高中英語(yǔ)句子成分和句子種類(共9頁(yè))

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上 句子成分和句子種類詳解句子成分和結(jié)構(gòu)是英語(yǔ)的基礎(chǔ)，是理解和表達(dá)英語(yǔ)的關(guān)鍵。英語(yǔ)中許多詞類都對(duì)句子成分和結(jié)構(gòu)有影響。英語(yǔ)中的句子是由詞或短語(yǔ)組成的，這些詞或短語(yǔ)在句子中起一定的作用，叫做句子成分。英語(yǔ)的篇章是由句子構(gòu)成的，不同的內(nèi)容需要不同類型的句式結(jié)構(gòu)，這些句式結(jié)構(gòu)又構(gòu)成英語(yǔ)中不同的句子類型。學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)句法的基礎(chǔ)是了解句子成分、句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)和句子種類。I 句子成分 組成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子成分。 句子成分包括主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)等。 主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)是句子的主體部分； 表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)等是句子的次要部分。1. 主語(yǔ)：主

2、語(yǔ)說明謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的執(zhí)行者，常用的作主語(yǔ)的詞類有：名詞（短語(yǔ)）、代詞、 數(shù)詞、不定式（短語(yǔ)）、動(dòng)名詞（短語(yǔ)）和從句。 Subject is the topic or theme of the sentence, which tells of what the sentence is about. 1）名詞：The students are learning grammar. Our teacher speaks very fast. 2）代詞：She is writing. He likes playing tennis. 3）數(shù)詞：Five is an odd number. Six is

3、 my favourite number. 4）不定式：To learn English well is important. It is not easy to remember all rules. 5）動(dòng)名詞：Swimming is interesting. Learning grammar well is difficult. 6）主語(yǔ)從句：What I said is true. What we can't get seems better than what we have. 2. 謂語(yǔ)：謂語(yǔ)用來(lái)描述主語(yǔ)的行為動(dòng)作或所處的狀態(tài)。謂語(yǔ)的中心詞是限定動(dòng)詞，有人稱、 數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變

4、化。 Predicate says something about the subject and bears the new information which the speaker or writer wants to transmit to the listener or reader. 1）簡(jiǎn)單謂語(yǔ) 動(dòng)詞：He bought a dictionary yesterday. 動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)：He is looking for his pen. 2）復(fù)合謂語(yǔ) 系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)：We are students. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+不定式：I may be wrong. 動(dòng)詞+不定式：We have to d

5、o something for them. 3. 表語(yǔ)：表語(yǔ)與前面的系動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)，用來(lái)說明主語(yǔ)的特征、類屬、狀態(tài)、身 份等。充作表語(yǔ)的可以是單詞、短語(yǔ)或從句。 Predicative expresses the status, characteristics or the quality of the subject. 1）名詞：He is a doctor. Mr. Scott is a farmer. 2）代詞：It is me. That's something we have always to keep in mind. 3）數(shù)詞：My lucky number i

6、s nine. She was the first to learn about it. 4）形容詞：The classroom is big. His hair has gone white. 5）副詞：I am here. 6）介詞：We are in the classroom. 7）動(dòng)名詞：My job is teaching them grammar. = Teaching them grammar is my job. 8）分詞：The film is exciting. Time is pressing. Let's hurry up. 9）不定式短語(yǔ)：My job is

7、 to teach them grammar. All I can do is to send her a telegram. 10）表語(yǔ)從句：He looks as if he were going to cry. The suggestion is that we should recite more words. 注意：名詞：身份、性質(zhì)、內(nèi)容。 形容詞：特點(diǎn)、特征。4. 賓語(yǔ)：賓語(yǔ)為動(dòng)作的承受者。 Object represents the person or the thing that something is done to or the person who is concern

8、ed in the result of an action. 1）名詞：He is drinking water. I've bought an English-Chinese dictionary. 2）代詞：The teacher is talking to her. They didn't promise him anything. 3）數(shù)詞：I like six. I want the first. 4）動(dòng)名詞：He likes watching TV. I enjoyed working with you. 5）不定式：I want to buy a book. My

9、 father likes to swim in winter. 6）賓語(yǔ)從句：He asked if he might go there. Did you write down what she said? 注意：英語(yǔ)有單賓語(yǔ)、雙賓語(yǔ)、復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)、同源賓語(yǔ)等。 1）單賓語(yǔ)：I can hardly hear the radio. Would you please turn it up? Please stop making noise. Do you understand what I mean? 2）雙賓語(yǔ)：雙賓語(yǔ)指動(dòng)詞后面接指人和指物的兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)。 （指人的賓語(yǔ)叫間接賓語(yǔ)；指物的賓語(yǔ)叫直接賓

10、語(yǔ)） 其結(jié)構(gòu)為：主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞（短語(yǔ)）+sb. + sth. Please tell me how the accident came about. （me為間接賓語(yǔ)，how從句為直接賓語(yǔ)） The teacher asked me a question. （me為間接賓語(yǔ)，a question為直接賓語(yǔ)） 當(dāng)直接賓語(yǔ)與間接賓語(yǔ)位置調(diào)換時(shí)，須在間接賓語(yǔ)前加介詞 to/ for等。 Would you like to do me a favor? = Would you like to do a favor for me? 3）復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)：“賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)”構(gòu)成了復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)與補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)之間具有

11、邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。 We all find him a nice boy. （him為賓語(yǔ)，a nice boy為賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)） I saw a stranger waving to me. （a stranger為賓語(yǔ)，waving to me為賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)） 4）同源賓語(yǔ)：同源賓語(yǔ)指由名詞擔(dān)任的能重復(fù)動(dòng)詞部分或全部意思的直接賓 語(yǔ)，前面常有修飾語(yǔ)。 laugh a good laugh大笑 smile a gentle smile 微微一笑 live a happy life 過著幸福生活 die a glorious death 死得光榮 dream a beautiful dream 作美

12、夢(mèng) sing a sweet song 唱了一首甜 美的歌 blow a heavy blow 沉重地一擊5. 同位語(yǔ)：對(duì)句子中某一成分作進(jìn)一步解釋、說明，與前面的詞在語(yǔ)法上處于同等地位的 句子成分叫做同位語(yǔ)。同位語(yǔ)常常置于被說明的詞之后。 Appositive is the further information after a noun or a pronoun referring to "who" or "what". 1）名詞：Zhang Sir, our grammar teacher is humorous. This is Mr. Zhou

13、, director of our hospital. 2）代詞：He himself did it. 3）數(shù)詞：The year, 1988 is important. We two will go shopping this afternoon. 4）動(dòng)名詞：My task, looking after these children is important. 5）不定式：My job, to teach them grammar is hard. 6）同位語(yǔ)從句：I had no idea that you were here. The suggestion that we should

14、 recite more words is useful. 6. 定語(yǔ)：定語(yǔ)是用來(lái)描述名詞或代詞的修飾語(yǔ)，它常和名詞構(gòu)成名詞短語(yǔ)。 Attributive is used to modify a noun or a pronoun. 前置定語(yǔ)：1）名詞：I want an English-Chinese dictionary. He has bought a grammar book. 2）代詞：This is my bag. No difficulty whatever can stop our advance. 3）數(shù)詞：There are two policeman in the str

15、eet. Please read the first paragraph. 4）冠詞：This is a desk. 5）形容詞：I like red apples. He gave me a vivid description of the battle. 6）動(dòng)名詞：This is a sleeping car. The swimming pool is wonderful. 后置定語(yǔ)：7）副詞：The students here are good. The buildings around are of modern construction. 8）介詞：The students in

16、the classroom are good. The book on the desk is mine. 9）不定式：I have an apple to eat. I have a lot of homework to do. 注意：當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)是不定式動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者時(shí)，不定式用主 動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)。 10）定語(yǔ)從句：The students who are in the classroom are good. The boy who went to the library is our monitor. 注意：是作前置定語(yǔ)還是后置定語(yǔ)取決于自身的長(zhǎng)度。 11）分詞：現(xiàn)在分詞：This is a

17、 sleeping boy. The sleeping boy is my brother. There are some boys playing outside. 過去分詞：This is a broken glass. She is taking care of the newly-born child. We must solve the problems left by history. 注意：動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)，表示所修飾名詞的性質(zhì)或用途。 This is a sleeping car. = This is a car used for sleeping. 分詞作定語(yǔ)，表示所修飾名詞的動(dòng)

18、作或狀態(tài)。 I like the children playing on the ground. This is a glass broken by that kid. 7. 狀語(yǔ)：狀語(yǔ)是用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或句子的一種成分。它可以表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、 方式、比較、程度、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件和讓步等。 Adverbial is usually used to modify a verb, an adjective, an adverb or a sentence. 英語(yǔ)中有十大狀語(yǔ)：1）時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)： He is to fly to London tomorrow. 2）地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)： The m

19、eeting was held in Harbin. 3）方式狀語(yǔ)： The workers there are paid by the week, not by the month. 4）比較狀語(yǔ)： He worked as fast as a skilled worker. 5）程度狀語(yǔ)： He loves his son very much. 6）原因狀語(yǔ)： Because of the warm and sunny weather, oranges grow very well here. 7）目的狀語(yǔ)： We do it in this way so as to save time.

20、 8）結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)： He returned home to find his father dead. 9）條件狀語(yǔ)： Without plants, animals could not live in the world. 10）讓步狀語(yǔ)： In spite of all his efforts, he failed. 注意：十大狀語(yǔ)，九大狀語(yǔ)從句。程度狀語(yǔ)沒有狀語(yǔ)從句，由程 度副詞或現(xiàn)在分詞來(lái)?yè)?dān)任。 1）名詞：He will go to Japan tomorrow. 2）副詞：Liu Xiang runs fast. 3）形容詞：He got home, cold and hungry.

21、Unable to answer the question, he said nothing. 4）狀語(yǔ)從句：Since he was unable to answer the question, he said nothing. He got up early so that he might catch the morning train. 注意：當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)從句位于主句前面時(shí)，必須有“，” 后面時(shí)，“，”可有可無(wú) 5）介詞：We are learning grammar in the classroom. 6）不定式：They went to Beijing to visit a famous

22、 writer. They study hard to pass the examination. 7）分詞：Seeing the notice, he ran away. Seem from the hill, the village is beautiful. 注意：分詞作狀語(yǔ)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)是句子的主語(yǔ)。 Settled, we began our work. The question settled, we began our work. 8）獨(dú)立主格：名詞/代詞 + 名詞：He talked about friends, all stars. 形容詞：He stood there, hi

23、s face red. 副詞：Class over, the students went out of the classroom. 介詞：The teacher came in, a book in his hand. 不定式短語(yǔ)：Much work to do, I don't think I'll have time to come and see you. 分詞：Some boys making so much noise, I couldn't study. The question settled, we began our work. 8. 補(bǔ)語(yǔ)：補(bǔ)語(yǔ)是用

24、來(lái)說明賓語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)等的一種句子成分。 Complement is used to form complete semantic meaning of a sentence. 補(bǔ)語(yǔ)分為主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，含有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的句子在變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句時(shí)， 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)便成了主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。 注意：補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)力求句意的完整，根據(jù)語(yǔ)意，不能隨意拿掉。 1）名詞：We call her Zhang Sir. She is called Zhang Sir by us. 形式主語(yǔ)，邏輯上的賓語(yǔ) 主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)變到介詞后 注：被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)主賓一體。 2）形容詞：The letter made him sad. He w

25、as made sad by the letter. 3）介詞：We consider her as our friend. She is considered as our friend. 注意：As our friend, she is kind. 狀語(yǔ)可以隨意拿掉 4）不定式短語(yǔ)：（受到動(dòng)詞的制約） I'll made him come in. 主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) （bare infinitive） He will be made to come in by me. 主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) The teacher made us recite the words. We were made to r

26、ecite the words. 5）副詞：I'll mad him in. He will be made in. I'll let him out. He will be let out. 注意：虛詞不能獨(dú)立在句子中作成分。 6）分詞：I saw her crossing the street. He was seen crossing the street. 9. 獨(dú)立成分：與句子沒有關(guān)系或關(guān)系很松，獨(dú)立于句子之外的成分稱為獨(dú)立成分。 1）感嘆詞：感嘆詞作獨(dú)立成分多置于句首。 Well, let's end the discussion! There, there

27、! Never mind. It's nothing serious at all. 2）稱呼語(yǔ)：稱呼語(yǔ)作獨(dú)立成分可置于句首、句中或句尾。 Direct address is used to address somebody in the conversation. 名詞：Hurry up, children! 代詞：You, stand up! Somebody, fetch a basin of water. 人名：Tom, come here. 3）插入語(yǔ)：Parenthesis is one or more words introduced as an added explan

28、ation or thought, and in writing usually enclosed at both ends by a bracket or a comma. 不定式：To be frank, I don't quite agree with you. 分詞：Judging from your accent, you must be from Scotland. 介詞短語(yǔ)：This, in my opinion, is only one of the minor issues. 形容詞：Sure enough, enough planes came again the

29、next day. 副詞：Honestly, I don't need it at the moment. 從句：What's more, 40 percent of the families would get an income of over 10000 yuan. 句子：The cross-talk, I think, was both interesting and instructive. III 句子結(jié)構(gòu) 英語(yǔ)句子按照其結(jié)構(gòu)分為簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句。 1. 簡(jiǎn)單句：簡(jiǎn)單句是指只有一套主、謂結(jié)構(gòu)并且句子各成分都只由單詞或短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成的獨(dú) 立句子。 1）主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ)：

30、此句式中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為不及物動(dòng)詞（短語(yǔ)）。 Poems don't translate easily. 詩(shī)歌不好翻譯。 My recent book sells very well. 我最近出的書銷路很好。 2）主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ) + 賓語(yǔ)：此句式中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為及物動(dòng)詞（短語(yǔ)）。 I look forward to hearing from you soon. 我盼望盡快收到你的來(lái)信。 You can put the dishes in the kitchen. 你可以把碟子放到廚房里。 3）主語(yǔ) + 系動(dòng)詞 + 表語(yǔ)：這種句型結(jié)構(gòu)主要指謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為連系動(dòng)詞的情況。 This is my En

31、glish book. 這是我的英語(yǔ)書。 The weather continued windy and rainy. 天氣仍持續(xù)刮風(fēng)下雨。 4）主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ) + 間接賓語(yǔ) + 直接賓語(yǔ)：The driver saved us a lot of trouble. 司機(jī)為我們省去了很多麻煩。 They have offered us 60,000 for the house. 他們已向我們出價(jià)六萬(wàn)美元買這所房子。 5）主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ) + 賓語(yǔ) + 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：We all think him an honest boy. 我們都認(rèn)為他是個(gè)誠(chéng)實(shí)的孩子。 I saw Little Tom bein

32、g punished by his parents. 我看到小湯姆正在被父母懲罰。 2. 并列句：兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句用并列連詞或標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)連接而成的句子叫并列句。 1）并列句的構(gòu)成方式：用連接詞連接，前面可加逗號(hào)。 These flowers are white and those flowers are red. 這些花是白色的而那些花是紅色的。 We fished all day, but we didn't catch a thing. 我們釣了一整天魚，一條也沒有釣到。 不用連詞而用分號(hào)“;”連接。 We fished all day; we didn't catch

33、 a thing. 我們釣了一天魚，一條也沒有釣到。 Hurry up; it's getting late. 快點(diǎn)，快遲到了。 兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句可用逗號(hào)和一個(gè)連詞連接；連詞只用 在最后一個(gè)分句之前，連詞and前的逗號(hào)可要可不要。 I found a bucket, put it in the sink, and turned the tap on. 我找到一個(gè)水桶，把它放在水槽里，然后打開了水龍頭。 I took off my coat, searched all my pockets, but couldn't find my key. 我脫下外套，找遍了所有的口袋，但是沒

34、有找到我的鑰 匙。 2）并列句的分類：（1）and “和，且，而”；neither.nor “既不.也不”；not only. but (also) “不僅.而且”；both.and “.和.都”；then “然后”等連接的表示同等關(guān)系，由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上意思相關(guān) 的分句構(gòu)成的并列句。 The bell rang and the teacher entered the classroom. 鈴兒響了，老師走進(jìn)了教室。 Neither is he mistaken, nor am I. 他沒錯(cuò)，我也沒錯(cuò)。 Not only did the students dance, but (also) th

35、eir teacher sang. 不但學(xué)生們跳了舞，而且他們的老師還唱了歌。 （2）but“但是”；whereas“然而，而”；yet“然而，可是”；while “然而”；however“然而”；still“但是”等連接的表示轉(zhuǎn)折 關(guān)系，由含有轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的兩個(gè)分句構(gòu)成的并列句。 We love peace but we are not afraid of war. 我們熱愛和平，但并不害怕戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。 He worked hard, yet he failed. 他工作很努力，然而他失敗了。 The news may be unexpected; nevertheless it is true. 這消息可能是出乎意料的，然而卻是真實(shí)的。 Some of the studies show positive results, whereas others do not. 有一些研究得出肯定的結(jié)果，然而其他的則不然。 （3