Lesson-3-At-War-with-the-PlanetPPT課件

1、2021/7/231高 級 英 語 Book 6河南農業(yè)大學外國語學院2021/7/232Lesson Three At War with the Planet2021/7/233Barry Commoner 2021/7/234About the author: Barry Commoner(1917): American biologist， college professor, Environmental Scientist and eco-socialist/Social Activist . He has been an outspoken, radical motivator of

2、 change on such environmental issues as energy conservation, pesticide use, waste management and control of toxic chemicals. He ran for president of the United States in the 1980 U.S. presidential election on the Citizens Party ticket. 2021/7/235Barry Commoner Commoner was born in Brooklyn. He recei

3、ved his bachelors degree in zoology from Columbia University (1937) and his masters and doctoral degrees from Harvard University. After serving as a lieutenant in the United States Navy during World War II, Commoner moved to St. Louis and became a professor of plant physiology植物生理學 at Washington Uni

4、versity, where he taught for 34 years. 2021/7/236Barry Commoner During the late 1950s, Commoner became a well-known protester against nuclear testing. He went on to write several books about the negative ecological effects of above-ground nuclear testing. In 1970 he received the International Humani

5、st Award from the International Humanist and Ethical Union. Commoner criticized Ronald Reagan and George Bush for regulating pollution and not preventing it.2021/7/237Barry Commoner His warnings, since the 1950s, of the environmental threats posed by modern technology (including nuclear weapons, use

6、 of pesticides and other toxic chemicals, and ineffective waste management) in such works as his classic Science and Survival (1966) made him one of the foremost environmentalist spokesmen of his time. He was a third-party candidate for U.S. president in 1980.2021/7/238Barry Commoner In 1966 he foun

7、ded the Center for the Biology of Natural Systems (CBNS) to study the science of the total environment，to study mans relationship with the environment In 1981 Commoner moved CBNS to Queen College in Flushing, N.Y., where the team he directs continues its research in conservation and ecological scien

8、ce. The author of 9 books, Barry Commoner, a pioneer in the creation of the environment movement, was termed the “Paul Revere of Ecology” 2021/7/239Barry Commoner Commoners activist career can be defined as an attempt to weave together a larger vision of social justice. Since the 1960s, he has calle

9、d attention to parallels between the environmental, civil rights, labor, and peace movements, and connected environmental decline with poverty, injustice, exploitation, and war, arguing that the root cause of environmental problems was the American economic system and its manifestations. 2021/7/2310

10、Barry Commoner美 巴里康芒納（Barry Commoner）封閉的循環(huán)封閉的循環(huán)（THE CLOSING CIRCLE ）自然、人和技術自然、人和技術 （NATURE,MAN ADN TECHNOLOGY）2021/7/2311 美國在1970年突然發(fā)現(xiàn)，自己的國家正處于各種環(huán)境危險的困擾之中：光化學煙霧籠罩著許多城市；農場主憂慮著有毒的殺蟲劑和硝酸鹽所污染的供水；青年人抗議著來自原子彈和核電站的射塵威脅；孩子們遭受著他們體內的高水準的鉛所引起的病苦。封閉的循環(huán)的寫作目的就是要說明這些令人恐懼的問題的根源。書中指出，所有這些問題都是自第二次世界大戰(zhàn)之后在美國生產體系中所發(fā)生的巨大

11、變革的結果：光化學煙霧是汽車發(fā)動機泄露出氧化氮引起光化反應而產生的；污染農業(yè)地區(qū)的化肥和殺蟲劑是為了增加糧食生產而被使用的；射線危險是由核能引起的；添加在汽油中的鉛是開動高效率機動車引擎所必需的。所有這些新生產技術都是在無知的情況下被應用的。而事實上所有新的變革都可以在不失去經濟利益的前提下做到。2021/7/2312Barry Commoner Four Laws of Ecology written in his The Closing Circle in 1971. The four laws are: 1. Everything is Connected to Everything E

12、lse. There is one ecosphere for all living organisms and what affects one, affects all. 2. Everything Must Go Somewhere. There is no waste in nature and there is no “away” to which things can be thrown. 3. Nature Knows Best. Humankind has fashioned technology to improve upon nature, but such change

13、in a natural system is, says Commoner, “l(fā)ikely to be detrimental(harmful) to that system.” 4. There Is No Such Thing as a Free Lunch. Everything comes from something. Theres no such thing as spontaneous existence.2021/7/2313Barry Commoner 2021/7/2314Barry Commoner He said, When a pollutant is attack

14、ed at the point of originin the production process that generates itthe pollutant can be eliminated; once it is produced, it is too late. This is the simple but powerful lesson of the two decades of intense but largely futile effort to improve the quality of the environment.2021/7/2315The Environmen

15、tal Pollution The air pollution2021/7/2316 Smog2021/7/2317 The water pollution2021/7/2318 The traffic pollution2021/7/2319 The white pollution2021/7/2320 The soil pollution2021/7/2321 Light pollution2021/7/2322How the worlds climate may change in the future Climate change is one of the most serious

16、environmental threats facing the world today. Its impacts will be felt across the world, as sea level rise threatens the existence of some small island states and puts millions of people at risk. Temperature increases, drought and flooding will affect peoples health and way of life, and cause the ir

17、reversible loss of many species of plants and animals.2021/7/2323How the worlds climate may change in the future Average global surface temperatures have increased by 0.6C over the 20th century. The ten hottest years on record have all occurred since the beginning of the 1990s. According to the Inte

18、rgovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) the strong warming of the last 50 years cannot be explained by natural climate variations alone, but requires the inclusion of the effects of human emissions. 2021/7/2324How the worlds climate may change in the future Much of the observed rise in sea-leve

19、l (10 - 20 cm) during the 20th century may be related to this increase in global mean temperatures. Current climate models predict that global temperatures will rise by a further 1.4 to 5.8 C by the end of the 21st century. Global mean sea levels are also predicted to rise by 9 to 88 cm by 2100.2021

20、/7/2325 拯救地球就是拯救未來拯救地球就是拯救未來 地球是人類共同的家園。然而20世紀以來，隨著科學技術的發(fā)展和經濟規(guī)模的擴大，人類賴以生存的地球發(fā)生了巨大的變化。有資料表明：目前全球人口正以每年9000多萬人的幅度增長，世界人口2000年已達到60億，到21世紀中期將達100億.全球已有30%的土地因人類的活動遭致退化，每年流失土壤約240 億噸。全世界每年流入海洋的石油達1000多萬噸，重金屬幾百萬噸，還有數(shù)不清的生活垃圾。水中的病菌和污染物每年造成約2500萬人死亡。 2021/7/2326 全球每年向大氣中排放的二氧化碳約有230億噸，比20世紀初增加了25%，與此同時空氣中的顆

21、粒物質、二氧化硫、一氧化碳、硫化氫等污染物也大量增加。全世界森林面積以每年約1700萬公頃的速度消失，平均每天有140種生物消亡等。觸目驚心的環(huán)境污染隨處可見：天空昏暗、空氣污濁、污水橫流、垃圾圍城，連遠在冰天雪地的南極企鵝penguin體內也發(fā)現(xiàn)DDT等農藥殘余，珠穆朗瑪峰遍地狼藉？所有這一切都在向人類發(fā)出警示：人類在破壞地球環(huán)境的同時，也在毀滅著自己。人類只有一個地球，尊重地球就是尊重生命，拯救地球就是拯救未來！2021/7/2327General Structure Part I (Para.1) This is the introductory part in which the au

22、thor raises the theme that people live in two worlds. Part II (Paras.2-5) In this part, the author explains why the two worlds are at war. Part III (Paras.6-9) The first law of the ecosphere and the law governing the relationship between man-made objects and the surroundings2021/7/2328 Part IV (Para

23、s.10-11) the closed cyclical process of ecosphere and the linear process of technosphere Part V (Paras.12-14) the consistent and harmonious nature of the ecosphere as contrasted to the rapid change and variation of the technosphere Part VI. (Paras.15-16) comparison between the consequences of failur

24、e of the ecosphere and that of the technosphereGeneral Structure2021/7/2329 Part VII (Paras.17-21) Since the two worlds are at war, the issue can only be understood in terms of their interplay. It will be dangerous for us to take sides, ignoring the interests of one combatant or the other.Part VIII.

25、 (Paras.22-23) Conclusion: the author once again stresses the importance of understanding the interplay of the two worlds and on the basis of this understanding, making it our task to find ways to make peace with the planet. General Structure2021/7/2330 At War with the Planet Para1 1. What is the fu

26、nction of the first paragraph? It serves as an introduction. In this part, the author raises the theme that people live in two worlds. 2. This first sentence has already kept us in suspense. Why do people live in two worlds, what kind of worlds are they, this world and the next? Could we live here a

27、nd there at the same time? According to the author, what are the two worlds that people live in? The two worlds refer to the natural world and the world of human creation, that is, man-made world. 2021/7/2331At War with the Planet Para.1 3. What are the differences between these two worlds? How do p

28、eople think of these two worlds? The natural world is beyond human control. Generally we think that we are responsible for events of our own world, but not for what occurs in the natural world. Exempt from: free from an obligation, duty or payment e. g. goods exempt from tax The handicapped are exem

29、pt from military service. 2021/7/2332At War with the Planet Para.2 1. Now, on a planetary scale, this division has been breached breach: break, to make a gap in a walls or barrier, etc. This is a transitional sentence, linking up the following part with the first paragraph. It also leads to further

30、explanation of the interaction between the two worlds. Globally, the division between the two worlds has been broken. They are no longer separated. The implied meaning is what humans do in the technosphere will have effect on the ecosphere. 2021/7/2333At War with the Planet Hole in the Earths protec

31、tive ozone layer 臭氧層具有保護地球表面遭受來自太陽的強烈紫外線的照射，這些紫外線能夠導致皮膚癌的產生。由此看來，臭氧層其實就是地球的保護傘，現(xiàn)在由于損害臭氧層的化學氣體的排放，臭氧層已經變得越來越薄，好象傘上破了一個洞，而且洞在日益地增大， 這對傘下自然會有影響。許多人都在擔心皮膚癌的發(fā)病率會大大增加.2021/7/23342021/7/2335 2021/7/2336 2. even droughts, floods, and heat waves may become unwitting acts of man. Both the hole in ozone layer

32、and global warming are consequences of human deeds. What people do in the technosphere may unintentionally have adverse effects on the ecosphere, and, in turn, will cause other natural disasters like droughts, floods and heat waves. At War with the Planet2021/7/2337At War with the Planet 2. even dro

33、ughts, floods, and heat waves may become unwitting acts of man. For example, in order to reclaim land, or to gather firewood, people would cut down trees and bushes, thus causing deforestation. Without the protection of forests, there will be floods, droughts and landslides. In history, our loess pl

34、ateau(黃土高坡) was once covered with thick forest and the soil was fertile. With forest gone, it has turned into a barren land2021/7/2338At War with the Planet Para.31. Like the Creation, the portending global events are cosmic to portend: to be an omen or warning of portending: ominous, threatening gl

35、obal events: refer to events such as the hole in the ozone layer and global warming like the Creation of the universe, events that happen on the earth may have vast effects, especially on the relationship between the planet earth and the sun2021/7/2339 Para3 2. The suns powerful influence on the ear

36、th is exerted by two forces: The sun exerts its powerful influence on the earth through two forces. exert: to use or apply a quality, skill, pressure, etc施加She exerted a lot of pressure on her children to succeed.At War with the Planet2021/7/2340 Para3 Solar radiation largrly vixible and ultraviolat

37、e light is a vast stream of energy that bathes the Earths surface, fluctuatingfrom day to noght and season to season. 太陽能 主要是可見光和紫外線 是源源不斷的用之不竭的能量，沐浴著大地表層，隨著晝夜和季節(jié)的變化而波動。At War with the Planet2021/7/2341 Para3 3. Solar energy fuels of living things. solar energy fuels the energy-requiring processes o

38、f lifeTo fuel: to provide fuel, to give power to The photosynthesis of plants is a case in point.The current behavior of many animals and plants is the result of climate change over millions of years. At War with the Planet2021/7/2342Para34. We have been tampering with this powerful force, unaware,

39、like the Sorcerers apprentice, of the potentially disastrous consequences of our action.我們一直在瞎鼓搗這股強大的力量，卻不知道我們這種行為潛在的災難性后果，就像傳說中魔術師的徒弟一樣。At War with the Planet2021/7/2343Para34. We have been tampering with this powerful force, unaware, like the Sorcerers apprentice, of the potentially disastrous con

40、sequences of our action.tamper with sth: to interfere with or alter sth without authoritysorcerers apprentice: see note 2. Its an interesting folklore. Why does the author say that we have been behaving like the Sorcerers Apprentice? Because we have been doing things without knowing that they may ha

41、ve serious effects on the planet Earth At War with the Planet2021/7/2344At War with the PlanetPara.4 We have become accustomed to the now mundane image of the Earth as seen from .is misleading. mundane: commonplace, ordinarySeen from the moon, one cannot witness traces of human activities.But this i

42、mage, now repeatedly thrust before us -, is misleading: The earth we see in photos, posters, and ads, which appears so beautiful, is not a true reflection of the world we live in。2021/7/2345At War with the PlanetPara.4 What is the authors view of the image?The author thinks that the image is spectac

43、ular but is misleading, because it fails to show human damage to the earth. 2021/7/2346 Para.4 2. Even if the global warming catastrophe never materializes, - in ways that may not register on the camera即使全球變暖這種災難永不發(fā)生，即使臭氧空洞仍然只是一種深奧的極地現(xiàn)象，人類活動也已極大地改變了全球條件，這些也許是照相機拍不出來的。 register: be captured, appear a

44、pparent human activity has already greatly changed global conditions in hidden / covert ways that are hard to discover. The following sentence gives us supporting examples: radioactivity has changed global conditions yet it is hard to capture radioactivity with a camera.At War with the Planet2021/7/

45、2347 Para.4 3. - carcinogenic synthetic pesticides have been detested in mothers milk all over the world Tests of mothers milk all over the world show the existence of synthetic pesticide which might cause cancer. This indicates that mothers have eaten food with residues of synthetic pesticide.At Wa

46、r with the Planet2021/7/2348 Para.4 4. great forests haven been cut down, destroying ecological niches and their resident species. niche: (biology) the conditions in which a species can live successfully ecological niches and their resident species: 生態(tài)小環(huán)境及生活在其中的物種。 At War with the Planet2021/7/2349A

47、t War with the Planet Para.51. Clearly, we need to understand the interaction between our two worlds: - powerful enough to deserve so grandiose a term. what is the ecosphere?(生態(tài)圈) According to the author, the ecosphere refers to air, water and soil that cover the earth and the plants and animals tha

48、t live in it. technosphere: a term coined by the author, imitating and in contrast with ecosphere. The use of suffix sphere makes the term appear unnecessarily grand. 2021/7/2350 Para5 2. The technosphere has become sufficiently large and intense to alter the natural processes that govern the ecosph

49、ere Human activities have taken place over such large areas and with such intensity that they have already caused disastrous effects on ecology.At War with the Planet2021/7/2351 Para5 3. catastrophically diminishing our ability to provide for basic human needs. Frequent natural disasters (caused by

50、or worsened by human disruption of the ecological system) have reduced our ability to satisfy the needs of people on earth.At War with the Planet2021/7/2352 Para5 4. The human attack on the ecosphere has instigated an ecological counterattack. The two worlds are at war. instigate: to make sth begin

51、or happen; initiate; touch off; trigger off; spark off e.g. to instigate a strike / an attack The police have instigated an official inquiry into the incident The author is expressing the idea in a metaphorical way. The response of the ecosphere is compared to a counterattack.At War with the Planet2

52、021/7/2353At War with the Planet Para.6 1. The two spheres in which we live are governed by very different laws. This statement leads to the comparison of different laws and the root of the war. 2. One of the basic laws - “everything is connected to everything else.” What is the first law that gover

53、ns the ecosphere? The first law is that in ecosphere, every component is related to other components, thus forming an elaborate network.2021/7/2354At War with the Planet Para.6 3. Thus, in an aquatic ecosystem a fish is not only a fish, the parent of other fish 因此，在海洋生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中，魚不僅是魚，也不僅是其他魚的生育者 4. It is

54、 also. the habitat of parasites; the fish hawks prey. the habitat of parasites: a place where parasites live 寄生蟲的棲息地 the fish hawks prey: potential food for the hawk魚鷹的捕食對象2021/7/2355 Para6 5. The fish is not only, existentially, a fish, but also an element of this network, which defines its functio

55、ns. the fish is not only, existentially, a fish 魚不僅僅是生存意義上的一條魚, 還是這一系統(tǒng)中的一個成分，系統(tǒng)決定著它扮演各種角色，發(fā)揮不同作用。 The function of the fish is determined by the role it plays in the ecological network.At War with the Planet2021/7/2356滅絕后的海洋生物滅絕前的海洋生物2021/7/23572021/7/2358 Para6 6. Indeed, in the evolutionary sense,

56、a good part of the network - because it fitted properly into the preexisting system. How does the fish live? Well, the fish perhaps lives on other small fish. Then those small fish would feed on underwater grass (plant) or microorganisms. That is to say, the existence of the fish is based on the exi

57、stence of microorganism and plant. Microorganism and plant are what precedes the fish in the network. This fish could live (establish itself) only because it takes those plant and microorganism as its food (it fitted properly into the preexisting system) At War with the Planet2021/7/2359 Para6 6. In

58、deed, in the evolutionary sense, a good part of the network - because it fitted properly into the preexisting system. The fish could play its role because it became a necessary link with the processes proceeding it and the processes following it in the ecological system.At War with the Planet2021/7/

59、2360At War with the Planet Para.7A car, for example, imposes itself on the neighborhood rather than being defined by it to impose sth on sth: to inflict sth; e.g. to impose restrictions/limitations/ restrains on trade A car does not respond to its environment but insists on its own needs being met.

60、In other words, a car is independent of its surroundings. 2021/7/2361 Densely packed freeways:2021/7/2362Quiet country village2021/7/2363Rolls Royce 2021/7/2364 Para7 2. It is true, of course, that all cars must have a width that is accommodated by the traffic lanes, and must have proper brakes, lig