現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成和用法

1、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成和用法I.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)1. 概念：過(guò)去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，或從過(guò)去已經(jīng)開 始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。2. 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：yet,already,just,never,ever,so far,by now,since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)，for+時(shí)間段， recently, lately, in the past few years, etc.3. 基本結(jié)構(gòu)：主語(yǔ) +have/has +p.p （過(guò)去分詞）+其他4. 否定形式：主語(yǔ) +have/has + not +p.p （過(guò)去分詞）+其他5. 一般疑問(wèn)句：have或has。6. 例句:I've written

2、 an article.The countryside has changed a lot in the past few years.II .現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)1. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成：助動(dòng)詞have/has +過(guò)去分詞2. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的主要用法表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻開始并一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或事情，但動(dòng)作或事情現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)結(jié)束。Someone has just turned off the light.有人剛把燈關(guān)了。I have already finished my homework.我已經(jīng)完成了 家庭作業(yè)。表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻開始并一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或事情，但動(dòng)作或事情可能仍在繼續(xù)。I want to

3、 see how much the place changed since I saw it last. 我想看看從上次見至捌 S地 方以來(lái)它發(fā)生了多大變化。I have learnt English for more than ten years. 我已經(jīng)學(xué)了 10 多年的英語(yǔ)。表示人曾有過(guò)或到目前為止從未有過(guò)的經(jīng)歷Have you ever been to the Summer Palace?你曾去過(guò)頤和園嗎 ？I have never had a car.我從未有過(guò)汽車。現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還常與句型This is the first time，It' s the first time連用

4、。This is the first time he has driven a car. 這是他第一次開車?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和最局級(jí)連用表不'到現(xiàn)在為止是最的。It' s the most boring film I ' ve ever seen這是我看過(guò)的最令人厭煩的電影。3. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) 常與不確定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,如:already, never, ever, just, yet, before, up to now,so far, for the last few weeks等，表示"到目前為止"所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作還可以和包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)（到說(shuō)話時(shí)仍

5、未結(jié)束）的,表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用，如:now, today, this morning （afternoon, evening, week, month, year）, these days, since, for a long time 等.since短語(yǔ)或從句表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作延續(xù)至今，since之后的時(shí)間為一點(diǎn)。Mr. Smith has worked here since 1984.1984年以來(lái)，史密斯先生一直在這工作。He' s learned about 5,000 English words since he went to college.他上大學(xué)以來(lái)大約學(xué)了五千個(gè)英語(yǔ)

6、單詞。for短語(yǔ)表示動(dòng)作延續(xù)多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，for的賓語(yǔ)為時(shí)間段。We have known each other for twenty years. 我們認(rèn)識(shí)有二十年了。I haven' t seen her for a long time.我好久沒有見到她了。just, lately, recently是完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，just now 有a moment ago之意，是一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。The train has just arrived. 火車岡Q至U。Did you see Joan just now?你剛才看到瓊了嗎？Have you heard from your fam

7、ily lately/recently?你最近收到家人的來(lái)信了嗎？(6) in the past few years意思是"過(guò)去幾年來(lái)"，可作現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)；in the past意思是“在過(guò)去”，常作一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past few years.過(guò)去幾年來(lái)，我的家鄉(xiāng)發(fā)生了很大的變化。Where did you work in the past? 你過(guò)去在哪里工作？even since then與from then on (after that)都有&quo

8、t;打那以后"之意，前者是完成 時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，后者常用作一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。She' s lived here ever since then.打那以后，她一直住在這。I didn ' t hear of Jim from then on/after that.打那以后，我就沒有吉姆的消息。before泛指"以前"時(shí)，可用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中；ago表示"現(xiàn)在的一段時(shí)間以前”，是一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。I' ve never been to Japan before.我以前沒去過(guò)日本。She went to Japan a year a

9、go.她一年前去了 日本。、ever和never也是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常見的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。前者意思是"曾經(jīng)"，多見于疑問(wèn)句或否定句中；后者意思是“從來(lái)沒有”，表示全部否定。"Have you ever seen the film? ”"No. I have never seen it. ”“你曾經(jīng)看過(guò)這部影片嗎？ ”“沒有，從來(lái)沒看過(guò)?！盢obody in our class has ever been there.我們班沒有人去過(guò)那。(10) already和yet常見于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中，有"已經(jīng)"之意。前者一般用在肯定句中，后者用在疑問(wèn)句中。 y

10、et在否定句中有"還"之意。"Has the bus left yet" ?"汽車開走了嗎？""Yes. It has already left.""是的，已經(jīng)開走了。""No. It hasn ' t left yet. "不，還沒有開走。"(11) so far(到目前為止)，these days/些天)也是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常見的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。So far, no man has travelled farther than the moon.到目前為止，還沒有人

11、到月球以外旅行。What have you done these days?這些天來(lái)，你做了什么事？(12) now, today, this morning, this year等有時(shí)可以用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中，以表示到說(shuō)話時(shí)這一時(shí)間尚未結(jié)束。I have learned how to swim now.我現(xiàn)在終于學(xué)會(huì)了怎樣游泳。Have you seen Han Meimei this morning? 你今天上午看到韓梅梅了嗎？4. 短暫性動(dòng)詞與時(shí)間段的關(guān)系短暫性動(dòng)詞在肯定句、疑問(wèn)句中不能與時(shí)間段連用，這些動(dòng)詞是：become, begin,buy, borrow, arrive, come,

12、die, fall, finish, get to know, go, join, leave, marry 等。為了表述這種意思，我們常用相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞have, keep等或短語(yǔ)"be+名詞(形容詞、位置副詞、介詞短語(yǔ))”來(lái) 代替短暫性動(dòng)詞。become be,begins have , borrow keep, buy have,come (go, arrive, get) be here/there/in ，leaver be away (from -),diebe dead, fall asleep (ill) be asleep (ill), finish be ove

13、r,get to know know, join be in - ( be a member of - ) , marrybe married 等也可以仍用原短暫性動(dòng)詞，用句型“ It is - since從句(從句中用一般過(guò)去時(shí))”或 用"一般過(guò)去時(shí)+ -ago"這一結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表述延續(xù)性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。他入黨五年了。He has been in the Party for five years.He has been a Party member for five years.It is five years since he joined the Party.He joine

14、d the Party five years ago.電影開始五分鐘了。The film has been on for five minutes.It is five minutes since the film beganThe film began five minutes ago.但在否定句中，短暫性動(dòng)詞可以與時(shí)間段連用。如：I haven' t bought the bike for a year.我買這輛自行車還不到一年。She hasn' t come here for an hour.她來(lái)這兒還沒有一個(gè)小時(shí)。5. have been 與 have gone的用法

15、上匕較have been to a place 意思是"到過(guò)，去過(guò)"，表示曾經(jīng)到過(guò)某處，但現(xiàn)在人不在那兒。have gone to 意思是"去了"，表示已經(jīng)去了某地，現(xiàn)在人可能在去的途中或已在那兒了。Has she ever been to Nanjing?她曾去過(guò)南京嗎？You have never been there, have you?你以前從未去過(guò)那兒，是嗎？I have been to Guiling ,I went there last year. 我去過(guò)桂林，我去年去的。She has gone to Nanjing.她已經(jīng)去南京了?，F(xiàn)在

16、完成時(shí)專項(xiàng)練習(xí)一. 單項(xiàng)選擇。1. - Where is Mr. Liu? He the library.A. has been to B. has gone to C. has been in2. The students have cleaned the classroom,?A.so they B. don ' t they C. have they D. haven ' t they3. I like Hainan. I there three times.A. went B. go C. have been D. have gone4. We came to Nanj

17、ing three years ago, so we here for three years.A. have been to B. have been in C. have beenD. have gone5. - How long you your dictionary? - About two months.A. did; buy B. have; get C. have; had D. have; bought6. He tells me he China for over five years.A. has been B. has been in C. has been to D.

18、has gone to7. has Mr White been a member of Greener China since he to China?A. How soon, comes B. How often, got C. How long, came D. How far, arrived8. His uncle for more than 9 years.A. has come here B. has started to work C. has lived there D. has left the university二、按要求改寫句子。9. He has never surf

19、ed,(改成反意疑問(wèn)句)？10. They have been here since 2000 .(對(duì)劃線部分提問(wèn))have they been here?11. The old man last year. He for a year.(die)12. This factory opened twenty years ago.(改寫句子，句意不變 )This factory for twenty years.13. Miss Gao left an hour ago. (改寫句子，句意不變)Miss Gao an hour ago.14. The Green Family moved to

20、France two years ago.(改寫句子，句意不變)two years the Green family moved to France.15. The bus has arrived here. It arrived ten minutes ago.(改寫句子，句意不變).三、動(dòng)詞填空：1. you(clean) the room?Yes, we(do) that already.When you(do) it?We(do) it an hour ago.2. he(see) this film yet? Yes.When he(see) it? He it last week.

21、3. How many times you(be) there?4. I(read) the novel twice. It' s interesting.5. She(go) to Pairs, hasn Yes. t she?How she(go) there?She(go) there by air.6. So far, many countries(develop) their software programs.7. Mr Chen(give)up smoking last year.8. Mr chen(give) up smoking since last year.四、

22、1)、選用for和since填空：1. We haven ' t seen each other a long time.2. His father has been in the Party 10 years ago.3. The film has been on 20 minutes.4. Mr Green has worked here he came to China.5. His grandparents have been dead several years.6. It ' s five years we met last time.2)、用 Have been to, have gone to, have been in 填空1. Mike and his parents the north for half a