第二課 法律職業(yè)

1、法律英語(yǔ)1Lesson TwoLegal Profession法律職業(yè)法律職業(yè)法律英語(yǔ)2If there were no bad people, there would be no good lawyers.Charles Dickens, British novelist倘若世上沒(méi)有壞人，也就不會(huì)有好的倘若世上沒(méi)有壞人，也就不會(huì)有好的律師。律師。英國(guó)小說(shuō)家英國(guó)小說(shuō)家 狄更斯狄更斯 CC法律英語(yǔ)3Legal ProfessionMultistate Bar Exam federal courtsboards of directorsJudgeAttorney GeneralChief Just

2、ice重點(diǎn)專(zhuān)業(yè)詞匯重點(diǎn)專(zhuān)業(yè)詞匯法律英語(yǔ)4BarristersSolicitorsAttorneypractice of lawLawyers in private practicesingle practitionerhouse Counselcorporate counsel法律英語(yǔ)5The United States Department of Justicepublic prosecutorsFederal prosecutorsdistrict attorneysCongress of the United States法律英語(yǔ)6Background 律師律師法官法官檢查官檢查官法學(xué)教

3、師法學(xué)教師法律職業(yè)法律職業(yè)變換頻繁變換頻繁 Harlan Fiske Stone法律英語(yǔ)7法律英語(yǔ)8Part 1 The BarBar法庭中將公眾與法官、律師法庭中將公眾與法官、律師及其他訴訟參與人分隔開(kāi)的及其他訴訟參與人分隔開(kāi)的隔板隔板。后來(lái)用于通指法律職業(yè)或律師職業(yè)。后來(lái)用于通指法律職業(yè)或律師職業(yè)。美國(guó)律師協(xié)會(huì)美國(guó)律師協(xié)會(huì)法律英語(yǔ)9法律英語(yǔ)10律師律師美國(guó)美國(guó)LawyerAttorneyAttorney at-lawCounselerCounseler at-law英國(guó)英國(guó)Barrister訴訟律師訴訟律師大律師，出庭律師大律師，出庭律師Solicitor非訴律師非訴律師訴狀律師，事務(wù)律師

4、訴狀律師，事務(wù)律師法律英語(yǔ)11The regulation of the legal profession is primarily the concern of the states, each of which has its own requirements for admission to practice. 對(duì)法律職業(yè)的管制主要是州政府的事。對(duì)法律職業(yè)的管制主要是州政府的事。各州都有自己的各州都有自己的允許律師執(zhí)業(yè)允許律師執(zhí)業(yè)的條件。的條件。法律英語(yǔ)12Most require three years of college and a law degree. Each state a

5、dministers its own written examination to applicants for its bar. 三年大學(xué)三年大學(xué)法律學(xué)位法律學(xué)位書(shū)面考試書(shū)面考試法律英語(yǔ)13Almost all states, however, make use of the Multistate Bar Exam, a day-long multi-choice test, to which the states adds a day-long essay examination emphasizing its own law.各州律師聯(lián)考各州律師聯(lián)考多項(xiàng)選擇題多項(xiàng)選擇題法律英語(yǔ)14 Th

6、e Multistate Bar Examination (MBE) is a six-hour, two-hundred question multiple-choice examination covering contracts, torts, constitutional law, criminal law, evidence, and real property. 法律英語(yǔ)15A substantial fraction of all applicants succeed on the first try, and many of those who fail pass on a l

7、ater attempt. 通過(guò)第一次考試的人很多，而那些失通過(guò)第一次考試的人很多，而那些失敗者中的許多人在下一次嘗試時(shí)就通敗者中的許多人在下一次嘗試時(shí)就通過(guò)了。過(guò)了。法律英語(yǔ)16In all, over forty thousand persons succeed in passing these examinations to the bar in their respective states. 每年各州有每年各州有4萬(wàn)多人萬(wàn)多人通過(guò)律師考試通過(guò)律師考試。No apprenticeship is required either before or after admission. 在進(jìn)入

8、律師行業(yè)之前或之后在進(jìn)入律師行業(yè)之前或之后不需要有不需要有學(xué)徒經(jīng)歷。學(xué)徒經(jīng)歷。法律英語(yǔ)17The rules for admission to practice before the federal courts vary with the courts,在在聯(lián)邦法院執(zhí)業(yè)聯(lián)邦法院執(zhí)業(yè)的要求各州不同。的要求各州不同。but generally those entitled to practice before the highest court of a state may be admitted before the federal courts upon compliance with mi

9、nor formalities. 在在州最高法院州最高法院執(zhí)業(yè)的人辦理了一些執(zhí)業(yè)的人辦理了一些無(wú)關(guān)無(wú)關(guān)緊要的手續(xù)緊要的手續(xù)后可以在后可以在聯(lián)邦法院聯(lián)邦法院執(zhí)業(yè)。執(zhí)業(yè)。法律英語(yǔ)18A lawyers practice is usually confined to a single community for, although a lawyer may travel to represent clients, one is only permitted to practice in a state where one has been admitted. 律師通常在一個(gè)地區(qū)執(zhí)業(yè)律師通常在一個(gè)地區(qū)

10、執(zhí)業(yè)可以代表當(dāng)事人到其他州辦理事務(wù)可以代表當(dāng)事人到其他州辦理事務(wù)只能在獲準(zhǔn)開(kāi)業(yè)的州從業(yè)只能在獲準(zhǔn)開(kāi)業(yè)的州從業(yè)法律英語(yǔ)19 It is customary to retain local counsel for matters in other jurisdictions. 在其他管轄區(qū)聘請(qǐng)?jiān)谄渌茌爡^(qū)聘請(qǐng)當(dāng)?shù)芈蓭煯?dāng)?shù)芈蓭熓且环N是一種慣例慣例。有些州曾把有些州曾把“本州居民本州居民”規(guī)定為申請(qǐng)律規(guī)定為申請(qǐng)律師資格的前提條件。但聯(lián)邦最高法院在師資格的前提條件。但聯(lián)邦最高法院在19851985年裁定這種規(guī)定為非法。此外，在年裁定這種規(guī)定為非法。此外，在美國(guó)擔(dān)任律師的人美國(guó)擔(dān)任律師的人并不必須是美國(guó)公

11、民并不必須是美國(guó)公民。 法律英語(yǔ)20One who moves to another state can usually be admitted without examination if one has practiced in a state where one has been admitted for some time, often five years. 如果一個(gè)人如果一個(gè)人已經(jīng)執(zhí)業(yè)已經(jīng)執(zhí)業(yè)5 5年以上年以上，那，那么當(dāng)他移居到另外一個(gè)州的時(shí)候，么當(dāng)他移居到另外一個(gè)州的時(shí)候，通常通常不用再參加該州的律師資格考不用再參加該州的律師資格考試試就可以就可以獲準(zhǔn)執(zhí)業(yè)獲準(zhǔn)執(zhí)業(yè)。 法律英語(yǔ)2

12、1A lawyer may not only practice law, but is permitted to engage in any activity that is open to other citizens.從事律師業(yè)務(wù)從事律師業(yè)務(wù)參加任何其他公民可以參加的活動(dòng)參加任何其他公民可以參加的活動(dòng)法律英語(yǔ)22It is not uncommon for practicing lawyer to serve on boards of directors of corporate clients, to engage in business, and to participate acti

13、vely in public affairs. 在公司的董事會(huì)任職在公司的董事會(huì)任職從事商業(yè)活動(dòng)從事商業(yè)活動(dòng)積極參與公共事務(wù)積極參與公共事務(wù)法律英語(yǔ)23A lawyer remains a member of the bar even after becoming a judge, an employee of the government or of a private business concern, or a law teacher, any may return to private practice from these other activities. 律師在成為律師在成為法官

14、法官、受雇于政府受雇于政府或或私營(yíng)私營(yíng)企業(yè)企業(yè)或者成為或者成為法律教師法律教師以后，還以后，還保留保留著律師的身份著律師的身份。他們可以放棄其他活。他們可以放棄其他活動(dòng)，回來(lái)再做律師。動(dòng)，回來(lái)再做律師。法律英語(yǔ)24 A relatively small number of lawyers give up practice for responsible executive positions in commerce and industry. 有有很少數(shù)量很少數(shù)量的律師為了在工商業(yè)重要的律師為了在工商業(yè)重要的決策位置而的決策位置而放棄放棄律師業(yè)務(wù)。律師業(yè)務(wù)。法律英語(yǔ)25The mobility

15、 as well as the sense of public responsibility in the profession is evidence by the career of Harlan Fiske Stone who was, at various times, a successful New York lawyer, a professor and dean of the Columbia School of Law, Attorney General of the United States, and Chief Justice of the United States.

16、 律師律師教授教授院長(zhǎng)院長(zhǎng)總檢總檢察長(zhǎng)察長(zhǎng)首席大首席大法官法官法律英語(yǔ)26Harlan Fiske Stone1872- 1946Distinguished jurist Harlan Fiske Stone was born on October 11, 1872 in Chesterfield, New Hampshire. 著名法理學(xué)家著名法理學(xué)家法律英語(yǔ)27 After graduating from Amherst College in 1894, he continued on to Columbia University from which he received his la

17、w degree in 1898. The next year he was admitted to the New York bar. 加入紐約律師協(xié)會(huì)加入紐約律師協(xié)會(huì)法律英語(yǔ)28In 1910 Stone became the dean of the Columbia Law School. In 1924 he was appointed by President Coolidge to be Attorney General. 哥倫比亞大學(xué)法學(xué)院院長(zhǎng)哥倫比亞大學(xué)法學(xué)院院長(zhǎng)司法部長(zhǎng)（總檢察長(zhǎng)）司法部長(zhǎng)（總檢察長(zhǎng)）法律英語(yǔ)29In 1925 he was nominated to the

18、Supreme Court. While on the Court, Stone was a strong supporter of President Roosevelts New Deal legislation. Roosevelt appointed Stone Chief Justice in 1941. Stone died in 1946 at the age of 73.最高法院最高法院羅斯福新政羅斯福新政最高法院首席大法官最高法院首席大法官法律英語(yǔ)30These is no formal division among lawyers according to function

19、. 美國(guó)沒(méi)有根據(jù)職能不同對(duì)美國(guó)沒(méi)有根據(jù)職能不同對(duì)律師職業(yè)進(jìn)行劃分。律師職業(yè)進(jìn)行劃分。英國(guó)：英國(guó)：Barristers：出庭律師出庭律師、大律師、訴訟律師大律師、訴訟律師Solicitors：訴狀律師訴狀律師、小、小律師、非訴律師律師、非訴律師 法律英語(yǔ)31there is no branch of profession that has a special or exclusive right to appear in court, nor is there a branch that specializes in the preparation of legal instruments. 美

20、國(guó)：美國(guó)：出庭代理訴訟出庭代理訴訟準(zhǔn)備法律文書(shū)準(zhǔn)備法律文書(shū)attorney法律英語(yǔ)32 The American lawyers domain includes advocacy, counseling, and drafting. Furthermore, within the sphere broadly defined as the “practice of law” the domain is exclusive and is not open to others. 代理訴訟，出庭辯護(hù)；代理訴訟，出庭辯護(hù)；咨詢服務(wù)；咨詢服務(wù)；起草文書(shū)；起草文書(shū)；律師實(shí)務(wù)律師實(shí)務(wù)法律英語(yǔ)33 In th

21、e field of advocacy, the rules are fairly clear: any individual may represent himself or herself in court but, with the exception of a few inferior courts, only a lawyer may represent another in court. 出庭辯護(hù)：出庭辯護(hù)：當(dāng)事人本人當(dāng)事人本人代理律師代理律師法律英語(yǔ)34The lines of demarcation are less clear in the areas of counseli

22、ng and drafting of legal instruments, as for example between the practice of law and that of accounting in the field of federal income taxation. 咨詢服務(wù)與起草法律文件咨詢服務(wù)與起草法律文件之間的劃分之間的劃分不不明確。明確。就聯(lián)邦所得稅，律師執(zhí)業(yè)與會(huì)計(jì)執(zhí)業(yè)劃就聯(lián)邦所得稅，律師執(zhí)業(yè)與會(huì)計(jì)執(zhí)業(yè)劃分不清。分不清。法律英語(yǔ)35 However, the strict approach of most American courts is indicated

23、by a decision of New Yorks highest court that a lawyer admitted to practice in a foreign country but not in New York is prohibited from giving legal advice to clients in New York, even though the advice is limited to the law of foreign country where the lawyer is admitted. 紐約最高法院紐約最高法院規(guī)定，在外國(guó)而不是在紐約取規(guī)

24、定，在外國(guó)而不是在紐約取得執(zhí)業(yè)資格的律師，得執(zhí)業(yè)資格的律師，不得給紐約的當(dāng)事人提不得給紐約的當(dāng)事人提供法律咨詢供法律咨詢，即使是咨詢?cè)撀蓭煫@得執(zhí)業(yè)資，即使是咨詢?cè)撀蓭煫@得執(zhí)業(yè)資格的國(guó)家法律。美國(guó)大多數(shù)法院都采取了格的國(guó)家法律。美國(guó)大多數(shù)法院都采取了這這一嚴(yán)格的措施一嚴(yán)格的措施。法律英語(yǔ)36A foreign lawyer may be admitted to the bar of one of states and may, even without being admitted, advise an American lawyer as a consultant on foreign law

25、.外國(guó)律師可以被一個(gè)州的律師協(xié)會(huì)外國(guó)律師可以被一個(gè)州的律師協(xié)會(huì)接接納為會(huì)員納為會(huì)員，甚至在沒(méi)有被接納的情況，甚至在沒(méi)有被接納的情況下，下，作為外國(guó)法律顧問(wèn)作為外國(guó)法律顧問(wèn)向美國(guó)律師提向美國(guó)律師提供咨詢供咨詢。法律英語(yǔ)37Part 2 Lawyers in private practice獨(dú)立開(kāi)業(yè)的律師獨(dú)立開(kāi)業(yè)的律師Among these fifteen lawyers in practice, nine, a clear majority, are single practitioners .在獨(dú)立開(kāi)業(yè)的律師中，大多數(shù)在獨(dú)立開(kāi)業(yè)的律師中，大多數(shù)（9/15）是）是單獨(dú)開(kāi)業(yè)者單獨(dú)開(kāi)業(yè)者。The r

26、emaining six practice in law firms, which are generally organized as partnerships. 剩下的剩下的6個(gè)人組成律師事務(wù)所，一般采用個(gè)人組成律師事務(wù)所，一般采用合伙制。合伙制。 Four or five of these six are partners and the others are associates, a term applied to salaried lawyers employed by a firm or another lawyer. 6個(gè)人中有個(gè)人中有4、5個(gè)是合伙人個(gè)是合伙人；其他其他1、2

27、個(gè)是合作者，他們受雇于律師事務(wù)所或個(gè)是合作者，他們受雇于律師事務(wù)所或其他律師，領(lǐng)取工資。其他律師，領(lǐng)取工資。法律英語(yǔ)39This trend toward group practice is relatively recent origin. 合伙開(kāi)業(yè)合伙開(kāi)業(yè)法律英語(yǔ)40Throughout most of nineteenth century, law practice was general rather than specialized, its chief ingredient was advocacy rather than counseling and drafting, and

28、the prototype of the American lawyer was the single practitioner. 律師業(yè)務(wù)是一般化的，而不是專(zhuān)業(yè)化的律師業(yè)務(wù)是一般化的，而不是專(zhuān)業(yè)化的主要業(yè)務(wù)是出庭辯護(hù)，而不是提供咨詢和起主要業(yè)務(wù)是出庭辯護(hù)，而不是提供咨詢和起草文書(shū)草文書(shū)美國(guó)律師的原型是單獨(dú)開(kāi)業(yè)者。美國(guó)律師的原型是單獨(dú)開(kāi)業(yè)者。法律英語(yǔ)41 Today the lawyer regards it as sound practice to be continuously familiar with clients business problems and to participa

29、te at all steps in shaping of their policies. 目前律師們都認(rèn)為一直目前律師們都認(rèn)為一直了解客戶的商務(wù)了解客戶的商務(wù)問(wèn)題問(wèn)題，并，并參與商業(yè)決策形成的每一個(gè)步參與商業(yè)決策形成的每一個(gè)步驟驟是是理想的活動(dòng)理想的活動(dòng)。法律英語(yǔ)42Part 3 House Counsel 受雇于某公司而非獨(dú)立開(kāi)業(yè)的律師受雇于某公司而非獨(dú)立開(kāi)業(yè)的律師Out of every twenty lawyers, two are employed by private business concerns, such as industrial corporations, insur

30、ance companies, and banks, usually as house or corporate counsel in the concerns legal department. 20個(gè)律師中有個(gè)律師中有2個(gè)受雇于個(gè)受雇于私人企業(yè)私人企業(yè)，如工業(yè)，如工業(yè)公司、金融公司、銀行。公司、金融公司、銀行。 專(zhuān)職法律顧問(wèn)，公司法律顧問(wèn)專(zhuān)職法律顧問(wèn)，公司法律顧問(wèn)法律英語(yǔ)43 the growth of corporationsthe complexity of businessthe multitude of problem posed by government regulationf

31、irms to have in their employ persons with legal training非常了解企業(yè)的非常了解企業(yè)的特殊問(wèn)題和條件特殊問(wèn)題和條件法律英語(yǔ)44The general counsel (總法律顧問(wèn)總法律顧問(wèn)) An officer of the companyServe on important policy making committeesServe on the board of directors. 公司管理人員公司管理人員重要決策委員會(huì)重要決策委員會(huì)董事會(huì)董事會(huì)法律英語(yǔ)45House counselremain members of the bar

32、 保留律師協(xié)會(huì)會(huì)員身份保留律師協(xié)會(huì)會(huì)員身份entitled to appear in court有資格出庭進(jìn)行訴訟有資格出庭進(jìn)行訴訟法律英語(yǔ)46House counselHowever, it is the house counsels skill as advisor rather than as an advocate that is a valued asset. 專(zhuān)職律師的專(zhuān)長(zhǎng)是專(zhuān)職律師的專(zhuān)長(zhǎng)是法律顧問(wèn)法律顧問(wèn)而不是而不是辯護(hù)律師辯護(hù)律師，這是個(gè)珍貴的財(cái)富。，這是個(gè)珍貴的財(cái)富。法律英語(yǔ)47Constantly in touch with the employers problem, h

33、ouse counsel is ideally situated to practice preventive law and may also be called upon to advise the company on its broader obligation to the public and the nation.專(zhuān)職律師一直接觸雇主的問(wèn)題，他們專(zhuān)職律師一直接觸雇主的問(wèn)題，他們理當(dāng)致力于理當(dāng)致力于預(yù)防性的法律預(yù)防性的法律，并應(yīng)該建，并應(yīng)該建議公司為公共事務(wù)和國(guó)家承擔(dān)議公司為公共事務(wù)和國(guó)家承擔(dān)更多的更多的義務(wù)義務(wù)。法律英語(yǔ)48Part 4 Lawyers in Government

34、 Two out of twenty lawyers are now employees of the federal, city, county, and municipal governments, exclusive of judiciary. 20個(gè)律師中有個(gè)律師中有2個(gè)個(gè)受雇于聯(lián)邦、都市、受雇于聯(lián)邦、都市、縣和地方政府，這中間還縣和地方政府，這中間還不包括法官不包括法官。法律英語(yǔ)49Many of those entering public service are recent law graduates 許多加入公共服務(wù)的是許多加入公共服務(wù)的是剛畢業(yè)的法學(xué)大學(xué)生剛畢業(yè)的法學(xué)大學(xué)生。

35、who find government salaries sufficiently attractive at this stage of their careers 政府政府薪水薪水有足夠的吸引力有足夠的吸引力seek the training that such service may offer as a prelude to private practice. 鍛煉自己，作為鍛煉自己，作為私人開(kāi)業(yè)的前奏私人開(kāi)業(yè)的前奏法律英語(yǔ)50 Limitation on top salaries discourage some from continuing with the government.

36、 最高薪水的限制最高薪水的限制使一些人不再為政使一些人不再為政府工作。府工作。法律英語(yǔ)51The majority serves by appointment in legal departments of a variety of federal and state agencies and local entities. 大多數(shù)的政府律師在大多數(shù)的政府律師在聯(lián)邦、州政府聯(lián)邦、州政府和和地方機(jī)構(gòu)地方機(jī)構(gòu)的的法律部門(mén)法律部門(mén)任職。任職。法律英語(yǔ)52The United States Department of Justice alone employs more than two thousa

37、nd, and the Law Department of the City of New York more than four hundred. 美國(guó)司法部美國(guó)司法部2000多人多人紐約司法局紐約司法局400多人多人法律英語(yǔ)53Others are engaged as public prosecutors. Federal prosecutors, the United States attorneys and their assistants, are appointed by the President and are subordinate to the Attorney Gene

38、ral of the United States. 其他政府律師是其他政府律師是檢查官檢查官。聯(lián)邦檢查官、聯(lián)邦檢查官、美國(guó)政府律師美國(guó)政府律師和和助理檢查官助理檢查官由由總統(tǒng)總統(tǒng)任任命，受命于美國(guó)命，受命于美國(guó)總檢察長(zhǎng)（司法部總檢察長(zhǎng)（司法部長(zhǎng)）。長(zhǎng)）。法律英語(yǔ)54Attorney General總檢察長(zhǎng)，總檢察長(zhǎng)，司法部長(zhǎng)司法部長(zhǎng)Eric Holder 艾瑞克艾瑞克 霍德霍德法律英語(yǔ)55 The Attorney General, as head of the Department of Justice and chief law enforcement officer of the Federal Government, represents the United States in legal matters generally and gives advice and opinions to the President and to the heads of the executive departments of the Government when so requested. The