù)時,行為動詞的變化規(guī)則如下:1、一般動詞在詞尾加-s,如: helps， makes， gets， swims，knows， plays等2、以s， x，ch，sh 或o結(jié)尾的動詞在詞尾加-es，如dresses，washes，catches，does等3、以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的動詞，先變y為i，再加-es， 如fly-flies，study- studies等play-plays enjoy-enjoys（四）名

9、詞： 名詞是表示人，事物，地點或抽象概念的名稱。名詞分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞?？蓴?shù)名詞表示可以用數(shù)字進行計算的名詞，不可數(shù)名詞表示不能用數(shù)字進行計算的?？蓴?shù)名詞有單復數(shù)形式，若要表示一本書、一只鳥、一棵樹等概念，需使用名詞的單數(shù)形式。表示名詞的單數(shù)時，要在名詞前面加上冠詞a或an.若要表示兩個或兩個以上的概念時，要用到名詞的復數(shù)形式。My younger sister has a job in a store.我妹妹在商店工作。She has two jobs.她打兩份工。（一）、可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞個體名詞集體名詞物質(zhì)名詞抽象名詞表示單個人和事物。表示一群人或一些事物的名稱

10、。表示物質(zhì)或不具備形狀和大小的個體的物質(zhì)。表示動作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)或其他抽象概念。mother, flower, tree, bagpeople, police, family milk, rice, bread English,water, money,news, weather, love注:集體名詞做主語時,謂語動詞可以用單數(shù),也可以用復數(shù),如果強調(diào)整體用單數(shù),強調(diào)個體或成員,則用復數(shù). The police are searching for him. The Chinese people are brave and hardworking.（二）、名詞復數(shù)形式變化：（1）規(guī)則變化 1）一

11、般變化， 在名詞后加-s，如： bookbooks; bagbags 2) 以s, x, ch, sh結(jié)尾的名面，加-es，如： busbuses; boxboxes; watchwatches; wishwishes; glassglasses 3) 以輔音字母加-y結(jié)尾的單詞，變y為i再加-es，如： citycities; countrycountries; studystudies; familyfamilies 4) 以f或fe結(jié)尾的單詞，有些將f或fe變?yōu)関, 再加-es; 有些只加-s : wifewives; knifeknives; wolfwolves; thiefthie

12、ves; shelfshelves; myselfmyselves; lifelives; halfhalves; leafleaves; roofroofs; chiefchiefs; beliefbeliefs; proofproofs; handkerchiefhandkerchiefs/handerchieves(手帕頭巾)5) 以o結(jié)尾的名詞，有些加-s ，有些加-es。如： heroheroes; NegroNegroes; potatopotatoes; tomatotomatoes (兩人兩菜)photophotos; radioradios; pianopianos; stu

13、diostudios; bamboobamboos; zerozeros/zeroes; （）不規(guī)則變化childchildren; footfeet; toothteeth; goosegeese; mousemice; manmen; womanwomen注意：由一個詞加man或woman構(gòu)成的合成詞，其復數(shù)形式同上。 EnglishmanEnglishmen; Frenchmanfrenchmen; 但GermanGermans(不是合成詞)（） 單復數(shù)同形 deer; sheep; fish; Chinese; Japanese（）有些名詞只用復數(shù)形式： clothes(衣服); pa

14、nts(短褲；褲子); jeans(牛仔褲); shorts(短褲); glasses(眼鏡); scissors(剪刀)這類詞常與a pair of ; two pairs of 這樣的短語連用（）某些詞雖以s結(jié)尾，但仍為單數(shù)；a. maths, politics, physics等學科名詞，一般是不可數(shù)名詞，為單數(shù)；b.news為不可數(shù)名詞；c. the United States(the US); the United Nations(the UN)應視為單數(shù);（三）、不可數(shù)名詞只有單數(shù)形式。物質(zhì)名詞通常屬于不可數(shù)名詞。如：液體和氣體：water; milk; air; 思想和感覺：be

15、auty; love; hate極小的物體：rice; salt; sand 學?？颇浚篍nglish; Maths; Art四、一般現(xiàn)在時中，單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞后要用動詞的第三人稱單數(shù)形式；可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)后要用動詞原形。如：This orange comes from Germany.This coffee comes from Germany. These oranges come from Germany.五、不可數(shù)名詞的量詞物質(zhì)名詞的數(shù)量，一般用單位或容器的量表示，即“單位of物質(zhì)名詞”的形式。I had a bowl of soup and two cups of tea jus

16、t now.我剛剛喝了一碗湯和兩杯茶。如 a piece of; a bottle of ; a glass of ; two cups ofThere be 句型：There be 句型與have（has; had）的各種形式的區(qū)別1、there be 句型表示：在某地有某物（或人） There is a vase on the table.2、在there be 句型中，主語是單數(shù)，be 動詞用is ; 主語是復數(shù)，be 動詞用are ; 如有幾件物品，be 動詞根據(jù)最鄰近be 動詞的那個名詞決定,即“就近一致”。There is a duck in the pond. There are

17、 some ducks in the pond.There is a ball and some toys on the floor. There are some balls and a toy on the floor.3、there be 句型的否定句在be 動詞后加not , 一般疑問句把be 動詞提到句首。在there be句型的般疑問句中，如果可數(shù)名詞的復數(shù)形式和不可數(shù)名詞前沒有別的修飾詞，往往都要用any來修飾。There isnt s a vase on the table. Is there a vase on the table?-Is there a post offic

18、e near here? -Yes, there is .-Are there any students in the classroom? -No, there arent.Are there any teachers from America in your school?Is there any rice in your bowl4、there be句型與have(has) 的區(qū)別：there be 表示在某地有某物（或人）；have(has) 表示某人擁有某物。I have a lot of friends in the classroom.There are a lot of stu

19、dents in the classroom.5、some 和any 在there be 句型中的運用:some 用于肯定句,any 用于否定句或疑問句。There is some water in the glass. There isnt any water in the glass.6、and 和or 在there be句型中的運用：and 用于肯定句，or 用于否定句。There isnt a pen or two books on the desk. 7、針對數(shù)量提問的特殊疑問句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是： How many + 名詞復數(shù) + are there + 介詞短語？ How much

20、+ 不可數(shù)名詞 + is there + 介詞短語？ -How many students are there in your school? -There are about two hundred (students in our school).8、針對主語提問的特殊疑問句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是：Whats + 介詞短語？There is a bird in the tree. Whats in the tree?There are some bikes over there. Whats over there?There is a little girl in the room. Who is

21、in the room?、There be結(jié)構(gòu)一般用在句子的開頭，而have等詞只能用于某一個主語后面。（五）一般將來時一、概念：表示將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)及打算、計劃或準備做某事。句中一般有以下時間狀語：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year),soon, the day after tomorrow（后天）等。二、基本結(jié)構(gòu)：分為兩種：1、will+ do.肯定句：主語+will+動詞原形+其他Peter will go to Nanning next week.否定句：主語+wont(will not的縮寫)+動詞原形+其他Peter wont go

22、to Nanning next week.一般疑問句：will+主語+動詞原形+其他？Will Peter go to Nanning next week?肯定回答：Yes, he will. 否定回答：No, he wont.2、 be going to + do肯定句：主語+am/is/are going to+動詞原形+其他Peter is going to go to Nanning next week.They are going to go to Nanning next week.I am going to go to Nanning next week.否定句：主語+am/is

23、/are not going to+動詞原形+其他Peter isnt going to go to Nanning next week.They arent going to go to Nanning next week.I am not going to go to Nanning next week.一般疑問句：Am/Is/Are+主語+ going to+動詞原形+其他？Is Peter going to go to Nanning next week?Are they going to go to Nanning next week?Are you going to go to N

24、anning next week?肯定回答：Yes, he is. 否定回答：No, he isnt.注意：一般疑問句中， be或will提到句首，some改為any, and改為or,第一二人稱互換。There is/are 句型中的將來時：There is going to be +其他There will be+其他（六）if條件從句一條件狀語從句的概念 條件狀語從句，表示主句動作發(fā)生的條件。即在某種條件下，一件事情可能發(fā)生。在英語中由連接詞if或unless等引導的狀語從句叫做條件狀語從句。條件是指某一件事情實現(xiàn)之后（狀語從句中），一件事情（主句）才能發(fā)生，通常譯作“假如，只要，如果”

25、等意思。條件狀語從句中，主從句的時態(tài)要遵循“主將從現(xiàn)”的原則。即，主句是將來時態(tài)時，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時態(tài)。二. 條件狀語從句的引導詞1. If conj . 如果，假如If you ask him，he will help you如果你請他幫忙，他會幫你的。 If you fail in the exam，you will let him down如果你考試不及格，你會讓他失望的。 2. unless conj.除非,若不,除非在的時候 （if .not.）You will fail to arrive there in time unless you start earlier.如果

26、你不早點動身,你就不能及時趕到那兒。 Unless it rains, the game will be played.除非下雨,比賽將照常進行。3. so/as long as conj.只要 You may borrow my book as long as you keep it clean. 只要你保持書的清潔，你就可以把我的書借去。三關(guān)于條件句的時態(tài)，常見的有以下三種情況： 1、條件狀語從句的主句是一般將來時，那么從句常常用一般現(xiàn)在時。When I grow up, Ill be a nurse and look after patients. 我長大后要當一名護士，照顧病人。 2、

27、如果主句是祈使句，那么從句通常要用一般現(xiàn)在時。 If you want to have a chat ,call me up.如果你想聊天，打我電話。（7） 一般過去時一、一般過去時的概念： 一般過去時表示過去某個時間發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，常和表示過去的時間狀語連用，如：last year, yesterday, in 1990, two days ago等；也可表示過去經(jīng)常反復發(fā)生的動作，常和often, always等頻率副詞連用。例如：I saw him in the street yesterday. 昨天我在街上看見他了。Li Mei always went to school o

28、n foot last year. 去年李梅總是步行上學。二、一般過去時的構(gòu)成：1. be動詞的一般過去時的構(gòu)成：第一人稱單數(shù)和第三人稱單數(shù)用was, 其余人稱用were例如：I was ten years old at that time.There were many people standing in front of the door.2. 實義動詞的一般過去時的構(gòu)成：(1) 規(guī)則動詞過去式的構(gòu)成有四條規(guī)則：一般在動詞原形末尾直接加上ed。如：look- work- jump- stay-以不發(fā)音的字母e結(jié)尾的動詞，直接加d。如：live- close- dance- 末尾只有一個輔

29、音字母的重讀閉音節(jié)，先雙寫這個輔音字母，再加ed。如：stop- shop- prefer- 末尾是輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的動詞，先變y為i，然后再加ed。如：study- try- (2) 不規(guī)則動詞的過去式需特殊記憶。如：am(is)- are- go- come- take- have(has)- 三、一般過去時的幾種句型：(1) be動詞的一般過去時的句型：肯定句結(jié)構(gòu)為：主語+was / were+其它。如：I was at home yesterday. They were really happy at the party.否定句結(jié)構(gòu)為：主語+was not (wasnt) /were

30、not (werent)+其它。如：I wasnt at home yesterday. They werent happy at the party.一般疑問句結(jié)構(gòu)為：Was / Were+主語其它？如：-Were you at home yesterday? -Yes, I was. / No, I wasnt. -Were they happy at the party? -Yes, they were. / No, they werent.特殊疑問句結(jié)構(gòu)為：疑問詞was / were+主語其它？如：-Where were you last night? -We were at my u

31、ncles house. -How was your weekend? -It was great.(2) 實義動詞的一般過去時的句型：肯定句結(jié)構(gòu)為：主語+動詞的過去式+其它。如：He went to the toy store yesterday. We took some pictures in the park.否定句結(jié)構(gòu)為：主語+did not (didnt)+動詞原形+其它。如：He didn't go to the toy store yesterday. We didnt take any pictures in the park.一般疑問句結(jié)構(gòu)為：Did+主語動詞原形其

32、它？如：-Did you go to Beijing last week? -Yes, I did. / No, I didnt. -Did he meet the businessman before? -No, he didn't. / Yes, he did.特殊疑問句結(jié)構(gòu)為：疑問詞did+主語動詞原形其它？如：-What did you do last night? -I did my homework. -Where did you go last week? -I went to Shanghai with my parents.（八）人稱代詞及物主代詞代詞（人稱代詞&am

33、p;物主代詞&不定代詞）重點難點含義:我們可以用代詞來代替先前所提及的名詞或名詞短語。John asked Sally for her telephone number, so she give it to him.（一）人稱代詞：人稱代詞是指人或事物的代詞，有性、數(shù)、格的區(qū)別。 數(shù) 格 人 稱 單 數(shù)復 數(shù)主 格賓 格主 格賓 格 第一人稱wemeweus 第二人稱youyouyouyou 第三人稱hehimtheythem she her it it (1) 主格在句中作主語。例如：She is my English teacher.(2) 賓格在句中作賓語。例如：They don

34、t want me to go there alone. Dont worry. I can look after her.以下幾點需要注意： 1. It作為人稱代詞時，可以表示天氣、距離、時間、環(huán)境等。 例如： It is about 10 kilometres from here. 離這兒大約有10公里。 2. It 還可用作形式主語來代替由不定式，以避免句子頭重腳輕。例如： It is not easy to learn English well.3. 人稱代詞she可以用指代祖國、大地、月亮。例如： We love our country, we hope shell be stron

35、ger and stronger.（二）物主代詞：是用來表示物體的歸屬的。物主代詞的含義：“誰的” .物主代詞包括形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞。（注：形容詞性物主代詞須放在名詞前面使用，形容詞性物主代詞須單獨使用.）例如：This isnt your gift .It is her gift.This isnt your s .It is hers. 詞 義 類 型我的你的他的她的它的我們的你們的他/她/它們的形容詞性物主代詞myyourhisheritsouryourtheir名詞性物主代詞mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs （注：除了mine之外，名詞

36、性物主代詞直接在形容詞性物主代詞后加s.）思考：its 與its 的區(qū)別？ （三）不定代詞復合不定代詞：someany noeverysomethinganythingnothingeverythingsomeoneanyoneno oneeveryonesomebodyanybodynobodyeverybody 在肯定句中用somebody(=someone)/ something；在否定句及疑問句中用anybody（= anyone）/ anything； 形容詞或else修飾不定代詞時，形容詞或else應放在不定代詞后面。例：something new.疑問句中，當說話人期待對方作出肯

37、定回答時，常用some-系列的不定代詞。例：Would you like something to eat?2、 課堂練習( )6. There is _ packet of salt in _ box. A. a; /B. a; theC. the; /D. the; a( ) 7. Susan is good _ Chinese. And she likes _ music.A. in; listen B. in; listening C. at; listening toD. at; listen( )8. The shoes are very nice. Can I _?A. try

38、it on B. try on itC. try them on D. try on them( ) 9. There is _ on the table.A. a bowl and two cups of tea B. two cups of tea and a bowlC. two cups of tea D. cups of tea( )10 .- _ do you sleep every night? - More than 7 hours.A. How often B. How manyC. How muchD. How long ( )11. Is this ball, Joe?

39、No, its not . A. your; my B. your; mine C. yours; my D. yours; mine( )12. How do you like Shanghai, Joyce? - I think its one of _in the world. A. biggest city B. the biggest city C. the biggest cities D. big cities ( )13. Are you _ stamps? - Yes. I enjoy_stamps very much. A. keen on, collecting B. like, seeing C. love, to buy D. interested in, to collect ( ) 14. - _ a letter for you. It is from May. - Oh, I know. I will _