初中英語語法總復(fù)習(xí)

1、初中語法復(fù)習(xí) 詞類。詞類英語名稱意義例詞名詞The Noun ( 縮寫為 n)表示人或事物的名稱basket, mouth, hospital, year, train冠詞The Article (art)用在名詞前幫助說明名詞所指的人或事物a, an, the代詞The Pronoun (pron)用來代替名詞、形容詞或數(shù)詞they, his, him, mine, which, all形容詞The Adjective (adj)用以修飾名詞，表示人或事物的特征long, empty, heavy,different,cheap,hungry數(shù)詞The Numeral (num)表示數(shù)量或順

2、序three, thirteen, twenty, second動詞The Verb (v)表示動作或狀態(tài)hear, write, swim, eat, borrow, sing副詞The Adverb (adv)修飾動詞、形容詞或其他副詞quickly, early, out, soon, then,sometimes介詞The Preposition表示名詞、代詞等和句中其他詞的關(guān)系from, with, at, into,behind,between,(prep)for連詞The Conjunction用來連接詞與詞、短語與短語或句與句and, or, but, so, because(

3、conj)感嘆詞The Interjection表示說話時的喜悅、驚訝等情感oh, hey, ouch, well, there, dear(interj)（一） 名詞：專有名詞：表示人名、月份、日期、地名等。如China, John, London, the USA, Harbin .個體名詞：表示單個的人或事物。如 boat, chair, desk, apple .集體名詞：表示一群人或一些事物的總稱。如family, people, class, police .可數(shù)名詞.普通名詞物質(zhì)名詞：表示無法分為個體的物質(zhì)。如water, air, tea, sea, money, cotton

4、 .抽象名詞：表示抽象概念的詞。如health, help, work, friendship .不可數(shù)名詞2 名詞的數(shù)。可數(shù)名詞有單復(fù)數(shù)，不可數(shù)名詞沒有單復(fù)數(shù)。3 名詞的格：名詞有三個格：主格（作主語） 、賓格（作賓語）、和所有格。其中只有名詞的所有格有形式變化。（二）冠詞1 定冠詞 the .特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。The1students are very good.說話人與聽話人都知道的人或事物。the2Where istoilet ?重復(fù)提到上文的人或事物。the3I have a cat ,cat is white and black .表示世界上獨一無二的事物。 Theth

5、e4moon moves aroundearth .形容詞最高級和序數(shù)詞前和表示方位的名詞前。I amthe oldest .He is the firstto school . I live in the south .5樂器的名稱前常用定冠詞the6the。I like playingpiano / violin .和某些形容詞連用，使形容詞名詞化，代表某一類人。We should help the poor .7放在某些專有名詞前。 We will go to visit the Great Wall next week .the peoples Republic of China .8

6、放在姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)形式前，表示全家人或夫婦兩人。The Whites are watching TV .910 固定詞組中。 In the morning / afternoon / evening .2 不定冠詞 a / an .AaA1指人或事物的某一種類。horse isuseful animal.table has four legs.;.a pencila pen.2指某一類人或事物中的任何一個。Pass me, please. We write within a3指某人或某物，但不具體說明何人或何物。The book was written by a peasant. Last mon

7、th we were workingfactory.a lettera kilo4不定冠詞還可以指“事物的單位” ，如“每日”、“每斤”等。Here isfor you . The meat is 18 yuan.3 零冠詞。1 泛指人類或男女。 Man will conquer nature .抽象名詞在用來表示它的一般概念時，通常不加冠詞。Knowledge begins with practice .2有些個體名詞有時可以轉(zhuǎn)化成具有抽象意義，其前面也常不加冠詞。We had better send him to hospital at once.34在專有名詞前一般不用冠詞。 China

8、 is a great country. Mr Smith is an artist.5在三餐飯何球類運動名稱之前不用冠詞。He often goes out for a walk aftersupper. Sometimes I play basketball.6在節(jié)假日、星期幾、月份、季節(jié)等名詞前。October 10th is Teachers Day.7稱呼語或表示頭銜、職務(wù)的名詞前不用冠詞。 Granny is sleeping now.We call him monitor.8在語言名詞前，名詞前有指示代詞、物主代詞或數(shù)詞時，不用冠詞。This is his book. I can

9、 speak English .9不用冠詞的慣用語。 At night / on food / go to town / at home / in class / at work等。（三）形容詞1 形容詞的構(gòu)成。;.1 簡單形容詞由一個單詞構(gòu)成。Good, long, green, large, bright, interesting, surprised, learned, developing,sleeping .2復(fù)合形容詞由一個以上的詞構(gòu)成。20-minute, second-hand, 500-word, 8-year-old, three-legged, round-trip,pa

10、rt-time, good-looking.2 形容詞的用法。1 修飾名詞作定語。 She is a beautiful girl .2作表語。 He is very strong.作賓語補足語。 Let the door open. You must keep your classroom clean .3“定冠詞形容詞”表示一類人或物，在句子中可作主語或賓語。We should speak to the old politely.4大多數(shù)形容詞既可作表語又可作定語，但少數(shù)形容詞只能作表語，不能作定語。如：asleep, ill, awake等。5有些形容詞只能作定語而不能作表語。如： ma

11、ny, little, wooden, golden等。63 形容詞的位置。形容詞通常放在它所修飾的名詞的前面。 A heavy box.1與表示度量的詞連用，形容詞要放在它所修飾詞語的后面。3 metre long. 12 kilometer away .2與不定代詞 something, anything, everything, nothing等連用時，可以放在這些詞之后。 Something important .3nothing serious .4當(dāng)名詞前有多個形容詞修飾時， 一般按下面的詞序排列：冠詞（包括物主代詞、 序數(shù)詞、基數(shù)詞）描述形容詞（brave,;.beautiful

12、）表示形狀（大小、長短、高矮）的形容詞表示年齡或新舊的形容詞表示顏色的形容詞表示國籍、出處或來源的形容詞表示材料、物質(zhì)的形容詞表示用途或類別的形容詞被修飾的詞。My nice small brown leatherbag .those large round black wooden tables .4形容詞的比較級和最高級。 （一般加 er / est，不規(guī)則見表）原級的用法：“和相同”1A 肯定句： A 動詞 as 形容詞原級 as B . He is as tall as me .B 否定句： A not as形容詞原級 as B （即 A 不如 B那么）A not so形容詞原級 as

13、 B = A + less +形容詞原級 than + B .比較級的用法：2A A 動詞 形容詞的比較級 than B .（A 比 B 更 ，在這種句型中，比較級前面可用 much, even, still,a little, a bit, a lot, any, far等修飾，表示“得多” ，“甚至”，“更”，“一點兒”。B “比較級 and 比較級”、 “ more and more 部分雙音節(jié)或多音節(jié)的原級”譯為“越來越” 。最高級的用法：（個體用 of ，范圍用 in ，最高級前面要用定冠詞 the ）3A 三種最高級表示法。最高級： Shanghai is the largest

14、city in China .比較級： Shanghai is largerthan any othercityin China . / Shanghai is largerthan the othercitiesin China .原級：No other city is as large as Shanghai in China . / No other city is larger than Shanghai in China .（四）副詞1 副詞的種類：1 時間副詞： often, always, usually, early, ago, already, before, ever, l

15、ate, now, soon, since, tomorrow, justnow 地點副詞： here, there, above, below, outside, anywhere, back, down, home, out, everywhere2方式副詞： hard, well, badly, fast, slowly, angrily, simply, carefully3;.程度副詞： very, quite, much, still, almost, little, too, enough4疑問副詞： how, when, where, why 5關(guān)系副詞： when, wher

16、e, why （引導(dǎo)定語從句）6連接副詞： how, when, where, why, whether7頻率副詞： often, seldom, usually, never, sometimes, every day, always, hardly8其他副詞： really, certainly, surely, maybe92 副詞的用法：1 作狀語： He can finish the work easily .作定語（要后置） ： The students here are from Harbin .23作表語 ： I must be off now .作賓補，構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語 ： Sh

17、ow him up .I saw him out with my sister last night .43副詞的比較級和最高級。 （一般加 er / est ,不規(guī)則見表）副詞的原級：1A as +副詞的原級 + as“與一樣”B not as(so) + 副詞的原級 + as“與不一樣”C too +副詞的原級 + to do sth .“太而不能”D so +副詞的原級 + that從句 “如此以致于”;.E副詞的原級 + enough to do sth .“足夠能做”2 副詞的比較級：AA + 動詞 + 副詞比較級 + than + BB副詞比較級前也可以用much, even, s

18、till, far, any, a little, a bit, a lotC比較級 and +比較級，表示“越來越” ，the more the moreD副詞的最高級前通常不加定冠詞the .（五）數(shù)詞1 基數(shù)詞：112131920901 one13 thirteen20 twenty2 two14 fourteen21 twenty-one3 three15 fifteen22 twenty-two4 four16 sixteen30 thirty5 five17 seventeen40 forty6 six18 eighteen50 fifty7 seven19 nineteen60

19、sixty8 eight70 seventy9 nine80 eighty10 ten90 ninety11 eleven12 twelve2 序數(shù)詞：1-10st11-19th20-90th1 first 111 eleventh 1120 twentieth 202 second 2nd12 twelfth 12th21 twenty-first 21st3 third 3rd13 thirteenth 13th30 thirtieth 30th等修飾。 表示“越就越”100100 a hundred300 three hundred1,000 a thousand5,000 five t

20、housand1,000,000 a million1,000,000,000 a billion100-100 one hundredth 100th103 one hundred and third103rd134 one hundred and;.4 fourth 4th14 fourteenth 14ththth5 fifth 515 fifteenth 156 sixth 6th16 sixteenth 16th7 seventh 7 th17 seventeenth 17th8 eighth 8th18 eighteenth 18ththth9 ninth 919 nineteen

21、th 1910 tenth 10th1 作主語： The first is better than the second .thirty-fourth 134ththth37 thirty-seventh 37200 two hundredth 200thth40 fortieth 401000 one thousandth 1,00050 fiftieth 50th1,000,000 one millionth1,000,000 th60 sixtieth 60th1,000,000,000 onethbillionth 1,000,000,00070 seventieth 70thth80

22、 eightieth 8090 ninetieth 90th2 作賓語： He was among the first to arrive .3 作表語： He is the first to come to school .4 作定語： The ninth（六）代詞letterof the word “restaurant” is“n” ./There are three thousand workers in the factory.類別作用代替人或事物，主格作人稱代詞主語，賓客作賓語形容詞性只作定語，名物主代詞 詞性可以作主、賓、表語等，表示所屬關(guān)系例詞數(shù)單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)格人一二三一二三稱主 格

23、Iyouhesheitweyouthey賓 格meyouhimhetusyouthem詞義我你他她它我你們他們們類型的的的的的的的的例句I am a teacher .They are students .We all like him .He gave the book to me .My book is there.Her father is a worker.This bike is yours, ours is;.形容詞myyouheritoubroken .性hissryourtheirr名詞詞minyouhersitouyour性ehissrstheirsrss數(shù)第一人稱第二人稱第

24、三人稱人稱起強調(diào)作用，只作同位himWe ourselves did the work.反身代詞單數(shù)myselfyourselfherseitself語和賓語sellffHe did the work by himself.復(fù)數(shù)yourselveourselvesthemselvess賓格所有格We should help each other.each other （兩者相互）each other s（相互的）相互代詞表示相互關(guān)系，作賓語one another （三者或三者以Please correct each otherone anothers（相互的）s mistakes .上）指示代

25、詞起指示作用，作定語、This, that, these, those, it, such, sameTake this book to his room.主語、賓語、表語等My point is this .代替或修飾任何不定數(shù)some, any, no, none, many, few, little,all,both, every,you.不定代詞量及不定范圍的人或事one, either, neither, other, a few, a little, another,I have something to tellNeither answer is right.物somebody,

26、 nobody, nothing, each疑問代詞表示疑問，構(gòu)成特殊問who, what, whose, which, whomWhom did you see ?句關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句which, that, who, whom, whoseThe book that I lost was new.引導(dǎo)名詞性從句（主語I know what you are doing .連接代詞從句、賓語從句、表語what, who, thatThat s what I hope .從句、同位語從句）（七）動詞類別意義例子例句;.含有實在的意義，表示及物動詞后面一定接賓語Open, visit, hear

27、He visited Gaozhouyesterday.行為動詞動作或狀態(tài)，在句中能不及物動后面可以不接賓獨立作謂語。Laugh, cry, liveHe lives in Beijing .詞語Be, become, grow, get,連系動詞（ link v ）本身有一定的詞義， 但不能獨立作turn, look, sound,The meat smells bad .謂語，必須與表語一起構(gòu)成謂語。smell, taste, feel,He is a student .seem 本身沒有詞義，不能獨立作謂語，Do, does, did, am, is,He doesn t speak E

28、nglish .只能和主要動詞一起構(gòu)成謂語動are, have, has, had,助動詞（ v.aux. ）We are playing football .詞，表示否定、疑問、時態(tài)或其他shall, will, should,He had gone to Beijing .語法形式would 本身有一定的意義， 但不能獨立作Can, may, must,謂語，只能和主要動詞一起構(gòu)成謂She can speak English .should, need, dear,情態(tài)動詞（ Modal Verbs ）語動詞，表示說話人的語氣和情May I speak to Ann, please、sha

29、ll, will, have態(tài)。情態(tài)動詞沒有人稱和數(shù)的變We must go now .to 化。注：動詞（除情態(tài)動詞，只有原形和過去式）有原形、第三人稱單數(shù)、動詞ing 、動詞過去式、動詞過去分詞五種形式。（八）介詞1介詞的種類：簡單介詞： in, at, of, from, since, around, to1合成介詞： onto, into, without, upon, within2短語介詞： because of, in front of, according to3分詞介詞： regarding, following, concerning4;.2 介詞短語在句子中的作用：1 作

30、定語。 I know the answer to the question .2 作狀語。 The children are playing basketball in the playground .3 作表語。 Mike is in the classroom .4 作賓語補足語。 He found himself in the middle of the river .5 作主語補足語。 Tom was seen inside the cinema .3 常用介詞的基本用法：表示時間的介詞（ at, in, on, for, since, after, by, during, befor

31、e, from, to, until, within）1表示位置，方位的介詞（ in, at, on, to）2表示交通方式的常用介詞（ by, on, in）3其他一些詞組搭配介詞（ be angry with/at/about sb/sth . be strict with/in/ sb/sth）4（九）連詞1 并列連詞：表聯(lián)合關(guān)系連詞。（and, or, but, for, not onlybut also, as well as, both and, neither nor . ）1轉(zhuǎn)折連詞。（but, while, yet, however .）2選擇連詞。（or, or else,

32、 eitheror , otherwise .）3;.2 從屬連詞：引導(dǎo)主語從句、賓語從句和表語從句的連用，主要有三個：that, whether, if . I hear that he is a student .1引導(dǎo)狀語從句的從屬連詞：2A 連接時間狀語從句： when, before, after, while, as soon as, since, until, as, whenever, ever sinceB 連接讓步狀語從句： although, though, even if, howeverC 連接原因狀語從句： as, because, since, now that,

33、 forD 連接目的狀語從句： that, so that, in order thatE 連接條件狀語從句： if, unless, once, in caseF 連接結(jié)果狀語從句： so that, such thatG 連接方式狀語從句： as, as if, as thoughH 連接地點狀語從句： where .I 連接比較狀語從句： as, as as, not as/so as, than（十）非謂語動詞1 定義：動詞除在句子中作謂語以外，還具有名詞、形容詞及副詞的性質(zhì)，在句中可作主語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語和補語等，這就是動詞的非謂語動詞?？煞譃槿N：動詞不定式、分詞和動名詞。

34、2 動詞不定式： to 動詞原形（在某些情況下可以不帶 to ）。（沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，可以有自己的賓語和狀語，可以有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化）一般式：主動語態(tài)： to do ,被動語態(tài)： to be +動詞過去分詞 ( 表示動作或狀態(tài)與謂語動詞的動作或狀態(tài)同時發(fā)生或1之后發(fā)生 )進行式：主動語態(tài)： to be doing ,被動語態(tài)：無( 表示動作或狀態(tài)與謂語動詞的動作或狀態(tài)同時發(fā)生 )2完成式：主動語態(tài)： to have + 動詞過去分詞，被動語態(tài)： to have been + 動詞過去分詞 ( 表示動作或狀態(tài)在謂語動作之3前就發(fā)生 )4 用法：;.A 作主語： To learn a forei

35、gn language is not easy . = Its not easy to learn a foreign language .B作表語： The most important thing is to finish the work on time .C作賓語：a. 動詞 to do . He decided to buy a new watch . (agree, choose, want, hope, like, wish, learn, love, plan,try, start, afford)b. 動詞疑問詞 to doI don t know where to put

36、the bike .c. 動詞形式賓語 (it)賓補 to doI find it important to learn a second foreign language .D 作補語：a. 動詞賓語 to do Tom asked me to show him the new shoes . (tell, wish, ask, want, like, beg, invite, allow, encourage )b.動詞賓語不帶 to 的動詞 He often saw Tom play football .(see, hear, feel, watch, notice, have, mak

37、e, let )E作狀語：a. 表示目的： He went to Guangzhou to see his sons . He got up early in order to catch the first bus .b. 表示結(jié)果： He is too tired to walk any farther .They arent old enough to go to school .c. 表示原因： He is sorry to hear that . I am glad to see you .F作定語：I have something to tell you .I want to bu

38、y something to eat .動詞不定式 to 的省略：5A 在感官動詞 feel, hear, see, watch, notice及使役動詞 have, let, make 等后面要省 to ，但在變被動語態(tài)時要還原不定式 to 。I often saw him go out of the room .- He was often seen to go out of the room by me .B在 had better, would rather, do nothing but等后面常省 to 。動詞不定式的否定形式： not + to do，有時也可以用 never +

39、to do結(jié)構(gòu)。63 動名詞：動詞原形 ing 。具有名詞、動詞一些特征。1 一般式：主動語態(tài)：doing，被動語態(tài)： being +動詞過去分詞（表示動作或狀態(tài)與謂語動詞的動作或狀態(tài)同時發(fā)生或;.之后發(fā)生 )完成式：主動語態(tài)： having + 動詞過去分詞，被動語態(tài)： having been + 動詞過去分詞 （表示動作或狀態(tài)在謂語動詞的2動作或狀態(tài)之前就發(fā)生） Childrenenjoy watching animated cartoon . Idont remember having ever seenthe film .動名詞的否定形式： not + 動名詞（ v-ing） I re

40、gret not being able to help you .3用法：4A 作主語：a. 動名詞作主語如果太長，可以用形式主語it 代替。 Learning English is veryimportant .- It s very importantto learn English .b. No + 動名詞表示“禁止” 。No smoking, No parking . B 作賓語： He finished doing his homework .C 作表語： His favourite sport is playing basketball .D 作定語： shopping baske

41、t, finishing line .（表明名詞的用途、功能等）E 動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：名詞所有格、形容詞物主代詞動名詞。Do you mindmy / Wei Fang s opening the window ?4 分詞：動詞原形 ing 。具有形容詞、副詞和動詞一些特征。 （可分為現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞）現(xiàn)在分詞一般式：主動語態(tài)： doing ，被動語態(tài)： being + 動詞過去分詞（表示動作或狀態(tài)與謂語動詞的動作或狀態(tài)同時發(fā)生)1完成式：主動語態(tài)： having + 動詞過去分詞，被動語態(tài)： having been + 動詞過去分詞 （表示動作或狀態(tài)在謂語動詞的動2作或狀態(tài)之前就發(fā)生）3

42、動名詞的否定形式： not + 動名詞（ v-ing ） No understandingthe meaning of the words, he couldn t explainthesentence .;.4 用法：A 作表語。 The result is surprising .B作定語。 Developing country (主謂關(guān)系 )sleeping boy (boy所做的動作 )C作狀語。 Passing by the house, he saw a girl playing the piano . = when he was passing by the house , he

43、 saw a girl playing the piano .D 作賓補。 I found him lying on the grass.過去分詞1 形式：規(guī)則動詞 ed，和不規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞。2 過去分詞的否定形式：not +動詞過去分詞。3 用法：A 作表語： My bike is broken .He is very worried .B作定語： developed country, fallen leaves, spoken English .C作狀語： Asked why he was absent, he said he was ill . = When he was asked why he was absent, he said hewas ill .D 作賓補： You had better have your shoes mended . I had my hair cut yesterday .（十一）動詞的語態(tài)1語態(tài)定義：英語中表示主語和謂語之間的關(guān)系的動詞形式稱為語態(tài)。英語的語態(tài)分為主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)